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• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Table of Contents
• Preface
• 1 A Science of Behavior: Perspective, History, and Assumptions
• Science of Behavior
• Behavior Analysis: A Science of Behavior
• Two Types of Conditioning
• Respondent Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Selection as a Causal Process
• Focus On: Behavior Analysis and Neuroscience
• The Evolution of Learning
• The Biological Context of Behavior
• The Selection of Operant Behavior
• Culture and Behavior Analysis
• Focus On: Burrhus Frederic Skinner
• A Brief History of Behavior Analysis
• Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849–1936)
• John Broadus Watson (1878–1958)
• Edward Lee Thorndike (1874–1949)
• B. F. Skinner and the Rise of Behavior Analysis
• Science and Behavior: Some Assumptions
• The Private World
• Feelings and Behavior
• Thinking as Behavior
• Focus On: Thinking Aloud About Chess Moves
• Chapter Summary
• Key Words
• On the Web
• Brief Quiz
• 2 The Experimental Analysis of Behavior
• Functional Analysis of Behavior
• Response Functions
• Response Classes
• Functional Analysis of the Environment
• Stimulus Functions
• Stimulus Classes
• Reinforcement Dynamics: Motivating Operations
• Tactics of Behavioral Research
• The Reversal Design and Behavior Analysis
• Single-Subject Research
• Generality and Single-Subject Research
• Assessment of Experimental Control and Behavior Change
• Advanced Section: Perceiving as Behavior
• Perception: The Stroop Effect
• Stroop Effect: A Behavior Analysis
• The Effect of the World on What We See
• Focus On: Perception, Signal Detection, and the Payoff Matrix
• Chapter Summary
• Key Words
• On the Web
• Brief Quiz
• 3 Reflexive Behavior and Respondent Conditioning
• Phylogenetic Behavior
• Sequences of Behavior
• Reflexive Behavior
• Laws of the Reflex
• Habituation
• Ontogenetic Behavior
• Respondent Conditioning
• Relative Nature of Stimuli
• Contiguity and Contingency of Stimuli
• Respondent Acquisition
• Conditioned and Unconditioned Responses
• Respondent Extinction
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Respondent Generalization and Discrimination
• Pre-Exposure to Stimuli
• Temporal Relations and Conditioning
• Delayed Conditioning
• Simultaneous Conditioning
• Trace Conditioning
• Backward Conditioning
• Second-Order Respondent Conditioning
• Heroin Overdose and Context
• Conditioned Immunosuppression
• Nuances and Complexities of Respondent Conditioning
• Overshadowing
• Blocking
• Advanced Section: Rescorla–Wagner Model of Conditioning
• The Rescorla–Wagner Equation
• Acquisition
• Extinction
• Chapter Summary
• Key Words
• On the Web
• Brief Quiz
• 4 Reinforcement and Extinction of Operant Behavior
• Operant Behavior
• Discriminative Stimuli
• Contingencies of Reinforcement
• Four Basic Contingencies
• Focus On: Do Rewards Harm Intrinsic Motivation?
• Research Findings and Implications
• Identifying a Reinforcing Stimulus
• Operant Conditioning and the Law of Effect
• Focus On: Behavioral Neuroscience and Operant Conditioning of the Neuron
• Procedures in Operant Conditioning
• A Model Experiment
• Focus On: Reinforcement and Problem Solving
• Reinforcement and Response Stereotypy
• Reinforcement and Response Variability
• Reinforcement and Problem Solving: An Assessment
• Extinction
• Behavioral Side Effects of Extinction
• Resistance to Extinction
• Extinction and Forgetting
• Chapter Summary
• Key Words
• On the Web
• Brief Quiz
• 5 Schedules of Reinforcement
• Importance of Schedules of Reinforcement
• Behavior Analysis: A Progressive Science
• Cumulative Records
• Schedules and Patterns of Response
• Schedules and Natural Contingencies
• Simple Schedules of Positive Reinforcement
• Continuous Reinforcement
• Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement: Ratio and Interval
• Ratio (Response-Based) Schedules
• Interval (or Time-Based) Schedules
