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• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• About the Author
• Preface to the Seventh Edition
• Guide to this Book
• The Approach of this Book
• The Structure of the Book
• Special Features of the Book
• The Seventh Edition – What is New?
• Discover the Online Resources
• PART 1 Foundations of Qualitative Research
• 1 Why and How to Do Qualitative Research
• The Relevance of Qualitative Research
• Research Questions as a Starting Point
• Limitations of Quantitative Research
• Essential Features
• A Brief History of Qualitative Research
• Qualitative Research at the End of Modernity
• New Challenges: Diversity and Decolonizing Qualitative Research
• Subjectivity and Identity in Doing Qualitative Research
• 2 The Qualitative–Quantitative Distinction
• Relations of Qualitative and Quantitative Research
• Mixed-methods Research
• Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Indigenous Research
• Methods’ Appropriateness as a Point of Reference
• 3 Theoretical Frameworks
• Positivism
• Constructionism
• Construction of Knowledge
• Feminism and Intersectionality
• Gender and Queer Studies
• Research Perspectives
• Symbolic Interactionism
• Ethnomethodology
• Structuralist Models
• Decolonization and Indigenous Research Methods
• Rivalry of Paradigms or Triangulation of Perspectives
• Common Features of the Different Positions
• 4 Methods and Data in Qualitative Research
• Research Programmes in Qualitative Research
• Major Methods and Types of Data
• Indigenous and Decolonizing Qualitative Research
• General Issues
• 5 Subjectivity, Identity and Texts in Qualitative Research
• Subjectivity and Identity – on Both Sides
• Text and Realities
• Text as World Making: First-degree and Second-degree Constructions
• Social Constructions as Starting Points
• Interpretation and Social Construction: Biography and Narrative
• PART 2 RESEARCH DESIGN
• 6 Formulating a Research Question
• Origins of Research Questions
• Cutting Questions to Size
• Specifying an Area of Interest and Delimiting the Issue
• Sensitizing Concepts and the Triangulation of Perspectives
• Types of Research Questions
• Good and Bad Research Questions
• Research Questions and Practice
• Research Questions in Indigenous and Decolonizing Research
• 7 Choosing and Constructing the Research Design
• How to Plan and Construct Designs in Qualitative Research
• The Six F’s of Designing Qualitative Research
• Qualitative Online Research
• Basic Designs in Qualitative Research
• Case Studies
• Comparative Studies
• Retrospective Studies
• Snapshots: Analysis of State and Process at the Time of the Investigation
• Longitudinal Studies
• Starting Points for Selecting a Research Design
• Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches
• Designing Qualitative Indigenous Research
• Research Designs – How to Choose
• 8 Planning the Process in Qualitative Research
• Research as Linear Process
• The Concept of Process in Grounded Theory Research
• Linearity and Circularity of the Process
• Theories in the Research Process as Versions of the World
• The Research Process in Qualitative Research in General
• Planning Indigenous Qualitative Research
• 9 Ethics of Doing Qualitative Research
• The Need for Ethics in Research
• Codes of Ethics
• Ethics Committees
• How to Act Ethically
• Data Protection
• Qualitative Research Ethics – Necessary for Better Research
• 10 Using the Existing Literature
• How and When to Use the Literature
• How to Use the Theoretical Literature
• How to Use Theories
• How to Use the Empirical Literature
• How to Use the Methodological Literature
• Using Literature in Culturally Sensitive Research
• How to Use the Literature When Writing about Your Study
• Where to Search the Literature
• How to Search the Literature
• 11 Access, Field Relations and Participatory Research
• Relations in the Field
• The Problem of Access
• Role Definitions When Entering an Open Field
• Access to Institutions
• Access to Individuals
• Strangeness and Familiarity
• Strategies for Gaining Access – Examples
• Access and Recruiting for Qualitative Online Research
• Involvement and Participation of Members in Indigenous Research
• Participation as Methodological Approach
• 12 Sampling
• Frameworks of Sampling for Data Collection
• Defining the Sample Structure Beforehand
• Defining the Sample Structure Step by Step
• Sampling Step by Step as a General Principle
• Purposive Sampling
• Snowball Sampling
• Aims of Sampling: Width or Depth?
• Case Constitution in the Sample
• Sampling Decisions in the Research Process
• Sampling in Indigenous Research
• 13 Qualitative Designs with Multiple Methods
• Triangulation
• Triangulation Step by Step
• Issues Arising from Applying Triangulation
• Triangulation as Systematization of Qualitative Methods
• Mixed Methods
• Mixed Methods in Indigenous and Decolonizing Research
• New Concepts of Combining Approaches in/with Qualitative Research
• PART 3 VERBAL DATA
• 14 Collecting Verbal Data
• What Are Verbal Data?
• Why Verbal Data? Aims and Target Groups
• Types of Verbal Data
• What Are Interviews?
• What Characterizes Narratives?
• What Are Focus Groups?
• Starting Points for Selecting an Approach for Collecting Verbal Data
• Collecting Verbal Data: Selecting a Form of Interviewing
• 15 Doing Interviews
• How to Conduct Interviews
• Interviewing as Constructing a Framework for Listening
• The Focused Interview
• The Semi-standardized Interview
• The Problem-centred Interview
• Expert and Elite Interviews
• The Ethnographic Interview
• Mobile Interviewing
• Online Interviewing
• How to Analyse Interviews
• Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches
• 16 Doing Focus Groups
• Group Interviews
• Group Discussions
• Focus Groups
• Online Focus Groups
• Focus Groups in Decolonizing, Critical and Indigenous Research
• How to Analyse Focus Groups
• Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches
• 17 Using Narrative Data
• Narratives: Why and How? Backgrounds and Approaches
• The Narrative Interview
• The Episodic Interview
• Between Biography and Episode
• Joint Narratives
• Criteria-based Comparison of Narrative Approaches of Collecting Data
• How to Analyse Narratives
• Small Narratives and Constructionist Analysis
• Narrative Research Methods in Indigenous Postcolonial Research
• PART 4 DATA BEYOND TALK
• 18 Collecting Data Beyond Talk
• Aims of Collecting Data Beyond Talk
• Types of Data Beyond Talk
• What is Observation?
