Efnisyfirlit

• Brief Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Authors
• Contents
• Preface
• 1. An Introduction to Life on Earth
• Case Study: The Boundaries of Life
• 1.1. What is Life?
• Organisms Acquire and Use Materials and Energy
• Organisms Actively Maintain Organized Complexity
• Organisms Sense and Respond to Stimuli
• Organisms Grow
• Organisms Reproduce
• Organisms, Collectively, Have the Capacity to Evolve
• Case Study Continued: The Boundaries of Life
• 1.2. What is Evolution?
• Three Natural Processes Underlie Evolution
• Case Study Continued: The Boundaries of Life
• 1.3. How do Scientists Study Life?
• Life May be Studied at Different Levels
• Biologists Classify Organisms Based on Their Evolutionary Relationships
• 1.4. What is Science?
• Science Is Based on General Underlying Principles
• The Scientific Method Is an Important Tool of Scientific Inquiry
• Biologists Test Hypotheses Using Controlled Experiments
• Scientific Theories Have Been Thoroughly Tested
• Science Is a Human Endeavor
• How do we know that? Controlled Experiments Provide Reliable Data
• Case Study Revisited: The Boundaries of Life
• Unit 1: The Life of the Cell
• 2. Atoms, Molecules, and Life
• Case Study: Unstable Atoms Unleashed
• 2.1. What Are Atoms?
• 2.2. How do Atoms Interact to Form Molecules?
• 2.3. Why is Water so Important to Life?
• 3. Biological Molecules
• Case Study: Puzzling Proteins
• 3.1. Why is Carbon so Important in Biological ­Molecules?
• 3.2. How are Large Biological Molecules Synthesized?
• 3.3. What are Carbohydrates?
• 3.4. What are Proteins?
• 3.5. What are Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids?
• 3.6. What are Lipids?
• 4. Cell Structure and Function
• Case Study: New Parts for Human Bodies
• 4.1. What is the Cell Theory?
• 4.2. What are the Basic Attributes of Cells?
• 4.3. What are the Major Features of Prokaryotic Cells?
• 4.4. What are the Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells?
• 5. Cell Membrane Structure and Function
• Case Study: Vicious Venoms
• 5.1. How is the Structure of the Cell Membrane Related to its Function?
• 5.2. How do Substances Move Across Membranes?
• 5.3. How do Specialized Junctions Allow Cells to Connect and Communicate?
• 6. Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell
• Case Study: Energy Unleashed
• 6.1. What is Energy?
• 6.2. How is Energy Transformed During Chemical Reactions?
• 6.3. How is Energy Transported Within Cells?
• 6.4. How do Enzymes Promote Biochemical Reactions?
• 6.5. How are Enzymes Regulated?
• 7. C apturing Solar Energy: Photosynthesis
• Case Study: Did the Dinosaurs Die from Lack of Sunlight?
• 7.1. What is Photosynthesis?
• 7.2. The Light Reactions: How is Light Energy Converted to Chemical Energy?
• 7.3. The Calvin Cycle: How is Chemical Energy Stored in Sugar Molecules?
• 8. Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
• Case Study: Raising a King
• 8.1. How do Cells Obtain Energy?
• 8.2. How does Glycolysis Begin Breaking Down Glucose?
• 8.3. How does Cellular Respiration Extract Energy from Glucose?
• 8.4. How does Fermentation Allow Glycolysis to Continue When Oxygen is Lacking?
• Unit 2: Inheritance
• 9. Cellular Reproduction
• Case Study: Body, Heal Thyself
• 9.1. What are the Functions of Cell Division?
• 9.2. What Occurs During the Prokaryotic Cell Cycle?
• 9.3. How is the DNA in Eukaryotic Chromosomes Organized?
• 9.4. What Occurs During the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle?
• 9.5. How does Mitotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Identical Daughter Cells?
• 9.6. How is the Cell Cycle Controlled?
• 10. Meiosis: The Basis of Sexual Reproduction
• Case Study: The Rainbow Connection
• 10.1. How does Sexual Reproduction Produce Genetic Variability?
• 10.2. How does Meiotic Cell Division Produce Genetically Variable, Haploid Cells?
• 10.3. How do Meiosis and Union of Gametes Produce Genetically Variable Offspring?
• 10.4. When do Mitotic and Meiotic Cell Division Occur in the Life Cycles of Eukaryotes?
• 10.5. How do Errors in Meiosis Cause Human Genetic Disorders?
• 11. Patterns of Inheritance
• Case Study: Sudden Death on the Court
• 11.1. What is the Physical Basis of Inheritance?
