Efnisyfirlit

• Cover image
• Title page
• Disclaimer
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Reviewers
• Contributors
• Preface
• Part I. Basic Medical Microbiology
• 1. Microbial Taxonomy
• Classification
• Nomenclature
• Identification
• 2. Bacterial Genetics, Metabolism, and Structure
• Bacterial Genetics
• Bacterial Metabolism
• Structure and Function of the Bacterial Cell
• 3. Host-Microorganism Interactions
• The Encounter Between Host and Microorganism
• Microorganism Colonization of Host Surfaces
• Microorganism Entry, Invasion, and Dissemination
• Outcome and Prevention of Infectious Diseases
• Part II. General Principles in Clinical Microbiology
• Section 1. Safety and Specimen Management
• 4. Laboratory Safety
• Sterilization, Disinfection, and Decontamination
• Chemical Safety
• Fire Safety
• Electrical Safety
• Handling of Compressed Gases
• Biosafety
• Exposure Control Plan
• Employee Education and Orientation
• Disposal of Hazardous Waste
• Standard Precautions
• Laboratory Design and Engineering Controls
• Biological Safety Levels
• Mailing Biohazardous Materials
• 5. Specimen Management
• General Concepts for Specimen Collection and Handling
• Specimen Preservation
• Specimen Work-Up
• Expediting Results Reporting: Computerization
• Section 2. Approaches to Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
• 6. Role of Microscopy
• Bright-Field (Light) Microscopy
• Phase-Contrast Microscopy
• Fluorescent Microscopy
• Dark-Field Microscopy
• Digital Automated Microscopy
• Digital Holographic Microscopy
• 7. Overview of Conventional Cultivation and Systems for Identification
• Organism Identification
• Principles of Bacterial Cultivation
• Bacterial Cultivation
• Principles of Identification
• Principles of Phenotypic Identification Schemes
• Commercial Identification Systems and Automation
• 8. Nucleic Acid–Based Analytic Methods for Microbial Identification and Characterization
• Overview of Nucleic Acid–Based Methods
• Postamplification End-Point Analysis
• 9. Overview of Immunochemical Methods Used for Organism Detection
• Features of the Immune Response
• Features of the Humoral Immune Response Useful in Diagnostic Testing
• Interpretation of Serologic Tests
• Production of Antibodies for Use in Laboratory Testing
• Immunoglobulin M Clinical Significance
• Separating Immunoglobulin M from Immunoglobulin G for Serologic Testing
• Principles of Immunochemical Methods Used for Organism Detection
• Summary
• Section 3. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity
• 10. Principles of Antimicrobial Action and Resistance
• Antimicrobial Action
• Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
• 11. Laboratory Methods and Strategies for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
• Goal and Limitations
• Testing Methods
• Laboratory Strategies for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
• Accuracy
• Communication
• Part III. Bacteriology
• Section 1. Principles of Identification
• 12. Overview of Bacterial Identification Methods and Strategies
• Rationale for Approaching Organism Identification
• Future Trends of Organism Identification
• Section 2. Catalase-Positive, Gram-Positive Cocci
• 13. Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Similar Organisms
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• Section 3. Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci
• 14. Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Similar Organisms
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• Section 4. Non-Branching, Catalase-Positive, Gram-Positive Bacilli
• 15. Bacillus and Similar Organisms
• General Characteristics
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• 16. Listeria, Corynebacterium, and Similar Organisms
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• Treatment
• Section 5. Non-Branching, Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Bacilli
• 17. Erysipelothrix, Lactobacillus, and Similar Organisms
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Prevention
• Section 6. Branching or Partially Acid-Fast, Gram-Positive Bacilli
• 18. Nocardia, Streptomyces, Rhodococcus, and Similar Organisms
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• Section 7. Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Positive, Oxidase-Negative)
• 19. Enterobacterales
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Diseases
• Specific Organisms
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Prevention
• 20. Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Other Organisms
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Cultivation
• Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
• Antimicrobial Therapy
• Prevention
• Section 8. Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Positive, Oxidase-Positive)
• 21. Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Similar Organisms
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• 22. Achromobacter, Rhizobium, Ochrobactrum, and Similar Organisms
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• 23. Chryseobacterium, Sphingobacterium, and Similar Organisms
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• 24. Alcaligenes, Comamonas, and Similar Organisms
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• 25. Vibrio, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Chromobacterium violaceum
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• Section 9. Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Negative, Oxidase-Positive)
• 26. Sphingomonas and Similar Organisms
• General Considerations
• Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Prevention
• 27. Moraxella and Neisseria spp.
