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• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Authors’ Note
• 1 Fossils, Cities, and Civilizations: The Birth of a Science
• What Is Archaeology?
• The Beginnings of Archaeology
• The Three Ages and the Antiquity of Humankind
• The Discovery of the Ancient Civilizations
• The Ancient Egyptians
• The Assyrians and Sumerians
• Troy and Mycenae
• Asia: Scrolls and Shoulder Blades
• African Phoenicians?
• Early American Archaeology
• The “Moundbuilders”
• Maya Civilization
• Southwestern Archaeology and the Direct Historical Approach
• Diversity, Diffusion, and Human Progress
• “From Them to Us”: Unilinear Evolution
• Diffusionism: How Did Civilization Spread?
• The Development of Modern Scientific Archaeology
• Scientific Excavation
• Archaeology and Ecology
• Scientific Methods
• “From Them to Us”: Contemporary Archaeological Theory
• Ecological/Evolutionary Approaches
• Historical Materialist Approaches
• SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Note
• Further Reading
• 2 Introducing Archaeology and Prehistory
• The Tourist, the Collector, and the Archaeologist
• Who Needs and Owns the Past?
• What Do Archaeologists Do?
• Anthropology, Archaeology, and History
• Archaeologists on the Job
• Many Sites, Many Archaeologists
• Why Does Archaeology Matter?
• Mysteries of the Past
• Tall Tales: Pseudoarchaeology
• Archaeology and Human Diversity
• Archaeology as a Political Tool
• Archaeology and Economic Development
• The Irresistible Lure of the Past
• The Prehistory of Humankind According to Archaeologists
• Early Prehistory
• The Origins and Spread of Modern Humans
• The Origins of Food Production
• The Origins of States (Civilizations)
• European Expansion
• SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Further Reading
• 3 Culture and Context
• Human Culture
• Cultural Systems
• Culture Change
• The Goals of Archaeology
• Stewardship: Preserving the Past
• Constructing Culture History
• Reconstructing Ancient Lifeways
• Social Organization and Religious Beliefs
• Explaining Cultural and Social Change
• Understanding the Archaeological Record
• The Archaeological Record
• Archaeological Sites
• Artifacts, Features, and Ecofacts
• Context
• SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Further Reading
• 4 Space and Time
• Space
• The Law of Association
• Assemblages and Subassemblages
• Time
• Linear and Cyclical Time
• Relative Chronology
• The Law of Superposition
• Artifacts and Relative Chronology
• Absolute Chronology
• Historical Records and Objects of Known Age
• Tree-Ring Dating (Dendrochronology)
• Chronometric Chronology
• Radiocarbon Dating
• Potassium-Argon Dating
• Some Other Dating Methods
• Luminescence Dating
• Electronic Spin Resonance
• Uranium Series Dating
• Fission Track Dating
• SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Further Reading
• 5 They Sought It Here, They Sought It There: Process and Discovery
• The Process of Archaeological Research
• Design and Formulation
• Implementation
• Data Acquisition
• Processing and Analysis
• Interpretation
• Publication
• Stages of Archaeological Fieldwork
• Accidental Discovery
• Remote Sensing, or Archaeological Survey in the Laboratory
• Google Earth
• Aircraft and Satellite Imagery
• LiDAR
• Aerial Photography
• Archaeological Survey at Ground Level
• Sampling and Archaeological Survey
• Recording Archaeological Sites
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• Assessing Archaeological Sites
• Surface Collection
• Subsurface Detection Methods
• SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Further Reading
• 6 Excavation
• Planned Excavation: Research Design
• Types of Excavation
• Site Testing
• The Process of Dissection
• Vertical and Horizontal Excavation
• Vertical Excavation
• Horizontal Excavation
• Digging, Tools, and People
• Recording
• Stratigraphic Observation
• Excavation Problems
• Open Campsites and Villages
• Caves and Rockshelters
• Mound Sites
• Earthworks and Forts
• Shell Middens
• Ceremonial and Other Specialist Sites
• Burials and Cemeteries
• Reburial and Repatriation
• SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Further Reading
• 7 Technologies, Ancient and Modern
• Back from the Field
• Classification, Taxonomy, Attributes, and Typology
