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• Cover
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• To the Instructor
• To the Student
• part I What Is Archaeology?
• chapter 1 The Science of Archaeology
• What Is Archaeology?
• Archaeology and Anthropology
• Archaeology and the Other Sciences
• The Basic Goals of Archaeology
• The Branches of Archaeology
• Prehistoric Archaeology
• Historical Archaeology
• HIGHLIGHT 1.1 The Archaeology of Enslaved Africans in the New World
• Classical Archaeology
• Maritime Archaeology
• HIGHLIGHT 1.2 The Mary Rose
• Public Archaeology
• HIGHLIGHT 1.3 An Ancient Boat Comes to Life
• Key Concepts in Archaeology
• The Archaeological Record
• Cultural Deposition, Stratigraphy, and Dating
• Archaeological Cultures
• Archaeology as Science
• The Structure of Scientific Knowledge
• The Scientific Method
• Research Design
• Pseudoscience
• Frauds
• Archaeology and Prehistory
• The Importance of Archaeology
• Chapter Summary
• Key Concepts
• Suggested Readings
• chapter 2 Background of Archaeology
• Ancient Archaeology
• Antiquarians
• The Discovery of a Prehistoric Past
• Classical Civilizations
• HIGHLIGHT 2.1 The Buried Cities Below Vesuvius
• The Emergence of Professional Archaeology
• A Historical Approach
• Unilinear Cultural Evolution
• Diffusion as an Early Explanatory Model
• Improving Field Methods
• Developing the Outline of World Prehistory
• Prehistory of the Americas
• HIGHLIGHT 2.2 The Moundbuilders
• Prehistory of Sub-Saharan Africa
• Prehistory of Asia and Oceania
• Political Influences in the History of Archaeology
• Colonialism
• HIGHLIGHT 2.3 Great Zimbabwe
• Nationalism
• General Biases
• Chapter Summary
• Key Concepts
• Suggested Readings
• chapter 3 The Development of Contemporary Archaeology
• Archaeology After World War II
• The Rise of Scientific Archaeology
• Research Design in Archaeology
• Middle-Range Theory
• HIGHLIGHT 3.1 Ethnoarchaeology Among the Aka of Central Africa
• HIGHLIGHT 3.2 Experimental Archaeology: Building Models to Test the Hunting-Scavenging Debate
• Cultural Materialism
• Expanding Theoretical Horizons
• Gender and the Past
• The Archaeology of Power
• Behavioral Archaeology
• Evolutionary Archaeology
• Cognitive Archaeology
• Indigenous Archaeology
• Archaeological Frontiers
• HIGHLIGHT 3.3 Exoarchaeology
• Careers in Archaeology
• Becoming an Archaeologist
• Chapter Summary
• Key Concepts
• Suggested Readings
• part II Obtaining Information About the Past
• chapter 4 The Archaeological Record
• Archaeological Sites
• Types of Sites
• HIGHLIGHT 4.1 Ancient Footprints at Laetoli
• Site Deposits
• HIGHLIGHT 4.2 Tell es-Safi: Goliath’s Hometown
• Archaeological Evidence
• Artifacts
• Ecofacts
• Features
• Architecture
• HIGHLIGHT 4.3 How Were the Egyptian Pyramids Built?