• 11.2. How were the Principles of Inheritance Discovered?
• 11.3. How are Single Traits Inherited?
• 11.4. How are Multiple Traits Inherited?
• 11.5. Do the Mendelian Rules of Inheritance Apply to all Traits?
• 11.6. How are Genes Located on the Same Chromosome Inherited?
• 11.7. How are Sex and Sex-Linked Traits Inherited?
• 11.8. How are Human Genetic Disorders Inherited?
• 12. DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
• Case Study: Muscles, Mutations, and Myostatin
• 12.1. How did Scientists Discover that Genes are Made of DNA?
• 12.2. What is the Structure of DNA?
• 12.3. How does DNA Encode Genetic Information?
• 12.4. How does DNA Replication Ensure Genetic Constancy During Cell Division?
• 12.5. What are Mutations, and how do they Occur?
• 13. Gene Expression and Regulation
• Case Study: Cystic Fibrosis
• 13.1. How is the Information in DNA Used in a Cell?
• 13.2. How is the Information in a Gene Transcribed into RNA?
• 13.3. How is the Base Sequence of mRNA Translated into Protein?
• 13.4. How do Mutations Affect Protein Structure and Function?
• 13.5. How is Gene Expression Regulated?
• 14. Biotechnology
• Case Study: Guilty or Innocent?
• 14.1. What is Biotechnology?
• 14.2. What Natural Processes Recombine DNA between Organisms and between Species?
• 14.3. How is Biotechnology Used in Forensic Science?
• 14.4. How is Biotechnology Used to Make Genetically Modified Organisms?
• 14.5. How are Transgenic Organisms Used?
• 14.6. How is Biotechnology Used to Learn About the Genomes of Humans and Other Organisms?
• 14.7. How is Biotechnology Used for Medical Diagnosis and Treatment?
• 14.8. What are the Major Ethical Issues of Modern Biotechnology?
• Unit 3: Evolution and Diversity of Life
• 15. Principles of Evolution
• Case Study: What Good Are Wisdom Teeth and Ostrich Wings?
• 15.1. How did Evolutionary Thought Develop?
• 15.2. How does Natural Selection Work?
• 15.3. How do we Know that Evolution has Occurred?
• 15.4. What is the Evidence that Populations Evolve by­ Natura
• 16. How Populations Evolve
• Case Study: Evolution of a Menace
• 16.1. How are Populations, Genes, and Evolution Related?
• 16.2. What Causes Evolution?
• 16.3. How does Natural Selection Work?
• 17. The Origin of Species
• Case Study: Discovering Diversity
• 17.1. What is a Species?
• 17.2. How is Reproductive Isolation between Species ­Maintained?
• 17.3. How do New Species Form?
• 17.4. What Causes Extinction?
• 18. The History of Life
• Case Study: Ancient DNA Has Stories to Tell
• 18.1. How Did Life Begin?
• 18.2. What were the Earliest Organisms Like?
• 18.3. What were the Earliest Multicellular Organisms Like?
• 18.4. How did Life Invade the Land?
• 18.5. What Role has Extinction Played in the History of Life?
• 18.6. How did Humans Evolve?
• 19. Systematics: Seeking Order Amid Diversity
• Case Study: Origin of a Killer
• 19.1. How are Organisms Named and Classified?
• 19.2. What are the Domains of Life?
• 19.3. Why do Classifications Change?
• 19.4. How Many Species Exist?
• 20. The Diversity of Prokaryotes and Viruses
• Case Study: Unwelcome Dinner Guests
• 20.1. Which Organisms are Members of the Domains ­Archaea and Bacteria?
• 20.2. How do Prokaryotes Survive and Reproduce?
• 20.3. How do Prokaryotes Affect Humans and Other ­Organisms?
• 20.4. What Are Viruses, Viroids, and Prions?
• 21. The Diversity of Protists
• Case Study: Green Monster
• 21.1. What are Protists?
• 21.2. What are the Major Groups of Protists?
• 22. The Diversity of Plants
• Case Study: Queen of the Parasites
• 22.1. What are the Key Features of Plants?
• 22.2. How have Plants Evolved?
• 22.3. What are the Major Groups of Plants?
• 22.4. How do Plants Affect Other Organisms?
• 23. The Diversity of Fungi
• Case Study: Humongous Fungus
• 23.1. What are the Key Features of Fungi?
• 23.2. What are the Major Groups of Fungi?
• 23.3. How do Fungi Interact with Other Species?
• 23.4. How do Fungi Affect Humans?