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility
• Prevention
• 28. Eikenella corrodens and Similar Organisms
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Serodiagnosis
• Prevention
• 29. Pasteurella and Similar Organisms
• General Characteristics and Taxonomy
• Epidemiology, Spectrum of Disease, and Antimicrobial Therapy
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Serodiagnosis
• Serodiagnosis
• Prevention
• 30. Actinobacillus, Kingella, Cardiobacterium, Capnocytophaga, and Similar Organisms
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Spectrum of Disease and Antimicrobial Therapy
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Nucleic Acid Detection
• Serodiagnosis
• Prevention
• Section 10. Gram-Negative Bacilli and Coccobacilli (MacConkey-Negative, Oxidase-Variable)
• 31. Haemophilus
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• Section 11. Gram-Negative Bacilli That Are Optimally Recovered on Special Media
• 32. Bartonella
• Bartonella
• Direct Detection Methods
• 33. Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter
• Campylobacter and Arcobacter
• Helicobacter spp
• 34. Legionella
• General Characteristics
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• 35. Brucella
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
• Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• 36. Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, and Related Species
• General Characteristics
• Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• 37. Francisella
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
• Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• 38. Streptobacillus spp. and Spirillum minus
• Streptobacillus spp
• Spirillum minus
• Section 12. Gram-Negative Cocci
• 39. Neisseria and Moraxella catarrhalis
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• Section 13. Anaerobic Bacteriology
• 40. Overview and General Laboratory Considerations
• General Characteristics
• Specimen Collection and Transport
• Macroscopic Examination of Specimens
• Direct Detection Methods
• Specimen Processing
• Anaerobic Media
• Approach to Identification
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• 41. Overview of Anaerobic Organisms
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Nucleic Acid Detection and MALDI-TOF MS (Gram-Positive)
• Nucleic Acid Detection and MALDI-TOF MS (Gram-Negative)
• Nucleic Acid Detection and MALDI-TOF MS
• Prevention
• Section 14. Mycobacteria and Other Bacteria With Unusual Growth Requirements
• 42. Mycobacteria
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex
• Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Mycobacterial Infections
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• 43. Obligate Intracellular and Nonculturable Bacterial Agents
• Chlamydia
• Rickettsia, Orientia, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia
• Coxiella
• Tropheryma whipplei
• Klebsiella granulomatis
• 44. Cell Wall–Deficient Bacteria: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
• Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Cultivation
• Susceptibility Testing and Therapy
• Prevention
• 45. The Spirochetes
• Treponema
• Borrelia
• Brachyspira
• Leptospira
• Prevention
• Part IV. Parasitology
• 46. Overview of the Methods and Strategies in Parasitology
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Approach to Identification
• Prevention
• Ectoparasites
• 47. Intestinal Protozoa
• Amoebae
• Flagellates
• Ciliates
• Sporozoa (Apicomplexa)
• Microsporidia
• 48. Blood and Tissue Protozoa
• Plasmodium spp
• Babesia spp
• Trypanosoma spp
• Leishmania spp
• 49. Protozoa From Other Body Sites
• Free-Living Amoebae
• Naegleria fowleri
• Acanthamoeba spp
• Acanthamoeba Keratitis
• Balamuthia mandrillaris
• Trichomonas vaginalis
• Toxoplasma gondii
• 50. Intestinal Nematodes
• Ascaris lumbricoides
• Enterobius vermicularis
• Strongyloides stercoralis
• Trichostrongylus spp
• Trichuris trichiura
• Capillaria philippinensis
• Hookworms
• Ancylostoma duodenale
• Necator americanus
• Ancylostoma ceylonicum, Ancylostoma braziliense, and Ancylostoma caninum
• Results and Reporting
• 51. Tissue Nematodes
• Trichinella spp
• Toxocara canis (Visceral Larva Migrans) and Toxocara cati (Ocular Larva Migrans)
• Baylisascaris procyonis (Neural Larva Migrans)
• Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma caninum (Cutaneous Larva Migrans)
• Dracunculus medinensis
• Parastrongylus cantonensis (Cerebral Angiostrongyliasis)
• Parastrongylus costaricensis (Abdominal Angiostrongyliasis)
• Gnathostoma spinigerum
• Capillaria hepatica
• Dirofilaria immitis and Other Species
• 52. Blood and Tissue Filarial Nematodes
• Wuchereria bancrofti
• Brugia malayi and Brugia timori
• Loa loa
• Onchocerca volvulus
• Mansonella spp. (M. ozzardi, M. streptocerca, M. perstans)
• Dirofilaria spp. (D. immitis, D. repens, D. tenuis)
• 53. Intestinal Cestodes
• Diphyllobothrium latum
• Dipylidium caninum
• Hymenolepis nana
• Hymenolepis diminuta
• Taenia solium
• Taenia saginata
• Taenia asiatica
• Taenia crassiceps
• 54. Tissue Cestodes
• Taenia solium
• Echinococcus granulosus Complex
• Echinococcus multilocularis
• Echinococcus oligarthrus and Echinococcus vogeli
• Taenia multiceps and Other Species
• Taenia serialis
• Spirometra mansonoides
• 55. Intestinal Trematodes
• Echinostoma spp
• Fasciolopsis buski General Characteristics
• Gastrodiscoides hominis
• Heterophyes: Metagonimus yokogawai, Centrocestus spp., Haplorchis spp., Stellantchamus spp., and Pygidiopsis spp. General Characteristics
