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• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• About the Author
• Chapter 1: The Way Ahead
• Learning Objectives and Outcomes
• The Goal of This book
• Useful to You
• All Levels
• From Start to Finish
• Practical
• Scientific
• A Preview of the Rest of This Book
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Chapter 2: The Research Process
• Learning Objectives and Outcomes
• Opening Vignette: Great Writers’ Habits
• What Is Research?
• What Are the Purposes of Research?
• What Are the Objectives and Products of Research?
• What Are the Approaches to Research?
• Experimental Versus Field Approaches
• Empirical Versus Theoretical Approaches
• Deductive Versus Inductive Approaches
• Subjective Versus Objective Approaches
• Philosophical Versus Positivist Approaches
• Relativism Versus Replicability
• Metaphysical Versus Physical Approaches
• Traditional Versus Behavioral Approaches
• Phenomenological Versus Observational Approaches
• Ontological Versus Epistemological Approaches
• The Life Cycle of a Project
• The Project
• What Is the Process of Research?
• Managing the Steps
• Managing Your Skills
• Managing Your Motivations
• Managing Your Effort
• Managing Productivity
• Managing Change
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Questions and Exercises
• Chapter 3: Research Ethics and Laws
• Learning Objectives and Outcomes
• Opening Vignette: The Gaddafi Regime and the London School of Economics
• What Are Ethics?
• Why Do Ethics Matter?
• Subjects of Research
• Human Subjects Research
• Other Animals
• Data Protection
• Permissions and Licenses
• Intellectual Property and Other Stakes
• Supporters
• Avoiding Misrepresentation
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Questions and Exercises
• Chapter 4: Scoping, Justifying, Designing, and Planning
• Learning Objectives and Outcomes
• Opening Vignette: Scoping Now Saves Toil Later
• Scoping
• The Benefits of Scoping
• How to Scope
• The Value of Your Research
• Interesting
• Important
• Improving
• Challenging
• Resolving Gaps in Knowledge
• Feasibility
• Your Capacity
• Social Resources
• Institutional Resources
• Time
• Developing a Research Question
• Why Pose a Research Question?
• How Should You Write Your Question?
• Describing, Justifying, Planning, and Proposing the Research
• Describe Your Scope
• Justify Your Project
• Plan Your Project
• Propose Your Project
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Questions and Exercises
• Chapter 5: Reading and Reviewing
• Learning Objectives and Outcomes
• Opening Vignette: Savor Your Reading
• Sources
• What Are Sources?
• Prioritizing Sources
• How to Read Efficiently
• Prioritize the Most Useful and Necessary Readings
• Get What You Need the First Time
• Understand the Relationships Between Readings
• Read Without Bias
• Record What You Read That You Might Make Use Of
• Content Analysis
• Purpose
• Method
• Reviews
• What Is a Review?
• Tone
• Approach
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Questions and Exercises
• Chapter 6: Analysis
• Learning Objectives and Outcomes
• Opening Vignette: Analyzing Sub-Saharan Development
• What Is Analysis?
• Why Do We Analyze?
• How Are We Told to Analyze?
• How Should We Analyze?
• Identifying What to Analyze
• Disaggregation
• Categorization and Classification
• Comparative Analysis
• Relational Analysis
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Questions and Exercises
• Chapter 7: Arguing and Explaining
• Learning Objectives and Outcomes
• Opening Vignette: Sophists
• Definitions
• Argument
• Hypotheticals
• Counterfactuals
• Prescriptive Arguments
• Normative Arguments
• Descriptive Arguments
• Logical Arguments
• What Is Logic?
• Propositions
• Premises
• Deduction
• Induction
• Building Arguments From Propositions
• Syllogism
• Validity
• Non Sequitur
• Antinomy
• True Arguments
• Logic and Truth
• Avoiding Propositions That Are Not Necessarily True
• Making Assumptions to Escape the Burden of Proof or Argument
• Making Propositions Conditional to Escape Unrealistic Categorical Propositions
• Making Propositions Probabilistic to Escape Unlikely Propositions
• Strong Versus Weak Arguments
• Soundness
• Cogency
• Hypothetical Soundness
• Fallacious Arguments
• Fallacy
• Circular Arguments
• Tautology
• False Analogy
• Ecological Fallacy
• Reductionism
• Applicatory Fallacy
• Historian’s Fallacy
• Presentism
• Narrative Fallacy
• Psychologist’s Fallacy
• Naturalist Fallacy
• Argument to the Person
• Argument From Silence
• Biases
• Allowable Biases
• Unallowable Biases
• Proximity
• Anchoring
• Availability
• Unrepresentativeness
• Base-Rate Neglect
• Maturation
• Trust and Distrust
• Fundamental Attribution Error
• Group
• Dialectic Arguments
• What Is a Dialectic?
• Dialectic Traditions
• The Appeal of the Dialectic
• The Dialectic’s Fallacies
• Describing and Critiquing Arguments
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Questions and Exercises
• Chapter 8: Theorizing and Modeling
• Learning Objectives and Outcomes
• Opening Vignette: Same Observations, Different Models
• Theories
• What Is a Theory?
• Causes and Effects
• Value
• Improving Theory
• Falsifiability
• Replicability
• Influences and Biases
• Hypotheses
• Models
• What Is a Model?
• Specifying a Model
• Types of Models
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Questions and Exercises
• Chapter 9: Methods
• Learning Objectives and Outcomes
• Opening Vignette: Expectations for Social Scientific Methods
• Methods and Methodologies
• Replicability
• Quantitative and Qualitative
• Control and Naturalness
• Triangulation
• Historical Research
• Case Study
• Survey Research
• Survey Instruments
• The Survey Design Process
• Direct Observation in the Field
• Nonparticipant Observation
• Ethnography
• Experimental Research
• Types of Experiments
• Experimental Design
• Experimental Process With Human Subjects
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Questions and Exercises
• Chapter 10: Evidence and Data
• Learning Objectives and Outcomes
• Opening Vignette: Invalid Operationalization
• Observations and Data
• Operationalization
• Measurement
• Objective Correlates
• Judgmental Correlates
• Triangulation
• Multiple Measures
• Meta-analysis
• Classifying Data
• Units of Analysis
• Groups and Scales
• Types of Data
• Levels of Analysis
• Datasets
• Large-N or Small-N?
• Small-N
• Large-N
• Uses of Data
• Evidence
• Facts
• Proof
• Direct Evidence
• Credible Evidence
• Judgmental Evidence
• A Majority as Evidence
• Causality and Correlation
• Spurious Relationships
• Bivariate Fallacies
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Questions and Exercises
• Chapter 11: Writing
• Learning Objectives and Outcomes
• Opening Vignette: How to Write in Social Science
• Planning the Writing of Your Whole Product
• Introduction
• Theory and Knowledge Review Sections
• Methodological Sections
• Conclusion
• Other Matter
• Style
• Getting Started
• Editing
• Find Your Style
• Write Less, Mean More
• Structure
• Structuring Your Writing in General
• Structuring a Paragraph
• Structuring a Sentence
• Starting a Sentence
• Structuring a Sentence With Clauses
• Structuring Each Clause
• Chapter Summary
• Key Terms
• Questions and Exercises
• Glossary
• References
• Index