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• ARCTIC SECURITY IN AN AGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
• Title
• Copyright
• For Kim, Olivia, and Caroline
• Contents
• Figures and Tables
• Contributor Biographies
• Foreword ARCTIC FUTURES: THE POLITICS OF TRANSFORMATION
• ARCTIC STATE CHANGES
• ARCTIC STATES/ICE STATES – TENSIONS WITHIN THE FAMILY
• ARCTIC STATES/NON-ARCTIC STATES: THE ARCTIC IN WORLD AFFAIRS
• BEYOND THE NATION-STATE: GLOBAL SOCIETY IN THE ARCTIC
• THE POWER OF FRAMING: ARCTIC SECURITY VS. ARCTIC STEWARDSHIP
• PART I Introduction: Circumpolar Perspectives
• 1 Arctic Security
• POINTS OF DEPARTURE
• ARCTIC TENDENCIES
• WHERE NEXT?
• 2 The Challenges and Security Issues of Arctic Marine Transport
• INTRODUCTION
• THE ARCTIC MARINE SHIPPING ASSESSMENT
• ARCTIC MARINE OPERATIONS
• UNCERTAINTIES AND SECURITY FACTORS
• INFRASTRUCTURE CONCERNS
• PLAUSIBLE ARCTIC MARINE INCIDENTS
• TRANSARCTIC NAVIGATION
• KEY ARCTIC POLICY ISSUES AHEAD
• FINAL THOUGHTS – ARCTIC MARINE TRANSPORT AND SECURITY ISSUES
• 3 The Arctic Meltdown and Its Implication for Ports and Shipping in Asia
• INTRODUCTION
• LATEST FINDINGS ON THE RATE OF CLIMATE CHANGE
• THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PORTS IN ASIA
• THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SEA LANES – THE OPENING OF THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE
• FUTURE SHIPPING IN THE ARCTIC
• IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED BEFORE SHIPPING IN THE ARCTIC BECOMES A REALITY
• CONCLUSION
• PART II European Security Interests in the Arctic
• 4 Arctic Security and Norway
• INTRODUCTION
• INDIVISIBLE SECURITY
• THE RUSSIA FACTOR, HARD AND SOFT SECURITY
• ARCTIC STRATEGIES – THE CASE OF NORWAY
• THE CONFLICT POTENTIAL
• CONCLUSION
• 5 Norway and the Arctic
• INTRODUCTION
• SECURITY: CONCEPT, REGIMES, AND INSTITUTIONS
• NORWAY’S HIGH NORTH POLICY: THE DILEMMAS OF LOW AND HIGH POLITICS
• LEGAL REGIMES: CONTINUITY OR CHANGE?
• RUSSIA AND THE ARCTIC
• CONCLUSION
• FURTHER READING
• 6 Military Aspects of Russia’s Arctic Policy
• INTRODUCTION
• THE MILITARY AND RUSSIA’S FOREIGN POLICY STRATEGY
• THE ARCTIC IN THE NUCLEAR DETERRENCE
• NATURAL RESOURCES AND MILITARY MISSION REQUIREMENTS
• RUSSIA’S SYMMETRICAL THREAT PERCEPTIONS IN THE ARCTIC
• RESPONSES TO NONTRADITIONAL SECURITY CHALLENGES
• CONCLUSION
• 7 The Russian Arctic in the Twenty-First Century
• THE ARCTIC IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY GEOPOLITICS
• RUSSIA AND THE ARCTIC
• RUSSIA’S ARCTIC SEAS AND THEIR ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
• SECURITY AND NAVAL OPERATIONS
• THE NORTHEAST PASSAGE AND THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE
• THE ARCTIC WATERSHED
• CHANGE IN THE ARCTIC: BREACHING THE FOURTH WALL OF CONTAINMENT
• ARCTIC TECHNOLOGY
• ENERGY ECONOMICS
• CHANGING CLIMATE
• CHANGES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
• RUSSIA’S ARCTIC VISION
• FOREIGN POLICY
• MILITARY SECURITY
• ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• TRANSPORTATION AND MARITIME POLICY
• AN ARCTIC GEOGRAPHICAL PIVOT: IMPLICATIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES
• 8 The Rise of the Arctic on the Global Stage
• 1. DRIVERS OF CHANGE
• 2. EFFECT
• 3. STRATEGIC CONSEQUENCES
• 4. RUSSIA
• 5. CONSEQUENCES FOR THE NORDIC REGION AND FINLAND
• CONCLUSIONS – THE ARCTIC SECURITY AGENDA
• 9 The Arctic Challenge to Danish Foreign and Security Policy
