Efnisyfirlit

• Brief Contents
• Visual Walkthrough
• Authoritative. Accurate. Accessible
• Making Connections Across
• Concepts in Microbiology
• Cutting-Edge Content
• Empower Each Learner with Mastering Microbiology (I)
• Empower Each Learner with Mastering Microbiology (II)
• Pearson eText: A Whole New Reading Experience
• Title Page
• Copyright
• About the Authors
• Dedications
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Acknowledgments for the Global Edition
• Contents
• ASM Recommended Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Microbiology
• Unit 1. The Foundations of Microbiology
• 1. The Microbial World
• MicrobiologyNow Microbiology in Motion
• I • Exploring the Microbial World
• 1.1 Microorganisms, Tiny Titans of the Earth
• 1.2 Structure and Activities of Microbial Cells
• 1.3 Cell Size and Morphology
• 1.4 An Introduction to Microbial Life
• 1.5 Microorganisms and the Biosphere
• 1.6 The Impact of Microorganisms on Human Society
• II • Microscopy and the Origins of Microbiology
• 1.7 Light Microscopy and the Discovery of Microorganisms
• 1.8 Improving Contrast in Light Microscopy
• 1.9 Imaging Cells in Three Dimensions
• 1.10 Probing Cell Structure: Electron Microscopy
• III • Microbial Cultivation Expands the Horizon of Microbiology
• 1.11 Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation
• 1.12 Koch, Infectious Diseases, and Pure Cultures
• 1.13 Discovery of Microbial Diversity
• IV • Molecular Biology and the Unity and Diversity of Life
• 1.14 Molecular Basis of Life
• 1.15 Woese and the Tree of Life
• Explore the Microbial World Tiny Cells
• 2. Microbial Cell Structure and Function
• MicrobiologyNow Exploring the Microbial Cell
• I • The Cell Envelope
• 2.1 The Cytoplasmic Membrane
• 2.2 Transporting Nutrients into the Cell
• 2.3 The Cell Wall
• 2.4 LPS: The Outer Membrane
• 2.5 Diversity of Cell Envelope Structure
• II • Cell Surface Structures and Inclusions
• 2.6 Cell Surface Structures
• 2.7 Cell Inclusions
• 2.8 Endospores
• III • Cell Locomotion
• 2.9 Flagella, Archaella, and Swimming Motility
• 2.10 Surface Motility
• 2.11 Chemotaxis
• 2.12 Other Forms of Taxis
• IV • Eukaryotic Microbial Cells
• 2.13 The Nucleus and Cell Division
• 2.14 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
• 2.15 Other Eukaryotic Cell Structures
• 3. Microbial Metabolism
• MicrobiologyNow Life Begins with Metabolism
• I • Fundamentals of Metabolism
• 3.1 Defining the Requirements for Life
• 3.2 Electron Transfer Reactions
• 3.3 Calculating Changes in Free Energy
• 3.4 Cellular Energy Conservation
• 3.5 Catalysis and Enzymes
• II • Catabolism: Chemoorganotrophs
• 3.6 Glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle, and the Glyoxylate Cycle
• 3.7 Principles of Fermentation
• 3.8 Principles of Respiration: Electron Carriers
• 3.9 Principles of Respiration: Generating a Proton Motive Force
• III • Catabolism: Electron Transport and Metabolic Diversity
• 3.10 Anaerobic Respiration and Metabolic Modularity
• 3.11 Chemolithotrophy and Phototrophy
• IV • Biosynthesis
• 3.12 Autotrophy and Nitrogen Fixation
• 3.13 Sugars and Polysaccharides
• 3.14 Amino Acids and Nucleotides
• 3.15 Fatty Acids and Lipids
• 4. Microbial Growth and Its Control
• MicrobiologyNow Growing Their Own Way
• I • Culturing Microbes and Measuring Their Growth
• 4.1 Feeding the Microbe: Cell Nutrition
• 4.2 Growth Media and Laboratory Culture
• 4.3 Microscopic Counts of Microbial Cell Numbers
• 4.4 Viable Counting of Microbial Cell Numbers
• 4.5 Turbidimetric Measures of Microbial Cell Numbers
• II • Dynamics of Microbial Growth
• 4.6 Binary Fission and the Microbial Growth Cycle
• 4.7 Quantitative Aspects of Microbial Growth
• 4.8 Continuous Culture
• 4.9 Biofilm Growth
• 4.10 Alternatives to Binary Fission
• III • Environmental Effects on Growth: Temperature
• 4.11 Temperature Classes of Microorganisms
• 4.12 Microbial Life in the Cold
• 4.13 Microbial Life at High Temperatures
• IV • Environmental Effects on Growth: pH, Osmolarity, and Oxygen
• 4.14 Effects of pH on Microbial Growth
• 4.15 Osmolarity and Microbial Growth
• 4.16 Oxygen and Microbial Growth
• V • Controlling Microbial Growth
• 4.17 General Principles and Microbial Growth Control by Heat
• 4.18 Other Physical Control Methods: Radiation and Filtration
• 4.19 Chemical Control of Microbial Growth
• 5. Viruses and Their Multiplication
• MicrobiologyNow When Antibiotics Fail, Bacteriophage Therapy to the Rescue
• I • The Nature of Viruses
• 5.1 What Is a Virus?
