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• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Authors
• Chapter Contributors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• PART 1: Introduction and Basic Concepts
• 1 Definition and Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis
• Science: Basic Characteristics and a Definition
• A Brief History of Behavior Analysis
• Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis
• A Definition of Applied Behavior Analysis
• Summary
• 2 Basic Concepts and Principles
• Behavior
• Environment
• Respondent Behavior
• Operant Behavior
• Recognizing the Complexity of Human Behavior
• Summary
• PART 2: Selecting, Defining, and Measuring Behavior
• 3 Selecting and Defining Target Behaviors
• Role of Assessment in Applied Behavior Analysis
• Assessment Methods Used by Behavior Analysts
• Assessing the Social Significance of Potential Target Behaviors
• Prioritizing Target Behaviors
• Defining Target Behaviors
• Setting Criteria for Behavior Change
• Summary
• 4 Measuring Behavior
• Definition and Functions of Measurement in Applied Behavior Analysis
• Measurable Dimensions of Behavior
• Methods for Measuring Behavior
• Measuring Behavior by Permanent Products
• Measurement Tools
• Selecting a Measurement Method
• Summary
• 5 Improving and Assessing the Quality of Behavioral Measurement
• Indicators of Trustworthy Measurement
• Threats to Valid Measurement
• Threats to Accurate and Reliable Measurement
• Assessing the Accuracy and Reliability of Behavioral Measurement
• Using Interobserver Agreement to Assess Behavioral Measurement
• Summary
• PART 3: Evaluating and Analyzing Behavior Change
• 6 Constructing and Interpreting Graphic Displays of Behavioral Data
• Purpose and Benefits of Graphic Displays of Behavioral Data
• Graphs Used by Applied Behavior Analysts
• Constructing Line Graphs
• Interpreting Graphically Displayed Behavioral Data
• Summary
• 7 Analyzing Behavior Change: Basic Assumptions and Strategies
• Concepts and Assumptions Underlying the Analysis of Behavior
• Components of Applied Behavior Analysis Experiments
• Steady State Strategy and Baseline Logic
• Summary
• 8 Reversal and Multielement Designs
• Reversal Design
• Multielement Design
• Summary
• 9 Multiple Baseline and Changing Criterion Designs
• Multiple Baseline Design
• Changing Criterion Design
• Summary
• 10 Planning and Evaluating Applied Behavior Analysis Research
• Importance of the Individual Subject in Behavior Analysis Research
• Importance of Flexibility in Experimental Design
• Internal Validity: Controlling Potential Sources of Confounding in Experimental Design
• Social Validity: Assessing the Applied Value of Behavior Changes and the Treatments That Accomplish
• External Validity: Replicating Experiments to Determine the Generality of Research Findings
• Evaluating Applied Behavior Analysis Research
• Summary
• PART 4: Reinforcement
• 11 Positive Reinforcement
• Positive Reinforcement Defined
• Classifying Reinforcers
• Identifying Potential Reinforcers
• Control Procedures for Positive Reinforcement
• Using Reinforcement Effectively
• Summary
• 12 Negative Reinforcement
• Definition of Negative Reinforcement
• Escape and Avoidance Contingencies
• Characteristics of Negative Reinforcement
• Applications of Negative Reinforcement
• Changes in Teacher and Caregiver Responding as a Function of Negative Reinforcement
• Ethical Considerations in Using Negative Reinforcement
• Summary
• 13 Schedules of Reinforcement
• Intermittent Reinforcement
• Defining Basic Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement
• Schedule Effects and Consistency of Performance
• Thinning Intermittent Reinforcement
• Variations on Basic Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement
• Compound Schedules of Reinforcement
• Perspectives on Using Schedules of Reinforcement in Applied Settings
• Summary
• PART 5: Punishment
• 14 Positive Punishment
• Definition and Characteristics of Punishment
• Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Punishment
• Possible Side Effects and Problems with Punishment
• Positive Punishment Interventions
• Guidelines for Using Punishment
• Ethical Considerations Regarding the use of Punishment
• Concluding Perspectives
• Summary
• 15 Negative Punishment
• Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement Defined
• Time-Out Tactics for Applied Settings
• Using Time-Out Effectively
• Response Cost Defined
• Response Cost Methods
• Using Response Cost Effectively
• Response Cost Considerations
• Summary
• PART 6: Antecedent Variables
• 16 Motivating Operations
• Definition and Characteristics of Motivating Operations
• Distinguishing Between MOs and SDs
• Unconditioned Motivating Operations (UMOs)
• MOs for Punishment
• Multiple Effects of MOs
• Conditioned Motivating Operations (CMOs)
• Relevance of MOs to the Generality of Treatment Effects
• Relevance of MOs to Applied Behavior Analysis
• Summary
• 17 Stimulus Control
• Stimulus Control: Basic Concepts and Processes
• Developing Stimulus Control
• Transferring Stimulus Control
• Summary
• PART 7: Verbal Behavior
• 18 Verbal Behavior
• Skinner’s (1957) Analysis of Verbal Behavior
• The Verbal Operants and Listener Behavior in More Detail
• Listener Behavior
• Autoclitic Verbal Behavior
• Applications of Skinner’s (1957) Analysis of Verbal Behavior
• Applications to Language Assessment and Intervention
• The Loss of Verbal Behavior
• Summary
• PART 8: Developing New Behavior
• 19 Equivalence-based Instruction
• Research Foundations and Core Concepts
• Designing Equivalence-Based Instruction
• Applications and Generality
• Applications Stemming from Alternative Theoretical Approaches to Relational Responding
• Concluding Remarks
• Summary
• 20 Engineering Emergent Learning with Nonequivalence Relations
• What are Nonequivalence Relations? Why do They Matter?
