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• Title Page
• Copyright
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• To the Student
• About the Authors
• Part One: What Is Biopsychology?
• Chapter 1. Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What Is Biopsychology, Anyway?
• The Case of Jimmie G., the Man Frozen in Time
• Four Major Themes of This Text
• Thinking Creatively about Biopsychology
• Clinical Implications
• The Evolutionary Perspective
• Neuroplasticity
• Emerging Themes of This Text
• Thinking about Epigenetics
• Consciousness
• What Is Biopsychology?
• Defining Biopsychology
• What Are the Origins of Biopsychology?
• How Is Biopsychology Related to the Other Disciplines of Neuroscience?
• What Types of Research Characterize the Biopsychological Approach?
• Human and Nonhuman Subjects
• Experiments and Nonexperiments
• Experiments
• Quasiexperimental Studies
• Case Studies
• Pure and Applied Research
• What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology?
• Physiological Psychology
• Psychopharmacology
• Neuropsychology
• The Case of Mr. R., the Student with a Brain Injury Who Switched to Architecture
• Psychophysiology
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Comparative Psychology
• How Do Biopsychologists Conduct Their Work?
• Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Work Together?
• Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brain?
• Thinking Critically about Biopsychological Claims
• Evaluating Biopsychological Claims
• Case 1: José and the Bull
• Case 2: Two Chimpanzees, Moniz, and the Prefrontal Lobotomy
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Part Two: Foundations of Biopsychology
• Chapter 2. Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking about the Biology of Behavior
• Thinking about the Biology of Behavior: From Dichotomies to Interactions
• The Origins of Dichotomous Thinking
• Is it Physiological, or is it Psychological?
• Is it Inherited, or is it Learned?
• Problems with Thinking about the Biology of Behavior in Terms of Traditional Dichotomies
• Physiological-or-Psychological Thinking Runs into Difficulty
• The Case of the Man Who Fell Out of Bed
• The Case of the Chimps with Mirrors
• Nature-or-Nurture Thinking Runs into Difficulty
• The Case of the Thinking Student
• A Model of the Biology of Behavior
• Human Evolution
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• Evolution and Behavior
• Social Dominance
• Courtship Display
• Course of Human Evolution
• Evolution of Vertebrates
• Evolution of Amphibians
• Evolution of Reptiles
• Evolution of Mammals
• Emergence of Humankind
• Thinking about Human Evolution
• Evolution of the Human Brain
• Fundamental Genetics
• Mendelian Genetics
• Chromosomes
• Reproduction and Recombination
• Structure and Replication
• Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Traits
• Genetic Code and Gene Expression
• Human Genome Project
• Modern Genetics: Growth of Epigenetics
• Epigenetics of Behavioral Development: Interaction of Genetic Factors and Experience
• Selective Breeding of “Maze-Bright” and “Maze-Dull” Rats
• Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Disorder
• Genetics of Human Psychological Differences
• Development of Individuals versus Development of Differences among Individuals
• Heritability Estimates: Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart
• A Look into the Future: Two Kinds of Twin Studies
• Twin Studies of Epigenetic Effects
• Twin Studies of the Effects of Experience on Heritability
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Chapter 3. Anatomy of the Nervous System: Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous S
• General Layout of the Nervous System
• Divisions of the Nervous System
• Meninges
• Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Blood–Brain Barrier
• Cells of the Nervous System
• Anatomy of Neurons
• Neuron Cell Membrane
• Classes of Neurons
• Neurons and Neuroanatomical Structure
• Glia: The Forgotten Cells
• Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions
• Neuroanatomical Techniques
• Golgi Stain
• Nissl Stain
• Electron Microscopy
• Neuroanatomical Tracing Techniques
• Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System
• Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
• Spinal Cord
• Five Major Divisions of the Brain
• Myelencephalon
• Metencephalon
• Mesencephalon
• Diencephalon
• Telencephalon
• Cerebral Cortex
• Limbic System and the Basal Ganglia
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Chapter 4. Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission: How Neurons Send and Receive Signals
• The Lizard: A Case of Parkinson’s Disease
• Resting Membrane Potential
• Recording the Membrane Potential
• Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential
• Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials
• Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials
• Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation of Action Potentials
• Conduction of Action Potentials
• Ionic Basis of Action Potentials
• Refractory Periods
• Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials
• Conduction in Myelinated Axons
• The Velocity of Axonal Conduction
• Conduction in Neurons without Axons
• The Hodgkin-Huxley Model in Perspective
• Synaptic Transmission: From Electrical Signals to Chemical Signals
• Structure of Synapses
• Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules
• Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules
• Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter Molecules
• Reuptake, Enzymatic Degradation, and Recycling
• Glia, Gap Junctions, and Synaptic Transmission
• Neurotransmitters
• Overview of the Neurotransmitter Classes
• The Roles and Functions of Neurotransmitters
• Amino Acid Neurotransmitters
• Monoamine Neurotransmitters
• Acetylcholine
• Unconventional Neurotransmitters
• Neuropeptides
• Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior
• How Drugs Influence Synaptic Transmission
• Behavioral Pharmacology: Three Influential Lines of Research
• Wrinkles and Darts: Discovery of Receptor Subtypes
• Pleasure and Pain: Discovery of Endogenous Opioids
• Tremors and Mental Illness: Discovery of Antipsychotic Drugs
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Chapter 5. The Research Methods of Biopsychology: Understanding What Biopsychologists Do
• The Ironic Case of Professor P.