• 5.2 Structure of the Virion
• 5.3 Culturing, Detecting, and Counting Viruses
• II • Overview of the Viral Replication Cycle
• 5.4 Steps in the Replication Cycle
• 5.5 Bacteriophage T4: A Model Lytic Virus
• 5.6 Temperate Bacteriophages and Lysogeny
• 5.7 An Overview of Viruses of Eukaryotes
• Unit 2. Molecular Biology and Genetics
• 6. Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing
• MicrobiologyNow Injectisomes: Salmonella’s Mode of Attack
• I • Molecular Biology and Genetic Elements
• 6.1 DNA and Genetic Information Flow
• 6.2 Genetic Elements: Chromosomes and Plasmids
• II • Copying the Genetic Blueprint: DNA Replication
• 6.3 Templates, Enzymes, and the Replication Fork
• 6.4 Bidirectional Replication, the Replisome, and Proofreading
• III • RNA Synthesis: Transcription
• 6.5 Transcription in Bacteria
• 6.6 Transcription in Archaea and Eukarya
• IV • Protein Synthesis: Translation
• 6.7 Amino Acids, Polypeptides, and Proteins
• 6.8 Transfer RNA
• 6.9 Translation and the Genetic Code
• 6.10 The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis
• V • Protein Processing, Secretion, and Targeting
• 6.11 Assisted Protein Folding and Chaperones
• 6.12 Protein Secretion: The Sec and Tat Systems
• 6.13 Protein Secretion: Gram-Negative Systems
• 7. Microbial Regulatory Systems
• MicrobiologyNow As Bacterial Cells Chatter, Viruses Eavesdrop
• I • DNA-Binding Proteins and Transcriptional Regulation
• 7.1 DNA-Binding Proteins
• 7.2 Transcription Factors and Effectors
• 7.3 Repression and Activation
• 7.4 Transcription Controls in Archaea
• II • Sensing and Signal Transduction
• 7.5 Two-Component Regulatory Systems
• 7.6 Regulation of Chemotaxis
• 7.7 Cell-to-Cell Signaling
• III • Global Control
• 7.8 The lac Operon
• 7.9 Stringent and General Stress Responses
• 7.10 The Phosphate (Pho) Regulon
• 7.11 The Heat Shock Response
• IV • RNA-Based Regulation
• 7.12 Regulatory RNAs
• 7.13 Riboswitches
• 7.14 Attenuation
• V • Regulation of Enzymes and Other Proteins
• 7.15 Feedback Inhibition
• 7.16 Post-Translational Regulation
• 8. Molecular Aspects of Microbial Growth
• MicrobiologyNow Membrane Vesicles: Nano Vehicles Transporting Important Cargo
• I • Bacterial Cell Division
• 8.1 Visualizing Molecular Growth
• 8.2 Chromosome Replication and Segregation
• 8.3 Cell Division and Fts Proteins
• 8.4 Determinants of Cell Morphology
• 8.5 Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis
• II • Regulation of Development in Model Bacteria
• 8.6 Regulation of Endospore Formation
• 8.7 Regulation of Endospore Germination
• 8.8 Caulobacter Differentiation
• 8.9 Heterocyst Formation in Anabaena
• 8.10 Biofilm Formation
• III • Antibiotics and Microbial Growth
• 8.11 Antibiotic Targets and Antibiotic Resistance
• 8.12 Persistence and Dormancy
• 9. Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea
• MicrobiologyNow Live Cell Imaging Captures Bacterial Promiscuity
• I • Mutation
• 9.1 Mutations and Mutants
• 9.2 Molecular Basis of Mutation
• 9.3 Reversions and Mutation Rates
• 9.4 Mutagenesis
• II • Gene Transfer in Bacteria
• 9.5 Genetic Recombination
• 9.6 Transformation
• 9.7 Transduction
• 9.8 Conjugation
• 9.9 The Formation of Hfr Strains and Chromosome Mobilization
• III • Gene Transfer in Archaea and Other Genetic Events
• 9.10 Horizontal Gene Transfer in Archaea
• 9.11 Mobile DNA: Transposable Elements
• 9.12 Preserving Genomic Integrity and CRISPR
