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• Cover image
• Title Page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Preface
• About the Authors
• Contributors
• Acknowledgements
• 1 Introduction
• Movement
• Understanding Movement
• Understanding Movement for Rehabilitation
• Structure of the Book
• Notice About Maths and Physics
• About the Supporting Information
• Section I How Things Move and Flow
• 2 Force
• Introduction
• What Is Force?
• What Does a Mechanical Force Do?
• Scalar or Vector?
• Drawing Vectors
• Point of Application
• Force Magnitude and Change in Motion
• What You Need to Remember so Far
• The Force of Muscles
• Magnitude of Moments
• Direction of Moments
• Analysing Force
• How Do Forces Combine?
• Analysing Muscle Force Application
• Measuring Force
• Using Mathematics to Resolve Force
• Summary Part Two
• Applying a Mobilisation Technique to the Back
• Answers to Questions Posed in the Text
• Self-Assessment: Questions
• 3 Stability and Balance
• Introduction
• Gravity: the Ultimate Force
• Centre of Mass
• Moments and Posture
• Stability
• Local and General Stability
• Standing Balance
• What You Need to Remember
• Answers to Questions Posed in the Text
• Self-Assessment: Questions
• 4 Energy and Movement
• Introduction
• Quick Revision
• Newton’s First Law (Inertia)
• Moment of Inertia
• Linear Momentum
• Rotational Momentum
• Centripetal and Centrifugal Force
• Conservation of Angular Momentum
• Newton’s Second Law: Impulse and Momentum
• Newton’s Third Law: Action and Reaction
• Summary of Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Pressure and Friction: Bodies in Contact
• Work
• Muscles at Work
• Direction of Work
• Using Machines to Do Work
• Categories of Levers
• Pulleys
• The Power of Work
• Efficiency
• Energy During Movement
• Energy Conservation
• The Determinants of Gait
• Answers to Questions Posed in Text
• Self-Assessment Questions
• References
• 5 Flow
• Introduction
• Basics of Material Science
• Connective Tissue
• Fluids and Gases
• Answers to Questions Posed in Text
• Self-Assessment Questions
• References
• Section II Human Movement
• 6 Skeletal Muscle, Muscle Work, Strength, Power and Endurance
• Introduction
• Protein Filaments
• The Sarcomere
• The Difference Between Muscle Force and Muscle Strength
• Muscle Work
• Muscle Strength
• Recruitment
• Muscle Fibre Types
• Gradation of Muscle Force
• Length-Tension Relationship
• Active and Passive Tension
• Force–Velocity Relationship
• Angle of Pull
• Stability and Sequencing
• Anatomy
• Age and Sex
• Psychological Factors
• Muscle Power
• Muscle Endurance
• Fatigue
• Measuring Muscle Work
• When Things Go Wrong
• Increasing Strength and Endurance
• Conclusion
• Self-Assessment Questions
• References
• 7 Joint Mobility
• Introduction
• Range of Movement
• Factors Involved in Assisting and Restricting Range of Movement
• Types of Therapeutic Movement of Joints
• Conclusion
• Self-Assessment Questions
• References
• 8 Posture and Balance
• Introduction
• Human Posture
• Further Reading
• Maintaining a Functional Posture
• Relevance to Practice
• Conclusion
• Self-Assessment Questions
• References
• 9 Motor Control
• Introduction
• Overview of the Motor Control System
• Theories of Motor Control
• The Damaged Motor System
• Summary
• Self-Assessment Questions
• References
• 10 Development and Decline of Movement
• Introduction
• Part One: Development of Movement
• Part Two: Decline of Movement
• Self-Assessment Questions
• References
• Section III Measurement of Movement
• 11 Nine Key Things That Define Physical Movement
• Introduction
• What Is Motion and How Do We Describe It?
• Time
• Linear Kinematics
• Angular Kinematics
• Forces and Moments
• Derived Variables
• Summary
• Self-Assessment Questions
• 12 Biomechanical Measurements Including Three-Dimensional Motion Analysis Systems
• Introduction
• Full Three-Dimensional Motion Capture
• Movement Assessment Systems
• Summary
• Self-Assessment Questions
• References
• 13 Clinical Measures of Mobility Within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework
• Introduction
• For further information see
• The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
• Measuring Mobility Across the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
• Self-Assessment Questions
• References
• 14 Physical (In)Activity
• Introduction
• Energy
• Promoting Physical Activity to Improve Health
• Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity
• Walking and Metabolic Activities
• Is Sedentary Behaviour Bad for Us?
• How DO We Measure the Energy Expenditure of Physical Activity?
• Physical Activity in Free Living
• Objectively Measuring Free Living Physical Activity
• Importance of Walking in Physical Activity
• Changing Physical (In)Activity Behaviour
• Summary
• Answers to Questions Posed in Text
• Self-Assessment Questions
• References
• Section IV Restoring and Optimising Human Movement
• 15 Motor Relearning Principles
• Principles of Motor Learning
• Theories of Skill Learning
• Mental Practice
• Feedback
• Guidance Hypothesis
• Attentional Focus
• Self-Assessment Questions
• References
• 16 Ergonomics
• Introduction
• What Is the Environment?
• Why Do We Need to Consider the Environment?
• A Systematic Approach
• The Environment’s Impact on Movement Systems
• The Balance Theory Model
• Summary
• Self-Assessment Questions
• References
• 17 Case Studies in Human Movement
• Introduction
• Case Study One: Gait of a Child With Cerebral Palsy Before and After Corrective Surgery*
• Case Study Two: Spinal Biomechanics Case Study—Spinal Responses During Walking and Low Back Pain*
• Case Study Three: Using an Ankle-Foot Orthosis to Correct Hemiplegic Gait in Stroke Patients*
• Case Study Four: the Sit-to-Stand Movement*
• Case Study Five: Upper Limb Impairment After Stroke*
• Case Study Six: The Rowing Stroke*
• Self-Assessment Questions
• References
• Appendix
• Index