• Part One Methods of Studying the Nervous System
• Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain
• X-Ray-Based Techniques
• Contrast X-Rays
• Computed Tomography
• Radioactivity-Based Techniques
• Magnetic-Field-Based Techniques
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Diffusion Tensor MRI
• Functional MRI
• Ultrasound-Based Techniques
• Transcranial Stimulation
• Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity
• Psychophysiological Measures of Brain Activity
• Scalp Electroencephalography
• Magnetoencephalography
• Psychophysiological Measures of Somatic Nervous System Activity
• Muscle Tension
• Eye Movement
• Psychophysiological Measures of Autonomic Nervous System Activity
• Skin Conductance
• Cardiovascular Activity
• Invasive Physiological Research Methods
• Stereotaxic Surgery
• Lesion Methods
• Aspiration Lesions
• Radio-Frequency Lesions
• Knife Cuts
• Reversible Lesions
• Interpreting Lesion Effects
• Bilateral and Unilateral Lesions
• Electrical Stimulation
• Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods
• Intracellular Unit Recording
• Extracellular Unit Recording
• Multiple-Unit Recording
• Invasive Eeg Recording
• Pharmacological Research Methods
• Routes of Drug Administration
• Selective Chemical Lesions
• Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain
• 2-Deoxyglucose Technique
• Cerebral Dialysis
• Locating Neurotransmitters and Receptors in the Brain
• Immunocytochemistry
• In Situ Hybridization
• Genetic Methods
• Gene Knockout Techniques
• Gene Knockin Techniques
• Gene Editing Techniques
• Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow
• Optogenetics: A Neural Light Switch
• Part Two Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology
• Neuropsychological Testing
• Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing
• The Single-Test Approach
• The Standardized-Test-Battery Approach
• The Customized-Test-Battery Approach
• Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery
• Intelligence
• Memory
• Language
• Language Lateralization
• Tests of Specific Neuropsychological Function
• Memory
• Language
• Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
• The Case of the Vegetative Patient
• Paired-Image Subtraction Technique
• Default Mode Network
• Mean Difference Images
• Functional Connectivity
• Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior
• Paradigms for the Assessment of Species-Common Behaviors
• Open-Field Test
• Tests of Aggressive and Defensive Behavior
• Tests of Sexual Behavior
• Traditional Conditioning Paradigms
• Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms
• Conditioned Taste Aversion
• Radial Arm Maze
• Morris Water Maze
• Conditioned Defensive Burying
• Thinking Creatively About Biopsychological Research
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Part Three: Sensory and Motor Systems
• Chapter 6. The Visual System: How We See
• The Case of Mrs. Richards: Fortification Illusions and the Astronomer
• Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina
• Pupil and Lens
• Eye Position and Binocular Disparity
• The Retina and Translation of Light into Neural Signals
• Structure of the Retina
• Cone and Rod Vision
• Spectral Sensitivity
• Eye Movement
• Visual Transduction: The Conversion of Light to Neural Signals
• From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex
• Retina-Geniculate-Striate System
• Retinotopic Organization
• The M and P Channels
• Seeing Edges
• Contrast Enhancement
• Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons: Hubel & Wiesel
• Receptive Fields of the Retina-Geniculate-Striate System: Hubel & Wiesel
• Receptive Fields of Primary Visual Cortex Neurons: Hubel & Wiesel
• Simple Striate Cells
• Complex Striate Cells
• Binocular Complex Striate Cells
• Organization of Primary Visual Cortex: Hubel & Wiesel’s Findings
• The Case of Mrs. Richards, Revisited
• Changing Concept of the Characteristics of Visual Receptive Fields
• Retinal Ganglion Cells
• Lateral Geniculate Cells
• Changing Concept of Visual Receptive Fields: Contextual Influences in Visual Processing
• Seeing Color
• Component and Opponent Processing
• Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory
• Cortical Mechanisms of Vision and Conscious Awareness
• Three Different Classes of Visual Cortex
• Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas and Completion
• The Physiological Psychologist Who Made Faces Disappear
• The Case of D.B., the Man Confused by His Own Blindsight
• Functional Areas of Secondary and Association Visual Cortex
• Dorsal and Ventral Streams
• D.F., the Woman Who Could Grasp Objects She Did Not Consciously See
• A.T., the Woman Who Could Not Accurately Grasp Unfamiliar Objects That She Saw
• Prosopagnosia
• Is Prosopagnosia Specific to Faces?