• What is Participant Observation?
• What is Ethnography?
• What is Virtual Ethnography?
• What is Visual Qualitative Research?
• What Are Documents?
• What Are Digital Data?
• Starting Points for Selecting an Approach for Collecting Data Beyond Talk
• 19 Observation and Ethnography
• Observation
• Participant Observation
• Ethnography
• Writing Field Notes
• Virtual Ethnography
• Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches
• Analysing Observations and Ethnographies
• 20 Visual Data: Photography, Film and Video
• Photographs as an Instrument and Object of Research
• Film Analysis as an Instrument of Research
• Video Analysis in Qualitative Research
• Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches
• 21 Documents as Data and Secondary Data Analysis
• What Characterizes Documents?
• Using Documents as Data: More than Textual Analysis
• Selecting Documents
• Constructing a Corpus
• The Practicalities of Using Documents
• How to Analyse Documents
• Analysing Internet Documents
• Secondary Analysis of Existing Qualitative Data
• 22 Digital and Social Media Research
• Social Media and Their Relevance
• Research Questions in Social Media Research
• How to Plan and Construct Designs in Qualitative Social Media Research
• Data for (Qualitative) Social Media Research
• Collecting Digital and Social Media Data with Qualitative Methods
• Using Twitter for Qualitative Research
• Using Facebook for Qualitative Research
• Using Blogs for Qualitative Research
• Collecting Digital Data with Smartphones
• Combining Virtual and Traditional Qualitative Research Methods
• Methodological Issues
• Big Data as a Challenge and a Threat for Qualitative Research
• Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches
• PART 5 QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
• 23 Analysing Qualitative Data
• Aims of Qualitative Data Analysis
• What is Qualitative Data Analysis?
• Data Management
• Using Naturally Occurring or Elicited Data
• Methods or Data as Points of Reference
• What is Coding?
• What is Sequential Analysis?
• What is Interpretation?
• Starting Points for Selecting an Approach for Qualitative Data Analysis
• Criteria-based Comparison of the Approaches
• Methods of Qualitative Data Analysis – How to Choose
• 24 Transcription and Data Management
• Technological Progress and Problems of Recording Data
• Research Diaries
• Documentation Sheets
• Transcription
• Reality as Text: Text as New Reality
• Transcripts and Data in Indigenous Research
• Data Management
• 25 Grounded Theory Coding
• Grounded Theory Methodology
• Key Steps towards Grounded Theory Analysis
• Grounded Theory Analysis
• Grounded Theory Coding: Ways and Versions
• Which Approach to Choose?
• Grounded Theory Coding: Integrated Approach or Starting Point?
• 26 Thematic Coding and Content Analysis
• Thematic Coding
• Thematic Analysis
• Qualitative Content Analysis
• Criteria-based Comparison of Approaches
• 27 Analysing Naturally Occurring Data: Conversation and Discourse
• Using Naturally Occurring Data
• Conversation Analysis
• Discourse Analysis
• Objective Hermeneutics
• Interpretive Research in Decolonizing Studies
• Criteria-based Comparison of Approaches to Naturally Occurring Data
• 28 Using Software in Qualitative Data Analysis
• New Technologies: Hopes, Fears and Fantasies
• Ways of Using Software and Computers in Qualitative Research
• Why Use Software for Analysing Qualitative Data?
• History and State of Development of QDA Software
• Software for Analysing Qualitative Data: How to Choose?
• Examples: ATLAS.ti, NVivo and MAXQDA
• How to Use Software in Qualitative Research
• Software’s Impact on Qualitative Research: Examples
• More Recent Developments: CAQDAS 2.0
• PART 6 GROUNDING, WRITING AND OUTLOOK
• 29 Quality of Qualitative Research: Criteria and Beyond
• Selective Plausibilization
• Reliability
• Validity
• Objectivity
• Classical Criteria in Qualitative Research?
• Alternative Criteria
• Traditional or Alternative Criteria: New Answers to Old Questions?
• Quality Assessment as a Challenge for Qualitative Research
• Quality Criteria or Strategies of Quality Assurance?
• Strategies of Generalization in Qualitative Research
• Process Evaluation and Reflexivity
• Research Steps and Methods: Rules of Thumb and Key Questions
• Indication for Qualitative Research
• Quality Management
• 30 Writing Up and Assessment in Qualitative Research
• Writing and Reporting in Decolonizing Qualitative Research
• Reflexive Function of Writing
• Dissolution of Social Science into Styles of Writing?
• Pragmatic Function of Writing: Presentation of Results
• Legitimizing Function of Writing
• Making Qualitative Research Relevant
• Preparing a Viva and Assessment Based on Qualitative Research
• 31 State of the Art and the Future
• Qualitative Research Today
• Current Methodological Trends
• New Challenges: Internationalization, Diversity and Decolonization
• How to Learn and How to Teach Qualitative Research
• The Future of Qualitative Research: Art or Method?
• Glossary
• References
• Author Index
• Subject Index