Efnisyfirlit

• Title Page
• Contents
• Preface
• One Basic Muscle Physiology and Energetics
• 1 Energy sources for muscular activity
• 1.1 Adenosine triphosphate: the energy currency
• 1.2 Energy continuum
• 1.3 Energy supply for muscle contraction
• 1.4 Energy systems and running speed
• 1.5 Why can’t a marathon be sprinted?
• 1.6 Energy sources and muscle
• 1.7 Can muscle use protein for energy?
• 1.8 Key points
• 2 Skeletal muscle structure and function
• 2.1 Skeletal muscle structure
• 2.1.1 Gross anatomical structure
• 2.1.2 The muscle fibre
• 2.2 Muscle contraction
• 2.2.1 Propagation of the action potential
• 2.2.2 Excitation-contraction coupling
• 2.2.3 The sliding filament mechanism
• 2.3 Muscle fibre types
• 2.3.1 General classification of muscle fibres
• 2.3.2 Muscle fibre distribution
• 2.3.3 Muscle fibre recruitment
• 2.4 Muscles in action
• 2.4.1 Types of muscle contraction
• 2.4.2 The twitch contraction
• 2.4.3 The length-tension relationship
• 2.4.4 Tetanus contractions
• 2.4.5 Force-velocity relationship
• 2.4.6 Muscle fatigue
• 2.5 Key points
• 3 Biochemical concepts
• 3.1 Organization of matter
• 3.1.1 Matter and elements
• 3.1.2 Atoms and atomic structure
• 3.1.3 Atomic number and mass number
• 3.1.4 Atomic mass
• 3.1.5 Ions, molecules, compounds and macronutrients
• 3.2 Chemical bonding
• 3.2.1 Ionic bonds
• 3.2.2 Covalent bonds
• 3.2.3 Molecular formulae and structures
• 3.2.4 Functional groups
• 3.3 Chemical reactions, ATP and energy
• 3.3.1 Energy
• 3.3.2 ATP
• 3.3.3 Units of energy
• 3.3.4 Types of chemical reactions
• 3.4 Water
• 3.4.1 General functions of water
• 3.4.2 Water as a solvent
• 3.5 Solutions and concentrations
• 3.6 Acid-base balance
• 3.6.1 Acids, bases and salts
• 3.6.2 pH Scale
• 3.6.3 Buffers
• 3.7 Cell structure
• 3.7.1 The plasma membrane
• 3.7.2 The nucleus
• 3.7.3 Cytoplasm and organelles
• 3.8 Key points
• Two Fundamentals of Sport and Exercise Biochemistry
• 4 Proteins
• 4.1 Protein function
• 4.1.1 General protein function
• 4.2 Amino acids
• 4.2.1 Amino acid structure
• 4.3 Protein structure
• 4.3.1 Primary structure
• 4.3.2 Secondary structure
• 4.3.3 Tertiary structure
• 4.3.4 Quaternary structure
• 4.4 Proteins as enzymes
• 4.4.1 Mechanisms of enzyme action
• 4.4.2 Factors affecting rates of enzymatic reactions
• 4.4.3 Coenzymes and cofactors
• 4.4.4 Classification of enzymes
• 4.4.5 Regulation of enzyme activity
• 4.5 Protein turnover
• 4.5.1 Overview of protein turnover
• 4.5.2 DNA structure
• 4.5.3 Transcription
• 4.5.4 The genetic code
• 4.5.5 Translation
• 4.6 Amino acid metabolism
• 4.6.1 Free amino acid pool
• 4.6.2 Transamination
• 4.6.3 Deamination
• 4.6.4 Branched chain amino acids
• 4.6.5 Glucose-alanine cycle
• 4.6.6 Glutamine
• 4.6.7 The urea cycle
• 4.7 Key points
• 5 Carbohydrates
• 5.1 Relevance of carbohydrates for sport and exercise
• 5.2 Types and structure of carbohydrates
• 5.2.1 Monosaccharides
• 5.2.2 Disaccharides and polysaccharides
• 5.3 Metabolism of carbohydrates
• 5.3.1 Glycogenolysis
• 5.3.2 Glycolysis
• 5.3.3 Lactate metabolism
• 5.3.4 The ‘link’ reaction; production of acetyl-CoA
• 5.3.5 The TCA (or Krebs) cycle
• 5.3.6 Electron transport chain
• 5.3.7 Oxidative phosphorylation
• 5.3.8 Calculation of ATP generated in glucose oxidation
• 5.3.9 Overview of glucose oxidation
• 5.3.10 Fructose metabolism
• 5.3.11 Gluconeogenesis
• 5.3.12 Glycogenesis
• 5.4 Key points
• 6 Lipids
• 6.1 Relevance of lipids for sport and exercise
• 6.2 Structure of lipids
• 6.2.1 Classification of lipids
• 6.2.2 Compound lipids
• 6.2.3 Derived lipids
• 6.3 Metabolism of lipids
• 6.3.1 Lipolysis
• 6.3.2 ß-oxidation
• 6.3.3 Ketone body formation
• 6.3.4 Formation of fatty acids
• 6.3.5 Triglyceride synthesis
• 6.4 Key points
• Three Metabolic Regulation in Sport and Exercise
• 7 Principles of metabolic regulation
• 7.1 How are catabolic and anabolic reactions controlled?