• R.P., a Typical Prosopagnosic
• What Brain Pathology is Associated with Prosopagnosia?
• Can Prosopagnosics Perceive Faces in the Absence of Conscious Awareness?
• Akinetopsia
• Two Cases of Drug-Induced Akinetopsia
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Chapter 7. Sensory Systems, Perception, and Attention: How You Know the World
• The Case of the Man Who Could See Only One Thing at a Time
• Principles of Sensory System Organization
• Types of Sensory Areas of Cortex
• Features of Sensory System Organization
• Case of the Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat
• Functional Segregation
• Parallel Processing
• Summary Model of Sensory System Organization
• Auditory System
• Physical and Perceptual Dimensions of Sound
• The Ear
• From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex
• Auditory Cortex
• Organization of Primate Auditory Cortex
• What Sounds Should be used to Study auditory Cortex?
• What Analyses does the Auditory Cortex Perform?
• Two Streams of Auditory Cortex
• Auditory–Visual Interactions
• Where does the Perception of Pitch Occur?
• Effects of Damage to the Auditory System
• Auditory Cortex Damage
• Deafness in Humans
• Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
• Cutaneous Receptors
• Two Major Somatosensory Pathways
• Cortical Areas of Somatosensation
• Effects of Damage to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex
• Somatosensory System and Association Cortex
• The Case of W.M., Who Reduced His Scotoma with His Hand
• Somatosensory Agnosias
• The Case of Aunt Betty, Who Lost Half of Her Body
• Rubber-Hand Illusion
• Perception of Pain
• Pain is Adaptive
• The Case of Miss C., the Woman Who Felt No Pain
• Pain has no Clear Cortical Representation
• Pain is Modulated by Cognition and Emotion
• Neuropathic Pain
• Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
• Adaptive Roles of the Chemical Senses
• Olfactory System
• Gustatory System
• Brain Damage and the Chemical Senses
• Perception
• Role of Prior Experience in Perception
• Perceptual Decision Making
• The Binding Problem
• Selective Attention
• Characteristics of Selective Attention
• Change Blindness
• Neural Mechanisms of Attention
• Simultanagnosia
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Chapter 8. The Sensorimotor System: How You Move
• The Case of Rhonelle, the Dexterous Cashier
• Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function
• The Sensorimotor System Is Hierarchically Organized
• Motor Output Is Guided by Sensory Input
• The Case of G.O., the Man with Too Little Feedback
• Learning Changes the Nature and Locus of Sensorimotor Control
• General Model of Sensorimotor System Function
• Sensorimotor Association Cortex
• Posterior Parietal Association Cortex
• The Case of Mrs. S., the Woman Who Turned in Circles
• Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex
• Secondary Motor Cortex
• Identifying the Areas of Secondary Motor Cortex
• Mirror Neurons
• Primary Motor Cortex
• Conventional View of Primary Motor Cortex Function
• Current View of Primary Motor Cortex Function
• Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot with Her Mind
• Effects of Primary Motor Cortex Lesions
• Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
• Cerebellum
• Basal Ganglia
• Descending Motor Pathways
• The Two Dorsolateral Motor Pathways and the Two Ventromedial Motor Pathways
• Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits
• Muscles
• Receptor Organs of Tendons and Muscles
• Stretch Reflex
• Withdrawal Reflex
• Reciprocal Innervation
• Recurrent Collateral Inhibition
• Walking: A Complex Sensorimotor Reflex
• Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning
• A Hierarchy of Central Sensorimotor Programs
• Characteristics of Central Sensorimotor Programs
• Central Sensorimotor Programs are Capable of Motor Equivalence
• Sensory Information that Controls Central Sensorimotor Programs is not Necessarily Conscious
• Central Sensorimotor Programs can Develop without Practice
• Practice can Create Central Sensorimotor Programs
• Functional Brain Imaging of Sensorimotor Learning
• Neuroplasticity Associated with Sensorimotor Learning
• The Case of Rhonelle, Revisited
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Part Four: Brain Plasticity
• Chapter 9. Development of the Nervous System: From Fertilized Egg to You
• The Case of Genie
• Five Phases of Early Neurodevelopment
• Stem Cells and Neurodevelopment
• Induction of the Neural Plate
• Neural Proliferation
• Migration and Aggregation
• Migration
• Aggregation
• Axon Growth and Synapse Formation
• Axon Growth
• Synapse Formation
• Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement
• Synapse Rearrangement
• Early Cerebral Development in Humans
• Prenatal Growth of the Human Brain
• Postnatal Growth of the Human Brain
• Development of the Prefrontal Cortex
• Effects of Experience on Postnatal Development of Neural Circuits
• Critical Periods vs. Sensitive Periods
• Early Studies of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Deprivation and Enrichment
• Experience and Neurodevelopment
• Ocular Dominance Columns
• Topographic Sensory Cortex Maps
• Neuroplasticity in Adults
• Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals
• Effects of Experience on Adult Neurogenesis
• Functions of Newly Born Neurons in the Adult Brain
• Effects of Experience on the Reorganization of the Adult Cortex
• Atypical Neurodevelopment: Autism Spectrum Disorder and Williams Syndrome
• Autism Spectrum Disorder
• ASD is a Heterogeneous Disorder
• The Case of Alex: Are You Ready to Rock?