• 24. Animal Diversity I: Invertebrates
• Case Study: Physicians’ Assistants
• 24.1. What are the Key Features of Animals?
• 24.2. Which Anatomical Features Mark Branch Points on the Animal Evolutionary Tree?
• 24.3. What are the Major Animal Phyla?
• 25. Animal Diversity II: Vertebrates
• Case Study: Fish Story
• 25.1. What are the Key Features of Chordates?
• 25.2. Which Animals are Chordates?
• 25.3. What are the Major Groups of Vertebrates?
• Unit 4: Behavior and Ecology
• 26. Animal Behavior
• Case Study: Sex and Symmetry
• 26.1. How does Behavior Arise?
• 26.2. How do Animals Compete for Resources?
• 26.3. How do Animals Behave when they Mate?
• 26.4. How do Animals Communicate?
• 26.5. What do Animals Communicate About?
• 26.6. Why do Animals Play?
• 26.7. What Kinds of Societies do Animals Form?
• 26.8. Can Biology Explain Human Behavior?
• 27. Population Growth and Regulation
• Case Study: The Return of the Elephant Seals
• 27.1. What is a Population and how does Population Size Change?
• 27.2. How is Population Growth Regulated?
• 27.3. How do Life History Strategies Differ Among Species?
• 27.4. How are Organisms Distributed in Populations?
• 27.5. How is the Human Population Changing?
• 28. Community Interactions
• Case Study: The Fox’s Tale
• 28.1. Why are Community Interactions Important?
• 28.2. How does the Ecological Niche Influence ­Competition?
• 28.3. How do Consumer–Prey Interactions Shape ­Evolutionary Adaptations?
• 28.4. How do Mutualisms Benefit Different Species?
• 28.5. How do Keystone Species Influence Community ­Structure?
• 28.6. How do Species Interactions Change Community ­Structure Over Time?
• 29. Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems
• Case Study: Dying Fish Feed an Ecosystem
• 29.1. How do Nutrients and Energy Move Through ­Ecosystems?
• 29.2. How does Energy Flow Through Ecosystems?
• 29.3. How do Nutrients Cycle within and Among ­Ecosystems?
• 29.4. What Happens when Humans Disrupt Nutrient ­Cycles?
• 30. Earth’s Diverse Ecosystems
• Case Study: Food of the Gods
• 30.1. What Determines the Distribution of Life on Earth?
• 30.2. What Factors Influence Earth’s Climate?
• 30.3. What are the Principal Terrestrial Biomes?
• 30.4. What are the Principal Aquatic Biomes?
• 31. Conserving Earth’s Biodiversity
• Case Study: The Wolves of Yellowstone
• 31.1. What is Conservation Biology?
• 31.2. Why is Biodiversity Important?
• 31.3. Is Earth’s Biodiversity Diminishing?
• 31.4. What are the Major Threats to Biodiversity?
• 31.5. Why is Habitat Protection Necessary to Preserve ­Biodiversity?
• 31.6. Why is Sustainability Essential for a Healthy ­Future?
• Unit 5: Animal Anatomy and Physiology
• 32. Homeostasis and the Organization of the Animal Body
• Case Study: Overheated
• 32.1. Homeostasis: Why and how do Animals Regulate their Internal Environment?
• 32.2. How is the Animal Body Organized?
• 33. Circulation
• Case Study: Living from Heart to Heart
• 33.1. What are the Major Features and Functions of ­Circulatory Systems?
• 33.2. How does the Vertebrate Heart Work?
• 33.3. What is Blood?
• 33.4. What are the Types and Functions of Blood ­Vessels?
• 33.5. How does the ­Lymphatic System Work with the ­Circulatory ­System?
• 34. Respiration
• Case Study: Straining to Breathe—with High Stakes
• 34.1. Why Exchange Gases and what are the Requirements for Gas Exchange?
• 34.2. How do Respiratory Adaptations Minimize Diffusion Distances?
• 34.3. How is Air Conducted Through the Human Respiratory System?
• 34.4. How does Gas Exchange Occur in the Human ­Respiratory System?
• 35. Nutrition and Digestion
• Case Study: Dying to Be Thin
• 35.1. What Nutrients do Animals Need?
• 35.2. How does Digestion Occur?
• 35.3. How do Humans Digest Food?
• 36. The Urinary System
• Case Study: Paying it Forward
• 36.1. What are the Major Functions of Urinary ­Systems?
• 36.2. What are Some Examples of Invertebrate Urinary ­Systems?
• 36.3. What are the Structures of the Mammalian Urinary ­System?
• 36.4. How is Urine Formed?