• 7.2 Hormones
• 7.3 Peptide hormones, neurotransmitters and regulation
• 7.3.1 Adrenaline activation of glycogenolysis
• 7.3.2 Adrenaline activation of lipolysis
• 7.3.3 Insulin activation of glycogen synthase
• 7.3.4 Insulin inhibition of lipolysis
• 7.3.5 Insulin stimulation of protein synthesis
• 7.4 Steroid hormones and regulation
• 7.5 Allosteric effectors
• 7.5.1 Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase
• 7.5.2 Regulation of PFK
• 7.5.3 Regulation of PDH
• 7.5.4 Regulation of CPT1
• 7.5.5 AMPK as a metabolic regulator
• 7.6 Key points
• 8 High-intensity exercise
• 8.1 Overview of energy production and metabolic regulation in high-intensity exercise
• 8.1.1 Definition of high-intensity exercise
• 8.1.2 Energy production during high-intensity exercise
• 8.1.3 Evidence of energy sources used in HIE
• 8.1.4 Metabolic regulation during high-intensity exercise
• 8.2 Effects of exercise duration
• 8.3 Effects of nutritional status
• 8.3.1 Can nutritional ergogenic aids help HIE?
• 8.4 Effects of training
• 8.5 Mechanisms of fatigue
• 8.5.1 Reduced ATP
• 8.5.2 Reduced PCr
• 8.5.3 Increased Pi
• 8.5.4 Lactate and H+
• 8.6 Key points
• 9 Endurance exercise
• 9.1 Overview of energy production and metabolic regulation in endurance exercise
• 9.1.1 Definition and models of endurance exercise
• 9.1.2 Energy production in endurance exercise
• 9.1.3 Overview of metabolic regulation in endurance exercise
• 9.2 Effects of exercise intensity
• 9.2.1 CHO metabolism
• 9.2.2 Lipid metabolism
• 9.3 Effects of exercise duration
• 9.4 Effects of nutritional status
• 9.4.1 CHO-loading and muscle glycogen availability
• 9.4.2 Fat-loading strategies
• 9.4.3 Pre-exercise and during-exercise CHO ingestion
• 9.4.4 Pre-exercise FFA availability
• 9.5 Effects of training status
• 9.5.1 CHO metabolism
• 9.5.2 Lipid metabolism
• 9.5.3 Protein metabolism
• 9.6 Mechanisms of fatigue
• 9.7 Key points
• 10 High-intensity intermittent exercise
• 10.1 Overview of energy production in intermittent exercise
• 10.1.1 Definition and models of intermittent exercise
• 10.1.2 Energy systems utilized in intermittent exercise
• 10.2 Metabolic regulation in intermittent exercise
• 10.3 Effects of manipulating work-rest intensity and ratio
• 10.4 Effects of nutritional status
• 10.4.1 Muscle glycogen availability
• 10.4.2 Pre-exercise CHO ingestion
• 10.4.3 CHO ingestion during exercise
• 10.5 Muscle adaptations to interval training
• 10.6 Mechanisms of fatigue
• 10.6.1 Carbohydrate availability
• 10.6.2 PCr depletion
• 10.6.3 Acidosis
• 10.6.4 Extracellular potassium
• 10.6.5 Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
• 10.6.6 Pi accumulation and impaired Ca2+ release
• 10.7 Key points
• References and suggested readings
• Index