Efnisyfirlit

• Contents
• Preface
• 1: The principles and limitations of geophysical exploration methods
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 The survey methods
• 1.3 The problem of ambiguity in geophysical interpretation
• 1.4 The structure of the book
• 2: Geophysical data processing
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Digitization of geophysical data
• 2.3 Spectral analysis
• 2.4 Waveform processing
• 2.4.1 Convolution
• 2.4.2 Deconvolution
• 2.4.3 Correlation
• 2.5 Digital filtering
• 2.5.1 Frequency filters
• 2.5.2 Inverse (deconvolution) filters
• 2.6 Imaging and modelling
• Problems
• Further reading
• 3: Elements of seismic surveying
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Stress and strain
• 3.3 Seismic waves
• 3.3.1 Body waves
• 3.3.2 Surface waves
• 3.3.3 Waves and rays
• 3.4 Seismic wave velocities of rocks
• 3.5 Attenuation of seismic energy along ray paths
• 3.6 Ray paths in layered media
• 3.6.1 Reflection and transmission of normally incident seismic rays
• 3.6.2 Reflection and refraction of obliquely incident rays
• 3.6.3 Critical refraction
• 3.6.4 Diffraction
• 3.7 Reflection and refraction surveying
• 3.8 Seismic data acquisition systems
• 3.8.1 Seismic sources and the seismic/acoustic spectrum
• 3.8.2 Seismic transducers
• 3.8.3 Seismic recording systems
• Problems
• Further reading
• 4: Seismic reflection surveying
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Geometry of reflected ray paths
• 4.2.1 Single horizontal reflector
• 4.2.2 Sequence of horizontal reflectors
• 4.2.3 Dipping reflector
• 4.2.4 Ray paths of multiple reflections
• 4.3 The reflection seismogram
• 4.3.1 The seismic trace
• 4.3.2 The shot gather
• 4.3.3 The CMP gather
• 4.4 Multichannel reflection survey design
• 4.4.1 Vertical and horizontal resolution
• 4.4.2 Design of detector arrays
• 4.4.3 Common mid-point (CMP) surveying
• 4.4.4 Display of seismic reflection data
• 4.5 Time corrections applied to seismic traces
• 4.6 Static correction
• 4.7 Velocity analysis
• 4.8 Filtering of seismic data
• 4.8.1 Frequency filtering
• 4.8.2 Inverse filtering (deconvolution)
• 4.8.3 Velocity filtering
• 4.9 Migration of reflection data
• 4.10 3D seismic reflection surveys
• 4.11 Three component (3C) seismic reflection surveys
• 4.12 4D seismic surveys
• 4.13 Vertical seismic profiling
• 4.14 Interpretation of seismic reflection data
• 4.14.1 Structural analysis
• 4.14.2 Stratigraphical analysis (seismic stratigraphy)
• 4.14.3 Seismic modelling
• 4.14.4 Seismic attribute analysis
• 4.15 Single-channel marine reflection profiling
• 4.15.1 Shallow marine seismic sources
• 4.15.2 Sidescan sonar systems
• 4.16 Applications of seismic reflection surveying
• Problems
• Further reading
• 5: Seismic refraction surveying
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Geometry of refracted ray paths: planar interfaces
• 5.2.1 Two-layer case with horizontal interface
• 5.2.2 Three-layer case with horizontal interface
• 5.2.3 Multilayer case with horizontal interfaces
• 5.2.4 Dipping-layer case with planar interfaces
• 5.2.5 Faulted planar interfaces
• 5.3 Profile geometries for studying planar layer problems
• 5.4 Geometry of refracted ray paths: irregular (non-planar) interfaces
• 5.4.1 Delay time
• 5.4.2 The plus–minus interpretation method
• 5.4.3 The generalized reciprocal method
• 5.5 Construction of wavefronts and ray-tracing
• 5.6 The hidden and blind layer problems
• 5.7 Refraction in layers of continuous velocity change
• 5.8 Methodology of refraction profiling
• 5.8.1 Field survey arrangements
• 5.8.2 Recording scheme
• 5.8.3 Weathering and elevation corrections
• 5.8.4 Display of refraction seismograms
• 5.9 Other methods of refraction surveying
• 5.10 Seismic tomography
• 5.11 Applications of seismic refraction surveying
• 5.11.1 Engineering and environmental surveys
• 5.11.2 Hydrological surveys
• 5.11.3 Crustal seismology
• 5.11.4 Two-ship seismic surveying: combined refraction and reflection surveying
• Problems
• Further reading
• 6: Gravity surveying
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Basic theory
• 6.3 Units of gravity
• 6.4 Measurement of gravity
• 6.5 Gravity anomalies
• 6.6 Gravity anomalies of simple-shaped bodies
• 6.7 Gravity surveying
• 6.8 Gravity reduction
• 6.8.1 Drift correction
• 6.8.2 Latitude correction
• 6.8.3 Elevation corrections