• Human Remains
• Site Formation and Transformation
• Geology and Hydrology
• Taphonomy
• Bioturbation
• Human Agency
• Preservation
• Preservation Conditions
• Preservation and the Environment
• Recognizing and Recovering Evidence
• Ongoing Impacts on the Archaeological Record
• HIGHLIGHT 4.4 The Looting of Angkor Wat
• Chapter Summary
• Key Concepts
• Suggested Readings
• chapter 5 Conducting Fieldwork
• Finding Sites
• Accidental Discoveries
• Project-Related Discoveries
• HIGHLIGHT 5.1 The Discovery of Lascaux
• Conducting Archaeological Surveys
• Background Studies
• Remote Sensing Techniques for Finding Sites
• Sampling
• HIGHLIGHT 5.2 Ubar: The Atlantis of the Sands
• Recording Sites
• Excavating Sites
• Mapping the Site
• Deciding Where to Dig
• Digging
• Recovering and Cataloging Data
• Working With Specialists
• Practical Aspects of Fieldwork
• Funding and Staffing
• Curation
• Occupational Hazards in Archaeology
• Ethics in Archaeological Fieldwork
• HIGHLIGHT 5.3 Scandal! Planting Artifacts in Japan
• Legal Issues
• Humanistic Issues
• Professional Obligations
• Chapter Summary
• Key Concepts
• Suggested Readings
• chapter 6 Classification and Analysis of Artifacts
• Classification and Typology
• Attributes
• Temporal Types
• Assemblage Types
• Classifying Types of Artifacts
• Stone
• Ceramics
• Metal
• Glass
• Shell and Bone
• Perishables
• HIGHLIGHT 6.1 Historical Material Culture: A View from the Chinatown in Riverside, California
• HIGHLIGHT 6.2 The Flutes of Jiahu
• Analyzing Artifacts
• Use-Wear Analysis
• Geochemical Sourcing
• Residue Analysis
• DNA Analysis
• Chapter Summary
• Key Concepts
• Suggested Readings
• chapter 7 Determining Time
• What Is So Important About Time?
• Older or Younger? Relative Dating in Archaeology
• Stratigraphy and Superposition
• Index Fossils and Biostratigraphy
• Temporal Types
• Seriation
• HIGHLIGHT 7.1 Seriation in Ancient Greek Coins
• Fluorine, Uranium, and Nitrogen (FUN) Dating
• Real Time: Chronometric Dating
• Cross-Dating and Dendrochronology
• Radiometric Techniques
• HIGHLIGHT 7.2 Dating the Shroud of Turin
• Archaeomagnetism
• Obsidian Dating
• Chapter Summary
• Key Concepts
• Suggested Readings
• chapter 8 Bioarchaeology: Human Remains
• What is Bioarchaeology?
• Ethics and Politics
• Initial Treatment of the Body
• Purposeful Mummification
• HIGHLIGHT 8.1 The Roman Mummies of Tell El-Hibeh
• Final Treatment of the Body
• Inhumation
• HIGHLIGHT 8.2 The Ice Princess
• Cremation
• Specially Treated Remains
• Body Management
• Mortuary Facilities and Grave Goods
• Skeletal Remains
• HIGHLIGHT 8.3 KV-5: The Mega Tomb for Rameses the Great’s Children
• The Human Skeleton
• Determining Sex
• Determining Age
• Determining Stature
• Population Affinity
• Soft-Tissue Evidence
• Determining Health and Nutrition
• Pathology and Trauma
• Chemical Analyses
• Stable Isotope Analysis
• HIGHLIGHT 8.4 Ancient Cannibals!