• 36.5. How do Vertebrate Urinary Systems Help Maintain Homeostasis?
• 37. Defenses Against Disease
• Case Study: Flesh-Eating Bacteria
• 37.1. How does the Body Defend itself Against ­Disease?
• 37.2. How do Nonspecific Defenses Function?
• 37.3. What are the Key Components of the Adaptive Immune System?
• 37.4. How does the Adaptive Immune System Recognize Invaders?
• 37.5. How does the Adaptive Immune System Attack ­Invaders?
• 37.6. How does the Adaptive Immune System Remember its Past Victories?
• 37.7. How does Medical Care Assist the Immune ­Response?
• 37.8. What Happens when the Immune System ­Malfunctions?
• 37.9. How does the Immune System Combat Cancer?
• 38. Chemical Control of the Animal Body: The Endocrine System
• Case Study: Insulin Resistance
• 38.1. How do Animal Cells Communicate?
• 38.2. How do Endocrine Hormones Produce their ­Effects?
• 38.3. What are the Structures and Functions of the ­Mammalian Endocrine System?
• 39. The Nervous System
• Case Study: How Do I Love Thee?
• 39.1. What are the Structures and Functions of Nerve Cells?
• 39.2. How do Neurons Produce and Transmit ­Information?
• 39.3. How does the Nervous System Process Information and Control Behavior?
• 39.4. How are Nervous Systems Organized?
• 39.5. What are the Structures and Functions of the Human Nervous System?
• 40. The Senses
• Case Study: Bionic Ears
• 40.1. How do Animals Sense their Environment?
• 40.2. How is Temperature Sensed?
• 40.3. How are Mechanical Stimuli Detected?
• 40.4. How is Sound Detected?
• 40.5. How are Gravity and Movement Detected?
• 40.6. How is Light Perceived?
• 40.7. How are Chemicals Sensed?
• 40.8. How is Pain Perceived?
• 41. Action and Support: The Muscles and Skeleton
• Case Study: Legs of Gold
• 41.1. How do Muscles Contract?
• 41.2. How do Cardiac and Smooth Muscles Differ from ­Skeletal Muscle?
• 41.3. How do Muscles and Skeletons Work Together to ­Provide Movement?
• 42. Animal Reproduction
• Case Study: To Breed a Rhino
• 42.1. How do Animals Reproduce?
• 42.2. What are the Structures and Functions of Human ­Reproductive Systems?
• 42.3. How can People Prevent Pregnancy?
• 43. Animal Development
• Case Study: Rerunning the Program of Development
• 43.1. What are the Principles of Animal ­Development?
• 43.2. How do Direct and Indirect Development ­Differ?
• 43.3. How does Animal Development Proceed?
• 43.4. How is Development Controlled?
• 43.5. How do Humans Develop?
• 43.6. Is Aging the Final Stage of Human ­Development?
• Unit 6: Plant Anatomy and Physiology
• 44. Plant Anatomy and Nutrient ­Transport
• Case Study: Autumn in Vermont
• 44.1. How are Plant Bodies Organized?
• 44.2. How do Plants Grow?
• 44.3. What are the Differentiated Tissues and Cell Types of Plants?
• 44.4. What are the Structures and Functions of Leaves?
• 44.5. What are the Structures and Functions of Stems?
• 44.6. What are the Structures and Functions of Roots?
• 44.7. How do Plants Acquire Nutrients?
• 44.8. How do Plants Move Water and Minerals from Roots to Leaves?
• 44.9. How do Plants Transport Sugars?
• 45. Plant Reproduction and ­Development
• Case Study: Some Like It Hot—and Stinky!
• 45.1. How do Plants Reproduce?
• 45.2 What are the Functions and Structures of Flowers?
• 45.3. How do Fruits and Seeds Develop?
• 45.4. How do Seeds Germinate and Grow?
• 45.5. How do Plants and their Pollinators Interact?
• 45.6. How do Fruits Help to Disperse Seeds?
• 46. Plant Responses to the ­Environment
• Case Study: Predatory Plants
• 46.1. What are Some Major Plant Hormones?
• 46.2. How do Hormones Regulate Plant Life Cycles?
• 46.3. How do Plants Communicate, Defend Themselves, and Capture Prey?
• Appendix I: Biological Vocabulary: Common Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes
• Appendix II: Periodic Table of the Elements
• Appendix III: Metric System Conversions
• Appendix IV: Classification of Major Groups of Eukaryotic Organisms
• Glossary
• Answers to Think Critically, Evaluate This, Multiple Choice, and Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
• Credits
• Index