• The Case of S.D.: The Self-Advocate
• ASD Savants
• Cases of Amazing Savant Abilities
• Genetic Mechanisms of ASD
• Neural Mechanisms of ASD
• Williams Syndrome
• The Case of Anne Louise McGarrah: Uneven Abilities
• Epilogue
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Part Five: Biopsychology of Motivation
• Chapter 10. Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity: Can the Brain Recover from Damage?
• The Ironic Case of Professor P.
• Causes of Brain Damage
• Brain Tumors
• Strokes
• Cerebral Hemorrhage
• Cerebral Ischemia
• Traumatic Brain Injuries
• The Case of Junior Seau
• Infections of the Brain
• Bacterial Infections
• Viral Infections
• Neurotoxins
• Genetic Factors
• Programmed Cell Death
• Neurological Diseases
• Epilepsy
• Focal Seizures
• The Subtlety of Complex Seizures: Two Cases
• Generalized Seizures
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Huntington’s Disease
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• Animal Models of Human Neurological Diseases
• Kindling Model of Epilepsy
• MPTP Model of Parkinson’s Disease
• The Case of the Frozen Drug Users
• Responses to Nervous System Damage: Degeneration, Regeneration, Reorganization, and Recovery
• Neural Degeneration
• Neural Regeneration
• Neural Reorganization
• Cortical Reorganization Following Damage in Laboratory Animals
• Cortical Reorganization Following Damage in Humans
• Mechanisms of Neural Reorganization
• Recovery of Function after CNS Damage
• Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of CNS Damage
• Neurotransplantation as a Treatment for CNS Damage: Early Research
• The Case of Roberto Garcia d’Orta: The Lizard Gets an Autotransplant
• Modern Research on Neurotransplantation
• Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage by Rehabilitative Training
• Treating Strokes
• Treating Spinal Injury
• Benefits of Cognitive and Physical Exercise
• Treating Phantom Limbs
• Cases of Carlos and Philip: Phantom Limbs and Ramachandran
• The Ironic Case of Professor P.: Recovery
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Chapter 11. Learning, Memory, and Amnesia: How Your Brain Stores Information
• Amnesic Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy
• The Case of H.M., the Man Who Changed the Study of Memory
• Formal Assessment of H.M.’s Anterograde Amnesia: Discovery of Unconscious Memories
• Digit-Span + 1 Test
• Block-Tapping Test
• Mirror-Drawing Test
• Incomplete-Pictures Test
• Pavlovian Conditioning
• Three Major Scientific Contributions of H.M.’s Case
• Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia
• Semantic and Episodic Memories
• The Case of K.C., the Man Who Can’t Time Travel
• The Case of the Clever Neuropsychologist: Spotting Episodic Memory Deficits
• Effects of Global Cerebral Ischemia on the Hippocampus and Memory
• The Case of R.B., Product of a Bungled Operation
• Amnesias of Korsakoff’s Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease
• Amnesia of Korsakoff’s Syndrome
• The Up-Your-Nose Case of N.A.