• 6.8.4 Tidal correction
• 6.8.5 Eötvös correction
• 6.8.6 Free-air and Bouguer anomalies
• 6.9 Rock densities
• 6.10 Interpretation of gravity anomalies
• 6.10.1 The inverse problem
• 6.10.2 Regional fields and residual anomalies
• 6.10.3 Direct interpretation
• 6.10.4 Indirect interpretation
• 6.11 Elementary potential theory and potential field manipulation
• 6.12 Applications of gravity surveying
• Problems
• Further reading
• 7: Magnetic surveying
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Basic concepts
• 7.3 Rock magnetism
• 7.4 The geomagnetic field
• 7.5 Magnetic anomalies
• 7.6 Magnetic surveying instruments
• 7.6.1 Introduction
• 7.6.2 Fluxgate magnetometer
• 7.6.3 Proton magnetometer
• 7.6.4 Optically pumped magnetometer
• 7.6.5 Magnetic gradiometers
• 7.7 Ground magnetic surveys
• 7.8 Aeromagnetic and marine surveys
• 7.9 Reduction of magnetic observations
• 7.9.1 Diurnal variation correction
• 7.9.2 Geomagnetic correction
• 7.9.3 Elevation and terrain corrections
• 7.10 Interpretation of magnetic anomalies
• 7.10.1 Introduction
• 7.10.2 Direct interpretation
• 7.10.3 Indirect interpretation
• 7.11 Potential field transformations
• 7.12 Applications of magnetic surveying
• Problems
• Further reading
• 8: Electrical surveying
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Resistivity method
• 8.2.1 Introduction
• 8.2.2 Resistivities of rocks and minerals
• 8.2.3 Current flow in the ground
• 8.2.4 Electrode spreads
• 8.2.5 Resistivity surveying equipment
• 8.2.6 Interpretation of resistivity data
• 8.2.7 Vertical electrical sounding interpretation
• 8.2.8 Constant separation traversing interpretation
• 8.2.9 Limitations of the resistivity method
• 8.2.10 Applications of resistivity surveying
• 8.3 Induced polarization (IP) method
• 8.3.1 Principles
• 8.3.2 Mechanisms of induced polarization
• 8.3.3 Induced polarization measurements
• 8.3.4 Field operations
• 8.3.5 Interpretation of induced polarization data
• 8.3.6 Applications of induced polarization surveying
• 8.4 Self-potential (SP) method
• 8.4.1 Introduction
• 8.4.2 Mechanism of self-potential
• 8.4.3 Self-potential equipment and survey procedure
• 8.4.4 Interpretation of self-potential anomalies
• Problems
• Further reading
• 9: Electromagnetic surveying
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Depth of penetration of electromagnetic fields
• 9.3 Detection of electromagnetic fields
• 9.4 Tilt-angle methods
• 9.4.1 Tilt-angle methods employing local transmitters
• 9.4.2 The VLF method
• 9.4.3 The AFMAG method
• 9.5 Phase measuring systems
• 9.6 Time-domain electromagnetic surveying
• 9.7 Non-contacting conductivity measurement
• 9.8 Airborne electromagnetic surveying
• 9.8.1 Fixed separation systems
• 9.8.2 Quadrature systems
• 9.9 Interpretation of electromagnetic data
• 9.10 Limitations of the electromagnetic method
• 9.11 Telluric and magnetotelluric field methods
• 9.11.1 Introduction
• 9.11.2 Surveying with telluric currents
• 9.11.3 Magnetotelluric surveying
• 9.12 Ground-penetrating radar
• 9.13 Applications of electromagnetic surveying
• Problems
• Further reading
• 10: Radiometric surveying
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Radioactive decay
• 10.3 Radioactive minerals
• 10.4 Instruments for measuring radioactivity
• 10.4.1 Geiger counter
• 10.4.2 Scintillation counter
• 10.4.3 Gamma-ray spectrometer
• 10.4.4 Radon emanometer
• 10.5 Field surveys
• 10.6 Example of radiometric surveying
• Further reading
• 11: Geophysical borehole logging
• 11.1 Introduction to drilling
• 11.2 Principles of well logging
• 11.3 Formation evaluation
• 11.4 Resistivity logging
• 11.4.1 Normal log
• 11.4.2 Lateral log
• 11.4.3 Laterolog
• 11.4.4 Microlog
• 11.4.5 Porosity estimation
• 11.4.6 Water and hydrocarbon saturation estimation
• 11.4.7 Permeability estimation
• 11.4.8 Resistivity dipmeter log
• 11.5 Induction logging
• 11.6 Self-potential logging
• 11.7 Radiometric logging
• 11.7.1 Natural gamma radiation log
• 11.7.2 Gamma-ray density log
• 11.7.3 Neutron–gamma-ray log
• 11.8 Sonic logging
• 11.9 Temperature logging
• 11.10 Magnetic logging
• 11.10.1 Magnetic log
• 11.10.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance log
• 11.11 Gravity logging
• Problems
• Further reading
• Appendix: SI, c.g.s. and Imperial (customary USA) units and conversion factors
• References
• Index
• color plates