• The Vocabulary of Nonequivalence Relations
• Some Types of Nonequivalence Relations
• Theoretical Foundations
• Nonequivalence Relations and Big-Picture Psychological Constructs
• Derived Stimulus Relations and General Well-Being
• A Final Comment
• Summary
• 21 Imitation, Modeling, and Observational Learning
• Imitation
• Modeling
• Observational Learning
• Summary
• 22 Shaping
• Shaping Defined
• Shaping Across and Within Response Topographies
• Increasing Shaping Efficiency
• Clicker Training
• Emerging Applications of Shaping
• Shaping Guidelines
• Learning to Shape
• Summary
• 23 Chaining
• Behavior Chain Defined
• Rationale for Chaining
• Establishing Behavior Chains with Task Analysis
• Behavior Chaining Methods
• Choosing a Chaining Method
• Disrupting and Breaking Behavior Chains
• Troubleshooting Chains
• Factors Affecting the Performance of Behavior Chains
• Summary
• PART 9: Decreasing Behavior with Nonpunishment Procedures
• 24 Extinction
• Extinction Defined
• Extinction Procedures
• Secondary Effects of Extinction
• Variables Affecting Resistance to Extinction
• Using Extinction Effectively
• When Not to Use Extinction
• Summary
• 25 Differential Reinforcement
• Differential Reinforcement Defined
• Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)
• Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)
• Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Responding (DRL)
• Summary
• 26 Antecedent Interventions
• Defining and Classifying Antecedent Interventions
• Noncontingent Reinforcement
• High-Probability Instructional Sequence
• Functional Communication Training
• Default Interventions
• Summary
• PART 10: Functional Assessment
• 27 Functional Behavior Assessment
• Functions of Behavior
• Role of Functional Behavior Assessment in Intervention and Prevention
• Overview of FBA Methods
• Conducting a Functional Behavior Assessment
• Case Examples Illustrating the FBA Process
• Summary
• PART 11: Special Applications
• 28 Token Economy, Group Contingencies, and Contingency Contracting
• Token Economy
• Group Contingencies
• Contingency Contracting
• Summary
• 29 Self-Management
• The “Self” as Behavior Controller
• Self-Management Defined
• Applications, Advantages, and Benefits of Self-Management
• Antecedent-Based Self-Management Tactics
• Self-Monitoring
• Self-Administered Consequences
• Other Self-Management Tactics
• Suggestions for Effective Self-Management Programs
• Behavior Changes Behavior
• Summary
• PART 12: Promoting Generalized Behavior Change
• 30 Generalization and Maintenance of Behavior Change
• Generalized Behavior Change: Definitions and Key Concepts
• Planning for Generalized Behavior Change
• Strategies and Tactics for Promoting Generalized Behavior Change
• Modifying and Terminating Successful Interventions
• Guiding Principles for Promoting Generalized Outcomes
• Summary
• PART 13: Ethics
• 31 Ethical and Professional Responsibilities of Applied Behavior Analysts
• What Is Ethics and Why Is It Important?
• Standards of Professional Practice for Applied Behavior Analysts
• Ensuring Professional Competence
• Ethical Issues in Client Services
• Coordinating with Other Professionals
• Social Media and New Technologies
• Advocating for the Client
• Conflict of Interest
• Creating a Culture of Ethical Practice
• Conclusion
• Summary
• Epilogue
• Glossary
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• Bibliography
• Name Index
• Subject Index