• Amnesia of Alzheimer’s Disease
• Amnesia after Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence for Consolidation
• Posttraumatic Amnesia
• Gradients of Retrograde Amnesia and Memory Consolidation
• Hippocampus and Consolidation
• Reconsolidation
• Evolving Perspective of the Role of the Hippocampus in Memory
• Animal Models of Object-Recognition Amnesia: The Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test
• Monkey Version of the Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test
• Rat Version of the Delayed Non-Matching-to-Sample Test
• Neuroanatomical Basis of the Object-Recognition Deficits Resulting from Bilateral Medial Temporal Lo
• Neurons of the Medial Temporal Lobes and Memory
• Morris Water Maze Test
• Radial Arm Maze Test
• Hippocampal Place Cells and Entorhinal Grid Cells
• The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map
• Jennifer Aniston Neurons: Concept Cells
• Engram Cells
• Where Are Memories Stored?
• Five Brain Areas Implicated in Memory
• Inferotemporal Cortex
• Amygdala
• Prefrontal Cortex
• The Case of the Cook Who Couldn’t
• Cerebellum and Striatum
• Cellular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
• Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory: Long-Term Potentiation
• Induction of LTP: Learning
• Maintenance and Expression of LTP: Storage and Recall
• Variability of LTP
• Nonsynaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
• Conclusion: Biopsychology of Memory and You
• Infantile Amnesia
• Smart Drugs: Do They Work?
• Posttraumatic Amnesia and Episodic Memory
• The Case of R.M., the Biopsychologist Who Remembered H.M.
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Chapter 12. Hunger, Eating, and Health: Why Do So Many People Eat Too Much?
• The Case of the Man Who Forgot Not to Eat
• Digestion, Energy Storage, and Energy Utilization
• Digestion and Energy Storage in the Body
• Digestion
• Energy Storage in the Body
• Three Phases of Energy Metabolism
• Theories of Hunger and Eating: Set Points versus Positive Incentives
• Set-Point Assumption
• Glucostatic Theory
• Lipostatic Theory
• Problems with Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating
• Positive-Incentive Perspective
• Factors That Determine What, When, and How Much We Eat
• Factors That Influence What We Eat
• Learned Taste Preferences and Aversions
• Learning to Eat Vitamins and Minerals
• Factors That Influence When We Eat
• Premeal Hunger
• Pavlovian Conditioning of Hunger
• Factors That Influence How Much We Eat
• Satiety Signals
• Sham Eating
• Appetizer Effect and Satiety
• Serving Size and Satiety
• Social Influences and Satiety
• Sensory-Specific Satiety
• Physiological Research on Hunger and Satiety
• Role of Blood Glucose Levels in Hunger and Satiety
• Evolution of Research on the Role of Hypothalamic Nuclei in Hunger and Satiety
• The Myth of Hypothalamic Hunger and Satiety Centers
• Modern Research on the Role of Hypothalamic Nuclei in Hunger and Satiety
• Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Satiety
• Hypothalamic Circuits, Peptides, and the Gut
• Serotonin and Satiety
• Prader-Willi Syndrome: Patients with Insatiable Hunger
• Prader-Willi Syndrome: The Case of Miss A.
• Body-Weight Regulation: Set Points versus Settling Points
• Set-Point Assumptions about Body Weight and Eating
• Variability of Body Weight
• Set Points and Health
• Regulation of Body Weight by Changes in the Efficiency of Energy Utilization
• Set Points and Settling Points in Weight Control
• Human Overeating: Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments
• Overeating: Who Needs to Be Concerned?
• Overeating: Why Is There An Epidemic?
• Why Do Some People Gain Weight from Overeating While Others Do Not?
• Differences in Energy Expenditure
• Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition
• Genetic and Epigenetic Factors
• Why Are Weight-Loss Programs Often Ineffective?
• Leptin and the Regulation of Body Fat
• The Discovery of Leptin
• Leptin, Insulin, and the Arcuate Melanocortin System
• Leptin as a Treatment for High Body-Fat Levels in Humans
• The Case of the Child with No Leptin
• Treatment of Overeating and High Body-Fat Levels
• Serotonergic Agonists
• Gastric Surgery
• Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
• Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa
• Anorexia Nervosa
• Bulimia Nervosa
• Relation between Anorexia and Bulimia
• Anorexia and Positive Incentives
• Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis
• The Case of the Student with Anorexia
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Chapter 13. Hormones and Sex: What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa?