• Unit 3. Genomics, Synthetic Biology, and Evolution
• 10. Microbial Genomics and Other Omics
• MicrobiologyNow Omics Tools Unravel Mysteries of “Fettuccine” Rocks
• I • Genomics
• 10.1 Introduction to Genomics
• 10.2 Sequencing and Annotating Genomes
• 10.3 Genome Size and Gene Content in Bacteria and Archaea
• 10.4 Organelle and Eukaryotic Microbial Genomes
• II • Functional Omics
• 10.5 Functional Genomics
• 10.6 High-Throughput Functional Gene Analysis: Tn-Seq
• 10.7 Metagenomics
• 10.8 Gene Chips and Transcriptomics
• 10.9 Proteomics and the Interactome
• 10.10 Metabolomics
• III • Systems Biology
• 10.11 Single-Cell Genomics
• 10.12 Integrating Mycobacterium tuberculosis Omics
• 10.13 Systems Biology and Human Health
• Explore the Microbial World DNA Sequencing in the Palm of Your Hand
• 11. Viral Genomics and Diversity
• MicrobiologyNow Bacteriophages Mimicking Eukaryotes—Discovery of a Phage-Encoded Nucleus and Spind
• I • Viral Genomes and Classification
• 11.1 Size and Structure of Viral Genomes
• 11.2 Viral Taxonomy and Phylogeny
• II • DNA Viruses
• 11.3 Single-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages: ϕX174 and M13
• 11.4 Double-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages: T4, T7, and Lambda
• 11.5 Viruses of Archaea
• 11.6 Uniquely Replicating DNA Animal Viruses
• 11.7 DNA Tumor Viruses
• III • RNA Viruses
• 11.8 Positive-Strand RNA Viruses
• 11.9 Negative-Strand RNA Animal Viruses
• 11.10 Double-Stranded RNA Viruses
• 11.11 Viruses That Use Reverse Transcriptase
• IV • Subviral Agents
• 11.12 Viroids
• 11.13 Prions
• 12. Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology
• MicrobiologyNow An Ingestible Biosensor: Using Bacteria to Monitor Gastrointestinal Health
• I • Tools of the Genetic Engineer
• 12.1 Manipulating DNA: PCR and Nucleic Acid Hybridization
• 12.2 Molecular Cloning
• 12.3 Expressing Foreign Genes in Bacteria
• 12.4 Molecular Methods for Mutagenesis
• 12.5 Reporter Genes and Gene Fusions
• II • Making Products from Genetically Engineered Microbes: Biotechnology
• 12.6 Somatotropin and Other Mammalian Proteins
• 12.7 Transgenic Organisms in Agriculture and Aquaculture
• 12.8 Engineered Vaccines and Therapeutic Agents
• 12.9 Mining Genomes and Engineering Pathways
• 12.10 Engineering Biofuels
• III • Synthetic Biology and Genome Editing
• 12.11 Synthetic Metabolic Pathways, Biosensors, and Genetic Circuits
• 12.12 Synthetic Cells
• 12.13 Genome Editing and CRISPRs
• 12.14 Biocontainment of Genetically Modified Organisms
• 13. Microbial Evolution and Genome Dynamics
• MicrobiologyNow Exploring Viral Genesis
• I • Early Earth and the Origin and Diversification of Life
• 13.1 Formation and Early History of Earth
• 13.2 Photosynthesis and the Oxidation of Earth
• 13.3 Living Fossils: DNA Records the History of Life
• 13.4 Endosymbiotic Origin of Eukaryotes
• 13.5 Viral Evolution
• II • Mechanisms of Microbial Evolution
• 13.6 The Evolutionary Process
• 13.7 Experimental Evolution
• 13.8 Gene Families, Duplications, and Deletions
• 13.9 Horizontal Gene Transfer
• 13.10 The Evolution of Microbial Genomes
• III • Microbial Phylogeny and Systematics
• 13.11 Molecular Phylogeny: Making Sense of Molecular Sequences
• 13.12 Microbial Systematics
• Unit 4. Microbial Diversity
• 14. Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms
• MicrobiologyNow Ferreting Out the Peculiar Life of Iron Bacteria
• I • Introduction to Metabolic Diversity
