Efnisyfirlit

• Front Cover
• An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology
• Dedication
• Table of contents
• Preface
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Dynamic Meteorology
• 1.2 Conservation of Momentum
• 1.2.1 Pressure Gradient Force
• 1.2.2 Viscous Force
• 1.2.3 Gravitational Force
• 1.3 Noninertial Reference Frames and ”Apparent” Forces
• 1.3.1 Centripetal Acceleration and Centrifugal Force
• 1.3.2 Gravity Revisited
• 1.3.3 The Coriolis Force and the Curvature Effect
• 1.3.4 Constant Angular Momentum Oscillations
• 1.4 Structure of the Static Atmosphere
• 1.4.1 The Hydrostatic Equation
• 1.4.2 Pressure as a Vertical Coordinate
• 1.4.3 A Generalized Vertical Coordinate
• 1.5 Kinematics
• 1.6 Scale Analysis
• Suggested References
• Problems
• Matlab Exercises
• 2 Basic Conservation Laws
• 2.1 Total Differentiation
• 2.1.1 Total Differentiation of a Vector in a Rotating System
• 2.2 The Vectorial Form of the Momentum Equation in Rotating Coordinates
• 2.3 Component Equations in Spherical Coordinates
• 2.4 Scale Analysis of the Equations of Motion
• 2.4.1 Geostrophic Approximation and Geostrophic Wind
• 2.4.2 Approximate Prognostic Equations: The Rossby Number
• 2.4.3 The Hydrostatic Approximation
• 2.5 The Continuity Equation
• 2.5.1 A Eulerian Derivation
• 2.5.2 A Lagrangian Derivation
• 2.5.3 Scale Analysis of the Continuity Equation
• 2.6 The Thermodynamic Energy Equation
• 2.7 Thermodynamics of the Dry Atmosphere
• 2.7.1 Potential Temperature
• 2.7.2 The Adiabatic Lapse Rate
• 2.7.3 Static Stability
• 2.7.4 Scale Analysis of the Thermodynamic Energy Equation
• 2.8 The Boussinesq Approximation
• 2.9 Thermodynamics of the Moist Atmosphere
• 2.9.1 Equivalent Potential Temperature
• 2.9.2 The Pseudoadiabatic Lapse Rate
• 2.9.3 Conditional Instability
• Suggested References
• Problems
• Matlab Exercises
• 3 Elementary Applications of the Basic Equations
• 3.1 Basic Equations in Isobaric Coordinates
• 3.1.1 The Horizontal Momentum Equation
• 3.1.2 The Continuity Equation
• 3.1.3 The Thermodynamic Energy Equation
• 3.2 Balanced Flow
• 3.2.1 Natural Coordinates
• 3.2.2 Geostrophic Flow
• 3.2.3 Inertial Flow
• 3.2.4 Cyclostrophic Flow
• 3.2.5 The Gradient Wind Approximation
• 3.3 Trajectories and Streamlines
• 3.4 The Thermal Wind
• 3.4.1 Barotropic and Baroclinic Atmospheres
• 3.5 Vertical Motion
• 3.5.1 The Kinematic Method
• 3.5.2 The Adiabatic Method
• 3.6 Surface Pressure Tendency
• Problems
• Matlab Exercises
• 4 Circulation, Vorticity, and Potential Vorticity
• 4.1 The Circulation Theorem
• 4.2 Vorticity
• 4.2.1 Vorticity in Natural Coordinates
• 4.3 The Vorticity Equation
• 4.3.1 Cartesian Coordinate Form
• 4.3.2 The Vorticity Equation in Isobaric Coordinates
• 4.3.3 Scale Analysis of the Vorticity Equation
• 4.4 Potential Vorticity
• 4.5 Shallow Water Equations
• 4.5.1 Barotropic Potential Vorticity
• 4.6 Ertel Potential Vorticity in Isentropic Coordinates
• 4.6.1 Equations of Motion in Isentropic Coordinates
• 4.6.2 The Potential Vorticity Equation
• 4.6.3 Integral Constraints on Isentropic Vorticity
• Suggested References
• Problems
• Matlab Exercises
• 5 Atmospheric Oscillations
• 5.1 The Perturbation Method
• 5.2 Properties of Waves
• 5.2.1 Fourier Series
• 5.2.2 Dispersion and Group Velocity
• 5.2.3 Wave Properties in Two and Three Dimensions