• Technologies of the Ancients
• Stone
• Clay
• Metals and Metallurgy
• Bone, Wood, Basketry, and Textiles
• Bone and Antler
• Wood
• Basketry and Textiles
• Ethnographic Analogy
• Ethnoarchaeology
• The !Kung San
• Maya Metates
• The Nunamiut
• Tucson, Arizona: Modern Material Culture and Garbage
• Experimental Archaeology
• SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Further Reading
• 8 Ancient Climate and Environment
• Proxies
• The Pleistocene Framework
• Pollen Analysis
• Short-Term Climatic Change: The Holocene
• Centuries-Long Changes: The Younger Dryas and the Black Sea
• Short-Term Climate Change: El Niño
• The Moche of Peru’s North Coast and El Niños
• Tree Rings: Studying Southwestern Drought
• Drought and the Ancient Maya
• Geoarchaeology
• SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Further Reading
• 9 Come Tell Me How You Lived
• Evidence for Subsistence
• Ancient Diet
• Animal Bones
• Faunal Analysis (Zooarchaeology)
• Comparing Bone Assemblages
• Species Abundance and Cultural Change
• Game Animals
• Domesticated Animals
• Ancient Butchery
• Plant Remains
• Birds, Fish, and Mollusks
• Rock Art
• SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Further Reading
• 10 Settlement and Landscape
• Céide Fields, Ireland
• Settlement Patterns
• Households
• Communities
• Distribution of Communities
• Geographic Information Systems and Roman Wroxeter, England
• Population
• The Archaeology of Landscapes
• Sacred Landscapes: Mirrors of the Intangible
• Maeshowe and the Stones of Stenness, Orkney
• SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Further Reading
• 11 The Archaeology of People
• Studying the Deceased: Bioarchaeology
• Sex and Age
• Malnutrition, Stress, and Work-Related Injuries
• Violence
• Strontium and People’s Lives
• Individuals
• Groups
• Social Ranking
• Social Inequality
• Studying Gender
• The Engendered Past
• Wider Society: Prestate and State Societies
• Interactions: Trade and Exchange
• Types of Trade
• Studying Ancient Trade: Sourcing
• Long-Distance Trade and the Uluburun Ship
• Interactions: Religious Beliefs
• Studying Religion and Ideology
• SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Further Reading
• 12 Explaining the Past
• Culture History
• Inevitable Variation
• Invention
• Diffusion
• Migration
• Processual Archaeology
• Systems and Cultural Ecology
• Multilinear Cultural Evolution
• Historical Materialist Approaches
• Post-processual Archaeology
• Cognitive-Processual Archaeology
• Archaeological Theory Today and Tomorrow
• Agency
• Identity and Personhood
• Alternative Histories: Neo-Colonialism
• The Importance of Cultural Traditions
• A General Theoretical Framework?
• SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Further Reading
• 13 Managing the Past
• What Is Protected?
• Assessment, Mitigation, and Compliance
• Phase 1: Identification and Preliminary Assessment
• Phase 2: Assessing Significance
• Phase 3: Management Plans and Mitigation
• Management versus Research
• Commercial Archaeology in the UK
• Strategies of CRM Research
• Geomorphology
• Safety
• Technology
• Management Challenges
• Issues of Quality
• The Issue of Site Records
• The Issue of Curation
• The Issue of Publication and Dissemination
• Native Americans and CRM
• SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION
• Further Reading
• 14 Stewards, Stakeholders, Communities, and Tourists
• Stakeholders and Stewardship
• Public Archaeology
• Stakeholders at Ozette, Washington
• Community Archaeology
• The Case of Cuddie Springs, New South Wales, Australia
• Archaeology and Native Americans
• Cultural Tourism
• SUMMARY
• QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION
• Further Reading
• 15 So You Want to Become an Archaeologist?
• Archaeology as a Profession
• Deciding to Become an Archaeologist
• Gaining Fieldwork Experience
• Career Opportunities
• Academic Archaeology
• Cultural Resource Management and Public Archaeology
• Academic Qualifications and Graduate School
• Thoughts on Not Becoming a Professional Archaeologist
• Our Responsibilities to the Past
• A Simple Code of Archaeological Ethics for All
• Summary
• Further Reading
• Sites and Cultures Mentioned in the Text
• Glossary of Technical Terms
• References
• Index