• Men-are-Men-and-Women-are-Women Assumption
• Developmental and Activational Effects of Sex Hormones
• Neuroendocrine System
• Glands
• Gonads
• Hormones
• Sex Steroids
• The Pituitary
• Female Gonadal Hormone Levels are Cyclic; Male Gonadal Hormone Levels are Steady
• Control of the Pituitary
• Control of the Anterior and Posterior Pituitary by the Hypothalamus
• Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones
• Regulation of Hormone Levels
• Regulation by Neural Signals
• Regulation by Hormonal Signals
• Regulation by Nonhormonal Chemicals
• Pulsatile Hormone Release
• Summary Model of Gonadal Endocrine Regulation
• Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body
• Sexual Differentiation
• Fetal Hormones and Development of Reproductive Organs
• Internal Reproductive Ducts
• External Reproductive Organs
• Puberty: Hormones and Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics
• Sexual Development of Brain and Behavior
• Sex Differences in the Brain
• First Discovery of a Sex Difference in Mammalian Brain Function
• Aromatization Hypothesis
• Sex Differences in the Brain: The Modern Perspective
• Development of Sex Differences in Behavior
• Development of Reproductive Behaviors in Laboratory Animals
• Development of Sex Differences in the Behavior of Humans
• Three Cases of Exceptional Human Sexual Development
• Exceptional Cases of Human Sexual Development
• The Case of Anne S., the Woman with Testes
• The Case of the Little Girl Who Grew into a Boy
• The Case of the Twin Who Lost His Penis
• Do the Exceptional Cases Prove the Rule?
• Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Adults
• Male Sexual Behavior and Gonadal Hormones
• The Case of the Man Who Lost and Regained His Manhood
• Female Sexual Behavior and Gonadal Hormones
• Anabolic Steroid Abuse
• Brain Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior
• Four Brain Structures Associated with Sexual Activity
• Cortex and Sexual Activity
• Hypothalamus and Sexual Activity
• Amygdala and Sexual Activity
• Ventral Striatum and Sexual Activity
• Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
• Sexual Orientation
• Sexual Orientation and Genes
• Sexual Orientation and Early Hormones
• What Triggers the Development of Sexual Attraction?
• What Differences in the Brain Can Account for Differences in Sexual Attraction?
• Gender Identity
• Independence of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Chapter 14. Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms: How Much Do You Need to Sleep?
• The Case of the Woman Who Wouldn’t Sleep
• Stages of Sleep
• Three Standard Psychophysiological Measures of Sleep
• Three Stages of Sleep EEG
• Dreaming
• Discovery of the Relationship between REM Sleep and Dreaming
• Testing Common Beliefs About Dreaming
• External Stimuli and Dreams
• Dream Duration
• People who don’t Dream
• Sexual Content in Dreams
• Sleeptalking and Sleepwalking
• Does REM Sleep = Dreaming?
• Lucid Dreaming
• The Case of the Levitating Teenager
• The Case of the Artistic Dreamer
• The Case of the Bored Lucid Dreamer
• Why Do We Dream What We Do?
• Why Do We Dream?
• Hobson’s Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
• Revonsuo’s Evolutionary Theory of Dreams
• Hobson’s Protoconsciousness Hypothesis
• The Dreaming Brain
• Why Do We Sleep, and Why Do We Sleep When We Do?
• Two Kinds of Theories of Sleep
• Comparative Analysis of Sleep
• Effects of Sleep Deprivation
• Interpretation of the Effects of Sleep Deprivation: The Stress Problem
• Predictions of Recuperation Theories about Sleep Deprivation
• Two Classic Sleep-Deprivation Case Studies
• The Case of the Sleep-Deprived Students
• The Case of Randy Gardner
• Studies of Sleep Deprivation in Humans
• Sleep-Deprivation Studies of Laboratory Animals
• REM-Sleep Deprivation
• Sleep Deprivation Increases the Efficiency of Sleep
• Circadian Sleep Cycles
• Circadian Rhythms
• Free-Running Circadian Sleep–Wake Cycles
• Jet Lag and Shift Work
• A Circadian Clock in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei
• Neural Mechanisms of Entrainment
• Genetics of Circadian Rhythms
• Four Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep
• Two Areas of the Hypothalamus Involved in Sleep
• The Case of Constantin von Economo, the Insightful Neurologist
• Reticular Formation and Sleep
• Reticular REM-Sleep Nuclei
• Drugs That Affect Sleep
• Hypnotic Drugs
• Antihypnotic Drugs
• Melatonin
• Sleep Disorders
• Insomnia
• Mr. B., the Case of Iatrogenic Insomnia
• Hypersomnia
• REM-Sleep-Related Disorders
• The Case of the Sleeper Who Ran Over Tackle
• Effects of Long-Term Sleep Reduction
• Differences between Short and Long Sleepers
• Long-Term Reduction of Nightly Sleep
• Long-Term Sleep Reduction by Napping
• Effects of Shorter Sleep Times on Health
• Long-Term Sleep Reduction: A Personal Case Study
• The Case of the Author Who Reduced His Sleep
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Chapter 15. Drug Use, Drug Addiction, and the Brain’s Reward Circuits: Chemicals That Harm with Pl
• The Case of the Drugged High School Teachers
• Basic Principles of Drug Action
• Drug Administration, Absorption, and Penetration of the Central Nervous System
• Oral Ingestion
• Injection
• Inhalation
• Absorption through Mucous Membranes
• Drug Action, Metabolism, and Elimination
• Drug Penetration of the Central Nervous System
• Mechanisms of Drug Action
• Drug Metabolism and Elimination
• Drug Tolerance, Drug Withdrawal Effects, and Physical Dependence
• Drug Tolerance
• Drug Withdrawal Effects and Physical Dependence
• Drug Addiction: What Is It?
• Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance
• Contingent Drug Tolerance
• Conditioned Drug Tolerance
• Thinking about Drug Conditioning
• Five Commonly Used Drugs
• Nicotine
• Tobacco Smoking
• Nicotine Vaping
• Addiction and Nicotine
• Alcohol
• Marijuana
• Cocaine and Other Stimulants
• The Opioids: Heroin and Morphine
• Comparing the Health Hazards of Commonly Used Drugs
• Interpreting Studies of the Health Hazards of Drugs
• Comparison of the Hazards of Nicotine, Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Heroin
• Early Biopsychological Research on Addiction
• Physical-Dependence and Positive-Incentive Perspectives of Addiction
• Intracranial Self-Stimulation and the Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System
• Early Evidence of the Involvement of Dopamine in Drug Addiction
• Nucleus Accumbens and Drug Addiction
• Current Approaches to the Mechanisms of Addiction
• Three Stages in the Development of an Addiction
• Initial Drug Taking
• Habitual Drug Taking
• Drug Craving and Relapse
• Current Concerns about the Drug Self-Administration Paradigm
• Unnatural Housing and Testing Conditions
• Excessive Focus on Stimulants
• A Noteworthy Case of Addiction
• The Case of Sigmund Freud
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Part Six: Disorders of Cognition and Emotion
• Chapter 16. Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain: The Left Brain and Right Brain
• Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Introduction
• Discovery of the Specific Contributions of Left-Hemisphere Damage to Aphasia and Apraxia
• Tests of Cerebral Lateralization
• Sodium Amytal Test
• Dichotic Listening Test
• Functional Brain Imaging
• Discovery of the Relation Between Speech Laterality and Handedness
• Sex Differences in Brain Lateralization
• The Split Brain
• Groundbreaking Experiment of Myers and Sperry
• Commissurotomy in Humans with Epilepsy
• Evidence That the Hemispheres of Split-Brain Patients Can Function Independently
• Cross-Cuing
• Doing Two Things at Once
• Dual Mental Functioning and Conflict in Split-Brain Patients
• The Case of Peter, the Split-Brain Patient Tormented by Conflict
• Independence of Split Hemispheres: Current Perspective
• Differences Between Left and Right Hemispheres
• Examples of Cerebral Lateralization of Function
• Superiority of the Left Hemisphere in Controlling Ipsilateral Movement
• Superiority of the Right Hemisphere in Spatial Ability
• Specialization of the Right Hemisphere for Emotion
• Superior Musical Ability of the Right Hemisphere
• Hemispheric Differences in Memory
• What Is Lateralized? Broad Clusters of Abilities or Individual Cognitive Processes?
• Anatomical Asymmetries of the Brain
• Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization and Language
• Theories of the Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization
• Analytic–Synthetic Theory
• Motor Theory
• Linguistic Theory
• The Case of W.L., the Man Who Experienced Aphasia for Sign Language
• When Did Cerebral Lateralization Evolve?