• DENMARK’S AWAKENING AWARENESS OF THE ARCTIC
• RECENT POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS
• Greenland: From Home Rule to Self-Government
• Global Warming and Prospects for Arctic Economic Development
• Greenland as a New Petroleum Region
• ARCTIC SECURITY IN THE FUTURE
• The Arctic Conflict Potential
• The Potential for Arctic Cooperation
• FUTURE NONMILITARY TASKS FOR DENMARK
• Regime Policy
• Authority Tasks
• Sovereignty Policy
• DEFENSE TASKS IN AND AROUND GREENLAND
• Denmark’s Military Presence in Greenland in 2010
• VIEWS ON ARCTIC DEFENSE AFTER 2010
• ARCTIC SECURITY POLICY, 2010–2014
• CONCLUSION
• 10 Arctic Security
• CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
• POLITICAL BACKGROUND
• U.S. MILITARY PRESENCE
• DANISH MILITARY PRESENCE IN GREENLAND
• DANISH DEFENSE AGREEMENT FOR THE YEARS 2010–2014
• POSSIBLE DISPUTE: THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
• THE DISPUTE WITH CANADA CONCERNING HANS ISLAND
• PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSIONS
• 11 Territorial Discourses and Identity Politics
• INTRODUCTION
• THE ARCTIC IMAGINATION: HISTORICAL MYTHS AS POLITICAL INSTRUMENTS
• ICELAND’S NEW PLACE: THE AMERICAN WITHDRAWAL AND RUSSIAN GEOPOLITICS
• STRATEGIC DISCOURSES VERSUS IDENTITY POLITICS
• CONCLUSION
• PART III North American Security Interests in the Arctic
• 12 Canada and the Newly Emerging International Arctic Security Regime
• INTRODUCTION
• UNDERSTANDING CANADIAN ARCTIC SECURITY AND SOVEREIGNTY
• THE SECURITY AND SOVEREIGNTY CHALLENGES AND TO THE CANADIAN ARCTIC
• THE CHANGING ARCTIC
• CHANGES IN THE CLIMATE
• CHANGES IN RESOURCE EXPECTATIONS
• CHANGING INTERNATIONAL REGIME
• THE NEW GEOPOLITICS OF THE ARCTIC
• DENMARK
• FINLAND
• ICELAND
• NORWAY
• RUSSIA
• SWEDEN
• UNITED STATES
• CANADA
• CONCLUSION
• 13 Polar Race or Polar Saga?
• BACKGROUND
• Scenario-Based Thinking
• CANADIAN DEFENSE, SOVEREIGNTY, AND ARCTIC SECURITY
• DIPLOMACY
• CONCLUSION: A CANADIAN NORTHERN STRATEGY
• 14 The New Arctic Geography and U.S. Strategy
• RUSSIA FEDERATION – ARCTIC HEGEMON?
• STRENGTHENING NORTH AMERICAN ARCTIC SECURITY
• FREEDOM OF THE SEAS
• ARCTIC NAVAL OPERATIONS
• ARCTIC AIR AND GROUND OPERATIONS
• CONCLUSION
• 15 Arctic Security Considerations and the U.S. Navy’s “Arctic Roadmap”
• INTRODUCTION
• THE CHANGING ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT
• Natural Resources
• Transportation Access and Operational Challenges
• Boundary Disputes, Security Concerns
• THE U.S. NAVY’S ROLE IN A CHANGING ARCTIC
• THE U.S. NAVY’S “ARCTIC ROADMAP”
• Drivers
• Objectives
• Strategy, Policy, Missions, and Plans
• Operations and Training
• Investments
• Communications and Outreach
• Environmental Assessment and Prediction
• Phasing
• Phase 1 – Fiscal Year (FY) 2010
• Phase 2 – FYs 2011 and 2012
• Phase 3 – FYs 2013 and 2014
• Conclusion
• Afterword
• INTRODUCTION
• THE UK AND THE ARCTIC: HIGH STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE, BUT LOW POLITICAL PROFILE?
• THE NSS, THE SDSR AND THE UK GEOSTRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE ARCTIC REGION
• MILITARY PRESENCE IN THE ARCTIC REGION
• THE ARCTIC: UK PERSPECTIVES ON PARTNERSHIPS AND ALLIANCES
• The United States
• NATO
• The European Union
• THE ARCTIC: A PRIMARY SOURCE OF STATE-ON-STATE CONFRONTATION?
• Russia and the Arctic: Feeding the Bear’s Re-Emergence from Strategic Hibernation?
• The China Factor
• COMMERCIAL SHIPPING
• CONCLUSIONS
• Index