• Focus On: Generality of Schedule Effects
• Variable Interval
• Basic Schedules and Biofeedback
• Progressive-Ratio Schedules
• Progressive-Ratio Schedules and Neuroscience
• Schedule Performance in Transition
• Advanced Section: Schedule Performance
• Rate of Response on Schedules
• Postreinforcement (Preratio) Pause on Fixed Schedules
• Chapter Summary
• Key Words
• On the Web
• Brief Quiz
• 6 Aversive Control of Behavior
• Aversive Control in Everyday Life
• Aversive Control, Elephants, and Bees
• Aversive Control of Human Behavior
• Contingencies of Punishment
• Positive Punishment
• Negative Punishment
• Conditions that Influence Punishment Effectiveness
• Use of Punishment in Treatment
• The Punishment Debate
• Permanence of Punishment
• Focus On: Physical Punishment and Psychiatric Disorders
• Contingencies of Negative Reinforcement
• Escape Learning
• Focus On: Escape and Infant Caregiving
• Avoidance Learning
• Nondiscriminated (Sidman) Avoidance
• Aversive Stimulus Frequency and Avoidance Behavior
• Avoidance as Impending Doom
• Timeout from Avoidance
• Side Effects of Aversive Procedures
• Behavioral Persistence by the Punisher
• Learned Helplessness
• Aggression: A Prominent Side Effect
• Social Disruption as a Side Effect
• Chapter Summary
• Key Words
• On the Web
• Brief Quiz
• 7 Operant–Respondent Interrelations: The Biological Context of Conditioning
• Analysis of Operant–Respondent Contingencies
• Embedded Respondent Contingencies
• Contingencies and Species-Specific Behavior
• Embedded Operant Contingencies
• The Biological Context of Conditioning
• Taste Aversion Learning
• Focus On: Taste Aversion, Neural Activity, and Drug Cravings
• Taste Conditioning Induced by Physical Activity
• Experimental Analysis of Adjunctive Behavior
• Adjunctive Behavior in Humans
• The Nature of Adjunctive Behavior
• Advanced Section: Autoshaping as Operant–Respondent Interrelationships
• Negative Automaintenance
• Autoshaping: Operant–Respondent Interrelationships
• Chapter Summary
• Key Words
• On the Web
• Brief Quiz
• Note
• 8 Stimulus Control
• Differential Reinforcement and Discrimination
• Stimulus Control as a Three-Term Contingency
• Stimulus Control of Behavior Sequences
• Social Referencing and Behavior Chains
• Stimulus Control and Multiple Schedules
• Multiple Schedules: The Discrimination Index
• Focus On: Discrimination and the “Bird-Brained” Pigeon
• Multiple Schedules and Behavioral Contrast
• Behavioral Contrast: Relative Rates of Reinforcement
• Generalization
• Aspects of Stimulus Generalization
• Absolute and Relative Stimulus Control
• Errorless Discrimination and Fading
• Errorless Discrimination
• Fading of Stimulus Control
• Complex Stimulus Control
• Matching to Sample: Identity Training
• Behavior Analysis of Remembering and Forgetting
• Delayed Matching to Sample and Remembering
• Reverse Forgetting: Control of Retroactive Interference
• Focus On: Concept Formation in Pigeons
• Conditional Discrimination
• Chapter Summary
• Key Words
• On the Web
• Brief Quiz
• Notes
• 9 Choice and Preference
• Experimental Analysis of Choice and Preference
• The Choice Paradigm
• The Matching Relation
• Proportional Matching
• Matching Time on an Alternative
• Matching on More Than Two Alternatives
• Extensions of the Matching Relation
• The Generality of Matching
• Matching and Human Communication
• Practical Implications of the Matching Relation
• Matching on Single-Operant Schedules
• Experimental Evidence for the Hyperbolic Curve
• Choice, Foraging, and PREFERENCE FOR CHOICE
• Optimal Foraging, Matching, and Melioration
• Preference for Choice
• Behavioral Economics, Choice, and Addiction
• Substitutability, Demand, and Substance Use
• Focus On: Activity Anorexia and Substitutability of Food and Physical Activity
• Delay Discounting of Reinforcement Value
• Hyperbolic Discounting Equation
• Delay Discounting Applications: Drug Abuse, Gambling, and Obesity
• Delay Discounting: Trait or State?