• Evolution of Human Language
• Vocal Communication in Nonhuman Primates
• Motor Theory of Speech Perception
• Gestural Language
• Cortical Localization of Language: Wernicke-Geschwind Model
• Historical Antecedents of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model
• The Wernicke-Geschwind Model
• Wernicke-Geschwind Model: The Evidence
• Effects of Cortical Damage and Brain Stimulation on Language Abilities
• Evidence from Studies of the Effects of Cortical Damage
• Evidence from Structural Neuroimaging Studies
• Evidence from Studies of Electrical Stimulation of the Cortex
• Current Status of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model
• Cognitive Neuroscience of Language
• Three Premises That Define the Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Language
• Functional Brain Imaging and the Localization of Language
• Bavelier’s Fmri Study of Reading
• Damasio’s Pet Study of Naming
• Cognitive Neuroscience of Dyslexia
• Developmental Dyslexia: Causes and Neural Mechanisms
• Cognitive Neuroscience of Deep and Surface Dyslexia
• The Case of N.I., the Woman Who Read with Her Right Hemisphere
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Chapter 17. Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion
• Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction
• Early Landmarks in the Biopsychological Investigation of Emotion
• The Mind-Blowing Case of Phineas Gage
• Darwin’s Theory of the Evolution of Emotion
• James-Lange and Cannon-Bard Theories
• Sham Rage
• Limbic System and Emotion
• Klüver-Bucy Syndrome
• A Human Case of Klüver-Bucy Syndrome
• Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
• Emotional Specificity of the Autonomic Nervous System
• Polygraphy
• Emotions and Facial Expression
• Universality of Facial Expression
• Primary Facial Expressions
• Facial Feedback Hypothesis
• Voluntary Control of Facial Expression
• Facial Expressions: Current Perspective
• Fear, Defense, and Aggression
• Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors
• Aggression and Testosterone
• Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning
• Amygdala and Fear Conditioning
• Contextual Fear Conditioning and the Hippocampus
• Amygdala Complex and Fear Conditioning
• Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion
• Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion
• Amygdala and Human Emotion
• The Case of S.P., the Woman Who Couldn’t Perceive Fear
• Medial Prefrontal Lobes and Human Emotion
• Lateralization of Emotion
• Neural Mechanisms of Human Emotion: Current Perspectives
• Stress and Health
• The Stress Response
• Animal Models of Stress
• Psychosomatic Disorders: The Case of Gastric Ulcers
• Psychoneuroimmunology: Stress, the Immune System, and the Brain
• Innate Immune System
• Adaptive Immune System
• What Effect does Stress have on Immune Function: Disruptive or Beneficial?
• How does Stress Influence Immune Function?
• Does Stress Affect Susceptibility to Infectious Disease?
• Early Experience of Stress
• Stress and the Hippocampus
• Conclusion
• The Case of Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower Sniper
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Chapter 18. Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders: The Brain Unhinged
• Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia: The Case of Lena
• What Is Schizophrenia?
• Discovery of the First Antipsychotic Drugs
• The Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia: Beyond the Dopamine Theory
• Atypical Antipsychotics
• Renewed Interest in Hallucinogenic Drugs
• Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Schizophrenia
• Neural Bases of Schizophrenia
• Conclusion
• Depressive Disorders
• What Are Depressive Disorders?
• The Case of S.B., the Depressed Biopsychology Student
• Antidepressant Drugs
• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
• Tricyclic Antidepressants
• Selective Monoamine-Reuptake Inhibitors
• Atypical Antidepressants
• Nmda-Receptor Antagonists
• Effectiveness of Drugs in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders
• Brain Stimulation to Treat Depression
• Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
• Deep Brain Stimulation
• Theories of Depression
• Monoamine Theory of Depression
• Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression
• Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Depression
• Neural Bases of Depression
• Conclusion
• Bipolar Disorder
• What Is Bipolar Disorder?
• The Case of S.B. Revisited: The Biopsychology Student with Bipolar Disorder
• Mood Stabilizers
• Theories of Bipolar Disorder
• Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Bipolar Disorder
• Neural Bases of Bipolar Disorder
• Anxiety Disorders
• The Case of M.R., the Woman Who Was Afraid to Go Out
• Four Anxiety Disorders
• Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
• Benzodiazepines
• Antidepressant Drugs
• Pregabalin
• Conclusion
• Animal Models of Anxiety Disorders
• Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Anxiety Disorders
• Neural Bases of Anxiety Disorders
• Tourette’s Disorder
• The Case of R.G.—Barking Like a Dog
• What Is Tourette’s Disorder?
• Pharmacological Treatment of Tourette’s Disorder
• Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Tourette’s Disorder
• Neural Bases of Tourette’s Disorder
• The Case of P.H., the Neuroscientist with Tourette’s Disorder
• Clinical Trials: Development of New Psychotherapeutic Drugs
• Clinical Trials: The Three Phases
• Phase 1: Screening for Safety
• Phase 2: Establishing the Testing Protocol
• Phase 3: Final Testing
• Controversial Aspects of Clinical Trials
• Requirement for Double-Blind Design and Placebo Controls
• The need for Active Placebos
• Length of Time Required
• Financial Issues
• Targets of Psychopharmacology
• Lack of Diversity
• Effectiveness of Clinical Trials
• Conclusion
• Conclusion of the Case of S.B.: The Biopsychology Student Who Took Control
• Themes Revisited
• Key Terms
• Epilogue
• Appendixes
• Appendix I. The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Appendix II. Some Functions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Neurons
• Appendix III. The Cranial Nerves
• Appendix IV. Functions of the Cranial Nerves
• Appendix V. Nuclei of the Thalamus
• Appendix VI. Nuclei of the Hypothalamus
• Glossary
• References
• Credits
• Name Index
• A
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• Subject Index
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• B
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• D
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• H
• I
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• L
• M
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