Efnisyfirlit

• Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• Preface to the Third Edition
• List of Abbreviations
• 1 Introduction
• 1.1 Phonetics and phonology
• 1.2 Theory and analysis
• 1.3 Applications of phonetics and phonology
• 1.4 Outline of this book
• Exercises
• 2 Segmental Articulation
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 A functional overview of the speech production process
• 2.3 The organs of speech
• 2.4 Describing speech sounds
• 2.5 Airstream mechanisms
• 2.6 Modes of phonation
• 2.7 Vocalic sounds
• 2.8 Duration and glide in vocalic articulations
• 2.9 Consonantal sounds
• 2.10 Vocal tract place
• 2.11 Tongue position
• 2.12 Manner of articulation
• 2.13 Stricture
• 2.14 Force
• 2.15 Length
• 2.16 Voice onset
• Exercises
• 3 Units of Speech
• Introduction
• 3.1 Identifying the units of speech
• 3.2 Complex articulations
• 3.3 Nasalization
• 3.4 Labialization
• 3.5 Palatalization
• 3.6 Velarization and pharyngealization
• 3.7 Affrication
• 3.8 Double articulation
• 3.9 Vowel retroflexion
• 3.10 Diphthongization
• 3.11 Syllabicity
• 3.12 Segmentation and structure
• 3.13 Diphthongs and related phenomena
• 3.14 Interpretations
• Exercises
• 4 The Phonemic Organization of Speech
• Introduction
• 4.1 Phonetic variability
• 4.2 The phoneme
• 4.3 Allophones
• 4.4 Phonemic norms
• 4.5 Pattern and symmetry
• 4.6 Phonological reality
• 4.7 Units and boundaries
• 4.8 Invariance and overlap
• 4.9 Biuniqueness and neutralization
• 4.10 Morphophonemic alternations
• 4.11 Free variation
• 4.12 The sounds of the world’s languages
• Exercises
• 5 The Generative Approach to Phonology
• Introduction
• 5.1 The origins of generative phonology
• 5.2 The sound pattern of English
• 5.3 Basic rule notation in generative phonology
• 5.4 Formalism and evaluation
• 5.5 Abbreviatory devices in rule notation
• 5.6 Rule order
• 5.7 Functional considerations
• 5.8 Naturalness and markedness
• 5.9 Abstractness
• Exercises
• 6 The Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Production
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Conventions of anatomical description
• 6.3 The nervous system
• 6.4 The respiratory system
• 6.5 The larynx
• 6.6 Phonation
• 6.7 The pharynx
• 6.8 The velum and the nasal cavity
• 6.9 The oral cavity
• 6.10 The tongue
• 6.11 The lips
• 6.12 The mandible
• Exercises
• 7 The Acoustics of Speech Production
• Introduction
• 7.1 The nature of sound
• 7.2 The propagation of sound
• 7.3 Simple harmonic motion
• 7.4 Complex vibrations
• 7.5 Resonance
• 7.6 Basic amplitude properties of sound waves
• 7.7 Time domain properties of sound waves
• 7.8 Frequency domain properties of sound waves
• 7.9 Some basic perceptual properties of sound waves
• 7.10 The acoustic model of speech production
• 7.11 Phonation as a sound source
• 7.12 Sources of frication
• 7.13 The vocal tract filter in vowel production
• 7.14 Spectrographic analysis of speech
• 7.15 Acoustic properties of vowel quality
• 7.16 The vocal tract filter in consonant production
• 7.17 The acoustic properties of consonants in syllables
• 7.18 The relationship between articulatory and acoustic properties of speech production
• 7.19 Acoustic features of prosody
• Exercises
• 8 Speech Perception
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 The auditory system
• 8.3 Psychophysical properties of the auditory system
• 8.4 Speech intelligibility
• 8.5 Acoustic-phonetic perception
• 8.6 Vowel perception
• 8.7 Consonant perception
• 8.8 Units of perception
• 8.9 Prosodic perception
• 8.10 Word recognition
• 8.11 Models of speech perception
• 8.12 Conclusion
• Exercises
• 9 Prosody
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 The phonetic basis of suprasegmentals
• 9.3 The systemic organization of prosody
• 9.4 Tone languages
• 9.5 Pitch-accent languages
• 9.6 Stress in English
• 9.7 Stress assignment
• 9.8 Intonation in English
• 9.9 Tones and break indices
• Exercises
• 10 Feature Systems
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Acoustic features
• 10.3 Articulatory features
• 10.4 Perceptual features
• 10.5 Distinctive features
• 10.6 Cover features
• 10.7 Abstract features
• 10.8 Accuracy and universality
• 10.9 Universal feature systems
• 10.10 Features and discreteness
• 10.11 Hierarchical organization of features
• 10.12 Feature geometry
• 10.13 Overview
• Exercises
• 11 The Progress of Phonology
• Introduction
• 11.1 Currents of theory
• 11.2 Phonetics and phonology before the twentieth century
• 11.3 The phoneme
• 11.4 The traditions of phonetics
• 11.5 Phonology in North America
• 11.6 The Prague School
• 11.7 Glossematics and stratificational phonology
• 11.8 Firthian prosodic phonology
• 11.9 Generative phonology
• 11.10 Natural generative phonology
• 11.11 Natural phonology
• 11.12 Autosegmental and CV phonology
• 11.13 Metrical phonology
• 11.14 Lexical phonology
• 11.15 Dependency phonology
• 11.16 Optimality theory
• 11.17 Prosodic phonology
• 11.18 Phonology in the laboratory
• 11.19 Conclusion
• Exercises
• Appendix 1: Phonetic Symbols
• 1.1 Vowel symbols
• 1.2 Consonant symbols
• 1.3 Diacritics and conventions for complex articulations
• 1.4 Symbols used in transcription of English
• Appendix 2: Features
• 2.1 Jakobson and Halle’s distinctive features
• 2.2 Chomsky and Halle’s universal set of phonetic features
• 2.3 Ladefoged’s ‘Traditional Features’
• 2.4 Components in dependency phonology
• References
• Index
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• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
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