• 5.2.4 A Wave Solution Strategy
• 5.3 Simple Wave Types
• 5.3.1 Acoustic or Sound Waves
• 5.3.2 Shallow Water Waves
• 5.4 Internal Gravity (Buoyancy) Waves
• 5.4.1 Pure Internal Gravity Waves
• 5.5 Linear Waves of a Rotating Stratified Atmosphere
• 5.5.1 Pure Inertial Oscillations
• 5.5.2 Rossby and Inertia–Gravity Waves
• 5.6 Adjustment to Geostrophic Balance
• 5.7 Rossby Waves
• 5.7.1 Free Barotropic Rossby Waves
• 5.7.2 Forced Topographic Rossby Waves
• Suggested References
• Problems
• Matlab Exercises
• 6 Quasi-geostrophic Analysis
• 6.1 The Observed Structure of Extratropical Circulations
• 6.2 Derivation of the Quasi-Geostrophic Equations
• 6.2.1 Preliminaries
• 6.3 Potential Vorticity Derivation of the QG Equations
• 6.4 Potential Vorticity Thinking
• 6.4.2 PV Conservation and the QG ”Height Tendency” Equation
• 6.5 Vertical Motion (w) Thinking
• 6.6 Idealized Model of a Baroclinic Disturbance
• 6.7 Isobaric Form of the QG Equations
• Suggested References
• Problems
• Matlab Exercises
• 7 Baroclinic Development
• 7.1 Hydrodynamic Instability
• 7.2 Normal Mode Baroclinic Instability: A Two-Layer Model
• 7.2.1 Linear Perturbation Analysis
• 7.2.2 Vertical Motion in Baroclinic Waves
• 7.3 The Energetics of Baroclinic Waves
• 7.3.1 Available Potential Energy
• 7.3.2 Energy Equations for the Two-Layer Model
• 7.4 Baroclinic Instability of a Continuously Stratified Atmosphere
• 7.4.1 Log-Pressure Coordinates
• 7.4.2 Baroclinic Instability: The Rayleigh Theorem
• 7.4.3 The Eady Stability Problem
• 7.5 Growth and Propagation of Neutral Modes
• 7.5.1 Transient Growth of Neutral Waves
• 7.5.2 Downstream Development
• Suggested References
• Problems
• Matlab Exercises
• 8 The Planetary Boundary Layer
• 8.1 Atmospheric Turbulence
• 8.1.1 Reynolds Averaging
• 8.2 Turbulent Kinetic Energy
• 8.3 Planetary Boundary Layer Momentum Equations
• 8.3.1 Well-Mixed Boundary Layer
• 8.3.2 The Flux–Gradient Theory
• 8.3.3 The Mixing Length Hypothesis
• 8.3.4 The Ekman Layer
• 8.3.5 The Surface Layer
• 8.3.6 The Modified Ekman Layer
• 8.4 Secondary Circulations and Spin Down
• Suggested References
• Problems
• Matlab Exercises
• 9 Mesoscale Circulations
• 9.1 Energy Sources for Mesoscale Circulations
• 9.2 Fronts and Frontogenesis
• 9.2.1 The Kinematics of Frontogenesis
• 9.2.2 Semigeostrophic Theory
• 9.2.3 Cross-Frontal Circulation
• 9.3 Symmetric Baroclinic Instability
• 9.4 Mountain Waves
• 9.4.1 Waves over Sinusoidal Topography
• 9.4.2 Flow over Isolated Ridges
• 9.4.3 Lee Waves
• 9.4.4 Downslope Windstorms
• 9.5 Cumulus Convection
• 9.5.1 Convective Available Potential Energy
• 9.5.2 Entrainment
• 9.6 Convective Storms
• 9.6.1 Development of Rotation in Supercell Thunderstorms
• 9.6.2 The Right-Moving Storm
• 9.7 Hurricanes
• 9.7.1 Dynamics of Mature Hurricanes
• 9.7.2 Hurricane Development
• Suggested References
• Problems
• Matlab Exercises
• 10 The General Circulation
• 10.1 The Nature of the Problem
• 10.2 The Zonally Averaged Circulation
• 10.2.1 The Conventional Eulerian Mean
• 10.2.2 The Transformed Eulerian Mean
• 10.2.3 The Zonal-Mean Potential Vorticity Equation
• 10.3 The Angular Momentum Budget
• 10.3.1 Sigma Coordinates
• 10.3.2 The Zonal-Mean Angular Momentum
• 10.4 The Lorenz Energy Cycle
• 10.5 Longitudinally Dependent Time-Averaged Flow
• 10.5.1 Stationary Rossby Waves