• Self-Control, Preference Reversal, and Commitment
• Advanced Section: Quantification of Choice and the Generalized Matching Relation
• Sources of Error in Matching Experiments
• Matching of Ratios
• The Power Law
• Bias
• Sensitivity
• Estimating Bias and Sensitivity
• Experiments and Log-Linear Estimates
• Chapter Summary
• Key Words
• On the Web
• Brief Quiz
• Note
• 10 Conditioned Reinforcement
• Chain Schedules and Conditioned Reinforcement
• Multiple-Stimulus Functions
• Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chains
• Focus On: Backward Chaining
• Conditioned Reinforcement: Determinants and Analysis
• Effectiveness of Conditioned Reinforcement
• Experimental Analysis of Conditioned Reinforcement
• Information and Conditioned Reinforcement
• Information Value: Good News and Bad News
• Information, Reinforcement, and Human Observing Behavior
• Delay Reduction and Conditioned Reinforcement
• Concurrent-Chain Schedules of Reinforcement
• Delay Reduction and Concurrent-Chain Schedules
• Generalized Conditioned Reinforcement
• Generalized Social Reinforcement
• Tokens, Money, and Generalized Reinforcement
• Advanced Section: Quantification and Delay Reduction
• Experimental Test of Delay Reduction
• Chapter Summary
• Key Words
• On the Web
• Brief Quiz
• 11 Correspondence Relations: Imitation and Rule-Governed Behavior
• Correspondence and Human Behavior
• Correspondence and Spontaneous Imitation
• Imitation in the Laboratory
• Spontaneous and Delayed Imitation in Pigeons
• Analysis of Epstein’s Experiments
• Infant Imitation Research
• Spontaneous Imitation by Newborn Infants
• Delayed Imitation by Human Infants
• Correspondence and Intermodal Mapping
• A Behavior Analysis of Spontaneous and Delayed Imitation
• Correspondence, Generalized Imitation, and Observational Learning
• Operant Imitation and Generalized Imitation
• Experiments on Generalized Imitation with Human Infants
• Complex Observational Learning
• Focus On: Rules, Observational Learning, and Self-Efficacy
• Rule-Governed Behavior
• Rule-Governed and Contingency-Shaped Behavior
• Focus On: Instructions and Contingencies
• Rules as Function-Altering Events
• Following Rules and Joint Control
• Chapter Summary
• Key Words
• On the Web
• Brief Quiz
• 12 Verbal Behavior
• Language and Verbal Behavior
• Focus On: Speaking and Evolution of the Vocal Apparatus
• Verbal Behavior: Some Basic Distinctions
• The Range of Verbal Behavior
• Speaking, Listening, and the Verbal Community
• Social Use of Words in a Verbal Community
• Operant Functions of Verbal Behavior
• Functional Operant Units: Manding and Tacting
• Research on Verbal Behavior: Manding and Tacting
• Training of Verbal Operants
• Functional Independence of Basic Verbal Classes
• Additional Verbal Relations: Intraverbals, Echoics, Textuals, and Autoclitics
• Intraverbal Relations
• Echoic Relations
• Textual Relations
• Autoclitic Relations
• Focus On: Higher-Order Verbal Classes and the Naming Relation
• Symbolic Behavior and Stimulus Equivalence
• Basic Equivalence Relations
• Experimental Analysis of Equivalence Relations
• Reflexivity
• Symmetry
• Transitivity
• Research on Equivalence Relations
• Stimulus Equivalence and Application
• Relational Frames
• Advanced Section: A Formal Analysis of Mand and Tact Relations
• Chapter Summary
• Brief Quiz
• 13 Applied Behavior Analysis
• Characteristics of Applied Behavior Analysis
• Concentration on Research
• Behavior Is the Primary Focus
• The Importance of Conditioning
• ABA in Reducing Challenging Behavior
• Direct Behavior Change
• Programming for Generality
• Focus on the Social Environment
• Research Strategies in Applied Behavior Analysis
• Multiple Baseline Designs
• Issues of Measurement in Applied Behavior Analysis
• Recording Behavior
• Reliability of Observations
• Contingency Management and Substance Use Disorders
• Reinforcement of Abstinence
• Cessation of Smoking During Pregnancy
• Evaluation of Contingency Management and Substance Use Disorders
• Contingency Management and Online Resources
• Behavior Analysis in Education
• A Personalized System of Instruction
• Precision Teaching
• Applications of Behavior Principles: Self-Control and Autism
• Training Self-Control
• Behavior Analysis in the Treatment of Autism
• Behavior Analytic Early Intervention Approaches to Autism
• Overview of the Behavior ANALYST Certification Board
• Video Modeling, Mobile Technology, and Autism
• Behavioral Treatment and Prevention: The Problem of Obesity
• The Obesity Crisis
• Behavior Management of the Obesity Crisis
• Focus On: Conditioned Overeating and Childhood Obesity
• Chapter Summary
• Key Words
• On the Web
• Brief Quiz
• 14 Three Levels of Selection: Evolution, Behavior, and Culture
• Level 1: Evolution and Natural Selection
• Contingencies of Survival
• Phenotype, Genotype, and Environment
• Sources of Genetic Variation
• Genetic Regulation of Behavior
• Behavioral Rigidity
• Focus On: Genetic Control of a Fixed-Action Pattern
• Behavioral Flexibility (Learning)
• Level 2: Behavioral Selection by Reinforcement
• Evolution and Behavioral Dynamics
• Selection for Operant Processes
• Focus On: Operant Regulation in the Marine Snail, Aplysia
• Operant Selection and Extinction
• Susceptibility to Reinforcement
• Evolution, Reinforcement, and Verbal Behavior
• Social Signals
• Vocal and Speech Sounds
• Verbal Behavior
• Level 3: Selection and Evolution of Culture
• Cultural Practice
• Metacontingencies and Cultural Practices
• Focus On: Macrocontingency, Depleting Resources, and Costly Use of Punishment
• Experimental Analysis of Resource Management
• Effects of Communication and Costly Use of Punishment
• Origin, Transmission, and Evolution of Cultural Practices
• Cultural Evolution
• Chapter Summary
• Key Words
• On the Web
• Brief Quiz
• Glossary
• References
• Author index
• Subject index