• 56. Liver and Lung Trematodes
• The Liver Flukes
• The Lung Flukes
• 57. Blood Trematodes
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathology and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Therapy
• Prevention
• Part V. Mycology
• 58. Overview of Fungal Identification Methods and Strategies
• Epidemiology
• General Features of the Fungi
• Taxonomy of the Fungi
• Clinical Classification of the Fungi
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• General Considerations for the Identification of Yeasts
• General Considerations for the Identification of Molds
• General Morphologic Features of the Molds
• Clinical Relevance for Fungal Identification
• Laboratory Safety
• Prevention
• 59. Hyaline Molds, Mucorales, Basidiobolales, Entomophthorales, Dermatophytes, and Opportunistic and Systemic Mycoses
• The Mucorales
• The Entomophthorales and Basidiobolales
• The Dermatophytes
• The Opportunistic Mycoses
• Systemic Mycoses
• 60. Dematiaceous (Melanized) Molds
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Superficial Infections
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• 61. Atypical and Parafungal Agents
• Pneumocystis
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Rare Atypical and Parafungal Agents
• 62. The Yeasts and Yeastlike Organisms
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Commercial Yeast Identification Systems
• 63. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing, Therapy, and Prevention
• Antifungal Susceptibility Testing
• Antifungal Therapy and Prevention
• Part VI. Virology
• 64. Overview of the Methods and Strategies in Virology
• General Characteristics
• Epidemiology
• Pathogenesis and Spectrum of Disease
• Prevention and Therapy
• Viruses That Cause Human Diseases
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• 65. Viruses in Human Disease
• Viruses in Human Disease
• Adenoviridae
• Arenaviridae
• Astroviridae
• Caliciviridae
• Coronaviridae
• Filoviridae
• Flaviviridae
• Hantaviridae
• Hepadnaviridae
• Hepeviridae
• Herpesviridae
• Herpesviruses
• Varicella-Zoster Virus
• Epstein-Barr Virus
• Cytomegalovirus
• Orthomyxoviridae
• Papillomaviruses
• Paramyxoviridae
• Measles Virus
• Parvoviridae
• Picornaviridae
• Enteroviruses, Parechoviruses, and Polioviruses
• Rhinovirus
• Hepatitis A Virus
• Pneumoviridae
• Polyomaviridae
• Poxviridae
• Reoviridae
• Retroviridae
• Rhabdoviridae
• Togaviridae
• Prions in Human Disease
• 66. Antiviral Therapy, Susceptibility Testing, and Prevention
• Antiviral Therapy
• Antiviral Resistance
• Methods of Antiviral Susceptibility Testing
• Prevention of Other Viral Infections
• Part VII. Diagnosis by Organ System
• 67. Bloodstream Infections
• General Considerations
• Detection of Bacteremia
• Special Considerations for Other Relevant Organisms Isolated From Blood
• 68. Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract
• General Considerations
• Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
• 69. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Other Infections of the Oral Cavity and Neck
• General Considerations
• Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract, Oral Cavity, and Neck
• Diagnosis of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
• Diagnosis of Infections in the Oral Cavity and Neck
• 70. Meningitis and Other Infections of the Central Nervous System
• General Considerations
• Shunt Infections
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Infections
• 71. Infections of the Eyes, Ears, and Sinuses
• Eyes
• Ears
• Sinuses
• 72. Infections of the Urinary Tract
• General Considerations
• Infections of the Urinary Tract
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections
• 73. Genital Tract Infections
• General Considerations
• Genital Tract Infections
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Genital Tract Infections
• 74. Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
• Anatomy
• Resident Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Gastroenteritis
• Other Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Laboratory Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
• 75. Skin, Soft Tissue, and Wound Infections
• General Considerations
• Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
• Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures
• 76. Normally Sterile Body Fluids, Bone and Bone Marrow, and Solid Tissues
• Specimens From Sterile Body Sites
• Laboratory Diagnostic Procedures
• Part VIII. Clinical Laboratory Management
• 77. Quality in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
• Quality Program
• Specimen Collection and Transport
• Standard Operating Procedure Manual
• Personnel
• Reference Laboratories
• Patient Reports
• Proficiency Testing
• Performance Checks
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests
• Maintenance of Quality Control Records
• Maintenance of Reference Quality Control Stocks
• Quality Assurance Program
• Types of Quality Assurance Audits
• Conducting a Quality Assurance Audit
• Continuous Daily Monitoring
• 78. Infection Control
• Incidence of Health Care–Associated Infections
• Types of Health Care–Associated Infections
• Emergence of Antibiotic-Resistant Microorganisms
• Hospital Infection Control Programs
• Role of the Microbiology Laboratory
• Characterizing Strains Involved in an Outbreak
• Preventing Health Care–Associated Infections
• Surveillance Methods
• 79. Sentinel Laboratory Response to Bioterrorism
• General Considerations
• Government Laws and Regulations
• Laboratory Response Network
• Index