• Trace Element Analysis
• Analysis of Ancient DNA
• What People Looked Like: Soft-Tissue Reconstruction From Skeletal Data
• Constructing an Osteobiography
• Tracking Skeletal Variability in Early Human Ancestors
• Contemporary Forensics
• Chapter Summary
• Key Concepts
• Suggested Readings
• part III Interpreting the Past
• chapter 9 Environment and Adaptation
• The Environment
• HIGHLIGHT 9.1 Easter Island’s Ecological Disaster
• Environmental Archaeology
• Reconstructing Past Landforms
• Reconstructing Past Plants and Animals
• Reconstructing Past Climate
• Human Biological Adaptation
• Evolutionary Ecology
• Optimization Models
• Human Cultural Adaptation
• HIGHLIGHT 9.2 Island Geography and Subsistence Practices in Polynesia
• Controlling the Environment
• Domestication and the Agricultural Revolution
• HIGHLIGHT 9.3 Detecting Animal Domestication
• Chapter Summary
• Key Concepts
• Suggested Readings
• chapter 10 Understanding Past Settlement and Subsistence
• Where Did People Live? Past Settlement Systems
• Settlement Archaeology
• Understanding Site Components
• Analyzing Populations
• Catchment Analysis
• The Interplay Between Settlement and Subsistence
• HIGHLIGHT 10.1 The Impacts of Agriculture and Urbanization on Health and Nutrition
• How Did People Make a Living? Subsistence
• The Four Primary Subsistence Systems
• Archaeological Evidence of Subsistence
• HIGHLIGHT 10.2 Diet and Cuisine at Lake Cahuilla
• Subsistence Technology and Organization
• Recovery and Identification of Ecofactual Evidence
• Quantifying Ecofactual Remains
• Chapter Summary
• Key Concepts
• Suggested Readings
• chapter 11 Interpreting Past Cultural Systems
• How Can Archaeology Answer Anthropological Questions?
• Social Archaeology
• Cognitive Archaeology
• Interpreting Past Social Structures
• Kinship
• Social Stratification
• The Archaeology of Gender
• HIGHLIGHT 11.1 Sex and Gender in Central European Burials
• The Archaeology of Ethnicity
• Interpreting Past Political Organization
• Four Types of Political Organization
• Some Theories of the Origin of States
• HIGHLIGHT 11.2 The Terra-Cotta Army
• Interpreting Past Belief Systems
• Religious Organization and Expression
• Cosmology, Philosophy, and Oral Tradition
• HIGHLIGHT 11.3 Archaeoastronomy
• Iconography, Art, and Expression
• HIGHLIGHT 11.4 Art and Archaeology in Africa
• Remembering the Individual
• Chapter Summary
• Key Concepts
• Suggested Readings
• chapter 12 Understanding Culture Change
• The Archaeology of Change
• Systems Theory
• Evolutionary Approaches
• Invention and Diffusion
• Social and Political Movements
• Migrations and Diasporas
• HIGHLIGHT 12.1 Archaeology of Proto-Polynesian
• Interpreting Evidence of Change
• HIGHLIGHT 12.2 The Bantu Migrations and the African Iron Age
• Reconstructing Events
• Reconstructing Patterns and Trends
• Cultural Contact and Conflict
• The Archaeology of Trade
• HIGHLIGHT 12.3 Archaeology of the Silk Road: Ancient Mummies of the Tarim Basin
• The Archaeology of Warfare
• HIGHLIGHT 12.4 Thermopylae, 480 BC
• Chapter Summary
• Key Concepts
• Suggested Readings
• part IV Public Archaeology
• Chapter 13 Cultural Resource Management
• The Impact of Population Growth and Development on the Archaeological Record
• The Field of Cultural Resource Management
• Antiquities Legislation in the United States
• The National Historic Preservation Act
• Compliance Archaeology
• The Archaeological Resources Protection Act
• The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
• Antiquities Legislation Around the World
• Site Preservation and Restoration
• HIGHLIGHT 13.1 Preserving Abu Simbel
• The Role of Public Education in Archaeological Preservation
• Cultural Resource Management Among Traditional Peoples
• Archaeology and Ethics
• HIGHLIGHT 13.2 Heritage Management in Australia
• Chapter Summary
• Key Concepts
• Suggested Readings
• Chapter 14 Archaeology in Today’s World
• Archaeology Today
• Archaeology and Politics
• Who Owns the Past?
• HIGHLIGHT 14.1 Indians and Archaeologists in the United States
• Learning From the Past: Applying Archaeology to Contemporary Problems
• HIGHLIGHT 14.2 The Ancient Maya and the Rain Forest
• Archaeology and Information Technology
• Archaeology, Mass Media, and Public Perception
• So What? The Significance of Archaeology
• Chapter Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Glossary
• References
• Photo Credits
• Index