• 10.5.2 Jet Stream and Storm Tracks
• 10.6 Low-Frequency Variability
• 10.6.1 Climate Regimes
• 10.6.2 Annular Modes
• 10.6.3 Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies
• 10.7 Numerical Simulation of the General Circulation
• 10.7.1 Dynamical Formulation
• 10.7.2 Physical Processes and Parameterizations
• 10.8 Climate Sensitivity, Feedbacks, and Uncertainty
• Suggested References
• Problems
• Matlab Exercises
• 11 Tropical Dynamics
• 11.1 The Observed Structure of Large-Scale Tropical Circulations
• 11.1.1 The Intertropical Convergence Zone
• 11.1.2 Equatorial Wave Disturbances
• 11.1.3 African Wave Disturbances
• 11.1.4 Tropical Monsoons
• 11.1.5 The Walker Circulation
• 11.1.6 El Niño and the Southern Oscillation
• 11.1.7 Equatorial Intraseasonal Oscillation
• 11.2 Scale Analysis of Large-Scale Tropical Motions
• 11.3 Condensation Heating
• 11.4 Equatorial Wave Theory
• 11.4.1 Equatorial Rossby and Rossby–Gravity Modes
• 11.4.2 Equatorial Kelvin Waves
• 11.5 Steady Forced Equatorial Motions
• Suggested References
• Problems
• Matlab Exercises
• 12 Middle Atmosphere Dynamics
• 12.1 Structure and Circulation of the Middle Atmosphere
• 12.2 The Zonal-Mean Circulation of the Middle Atmosphere
• 12.2.1 Lagrangian Motion of Air Parcels
• 12.2.2 The Transformed Eulerian Mean
• 12.2.3 Zonal-Mean Transport
• 12.3 Vertically Propagating Planetary Waves
• 12.3.1 Linear Rossby Waves
• 12.3.2 Rossby Wavebreaking
• 12.4 Sudden Stratospheric Warmings
• 12.5 Waves in the Equatorial Stratosphere
• 12.5.1 Vertically Propagating Kelvin Waves
• 12.5.2 Vertically Propagating Rossby–Gravity Waves
• 12.5.3 Observed Equatorial Waves
• 12.6 The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation
• 12.7 Trace Constituent Transport
• 12.7.1 Dynamical Tracers
• 12.7.2 Chemical Tracers
• 12.7.3 Transport in the Stratosphere
• Suggested References
• Problems
• Matlab Exercises
• 13 Numerical Modeling and Prediction
• 13.1 Historical Background
• 13.2 Numerical Approximation of the Equations of Motion
• 13.2.1 Finite Differences
• 13.2.2 Centered Differences: Explicit Time Differencing
• 13.2.3 Computational Stability
• 13.2.4 Implicit Time Differencing
• 13.2.5 The Semi-Lagrangian Integration Method
• 13.2.6 Truncation Error
• 13.3 The Barotropic Vorticity Equation in Finite Differences
• 13.4 The Spectral Method
• 13.4.1 The Barotropic Vorticity Equation in Spherical Coordinates
• 13.4.2 Rossby–Haurwitz Waves
• 13.4.3 The Spectral Transform Method
• 13.5 Primitive Equation Models
• 13.5.1 Spectral Models
• 13.5.2 Physical Parameterizations
• 13.6 Data Assimilation
• 13.6.1 Data Assimilation for a Single Variable
• 13.6.2 Data Assimilation for Many Variables
• 13.7 Predictability and Ensemble Forecasting
• Suggested References
• Problems
• Matlab Exercises
• Appendix A: Useful Constants and Parameters
• Appendix B: List of Symbols
• Appendix C: Vector Analysis
• C.1 Vector Identities
• C.2 Integral Theorems
• C.3 Vector Operations in Various Coordinate Systems
• Appendix D: Moisture Variables
• D.1 Equivalent Potential Temperature
• D.2 Pseudoadiabatic Lapse Rate
• Appendix E: Standard Atmosphere Data
• Appendix F: Symmetric Baroclinic Oscillations
• Appendix G: Conditional Probability and Likelihood
• Likelihood
• Bibliography
• Index
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• Z