• 14.1 Foundational Principles of Metabolic Diversity: Energy and Redox
• 14.2 Autotrophic Pathways
• II • Phototrophy
• 14.3 Photosynthesis and Chlorophylls
• 14.4 Carotenoids and Phycobilins
• 14.5 Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
• 14.6 Oxygenic Photosynthesis
• III • Respiratory Processes Defined by Electron Donor
• 14.7 Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds
• 14.8 Iron (Fe2+) Oxidation
• 14.9 Nitrification
• 14.10 Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation (Anammox)
• IV • Respiratory Processes Defined by Electron Acceptor
• 14.11 Nitrate Reduction and Denitrification
• 14.12 Sulfate and Sulfur Reduction
• 14.13 Other Electron Acceptors
• V • One-Carbon (C1) Metabolism
• 14.14 Acetogenesis
• 14.15 Methanogenesis
• 14.16 Methanotrophy
• VI • Fermentation
• 14.17 Energetic and Redox Considerations
• 14.18 Lactic and Mixed-Acid Fermentations
• 14.19 Fermentations of Obligate Anaerobes
• 14.20 Secondary Fermentations
• 14.21 Fermentations That Lack Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
• 14.22 Syntrophy
• VII • Hydrocarbon Metabolism
• 14.23 Aerobic Hydrocarbon Metabolism
• 14.24 Anaerobic Hydrocarbon Metabolism
• 15. Ecological Diversity of Bacteria
• MicrobiologyNow Cyanobacterial Diversity and Environmental Change
• I • Ecological Diversity Among Microorganisms
• 15.1 Making Sense of Microbial Diversity
• II • Ecological Diversity of Phototrophic Bacteria
• 15.2 Overview of Phototrophic Bacteria
• 15.3 Cyanobacteria
• 15.4 Purple Sulfur Bacteria
• 15.5 Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria and Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophs
• 15.6 Green Sulfur Bacteria
• 15.7 Green Nonsulfur Bacteria
• 15.8 Other Phototrophic Bacteria
• III • Diversity of Bacteria Defined by Metabolic Traits
• 15.9 Diversity of Nitrogen Fixers
• 15.10 Diversity of Nitrifiers and Denitrifiers
• 15.11 Dissimilative Sulfur- and Sulfate-Reducers
• 15.12 Dissimilative Sulfur-Oxidizers
• 15.13 Dissimilative Iron-Reducers
• 15.14 Dissimilative Iron-Oxidizers
• 15.15 Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs
• IV • Morphologically and Ecologically Distinctive Bacteria
• 15.16 Microbial Predators
• 15.17 Spirochetes
• 15.18 Budding and Prosthecate/Stalked Bacteria
• 15.19 Sheathed Bacteria
• 15.20 Magnetic Microbes
• 16. Phylogenetic Diversity of Bacteria
• MicrobiologyNow Bacterial Diversity and Human Health
• I • Proteobacteria
• 16.1 Alphaproteobacteria
• 16.2 Betaproteobacteria
• 16.3 Gammaproteobacteria: Enterobacteriales
• 16.4 Gammaproteobacteria: Pseudomonadales and Vibrionales
• 16.5 Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria
• II • Firmicutes, Tenericutes, and Actinobacteria
• 16.6 Firmicutes: Lactobacillales
• 16.7 Firmicutes: Nonsporulating Bacillales and Clostridiales
• 16.8 Firmicutes: Sporulating Bacillales and Clostridiales
• 16.9 Tenericutes: The Mycoplasmas
• 16.10 Actinobacteria: Coryneform and Propionic Acid Bacteria
• 16.11 Actinobacteria: Mycobacterium
• 16.12 Filamentous Actinobacteria: Streptomyces and Relatives
• III • Bacteroidetes
• 16.13 Bacteroidales
• 16.14 Cytophagales, Flavobacteriales, and Sphingobacteriales
• IV • Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia
• 16.15 Chlamydiae
• 16.16 Planctomycetes
• 16.17 Verrucomicrobia
• V • Hyperthermophilic Bacteria
• 16.18 Thermotogae and Thermodesulfobacteria
• 16.19 Aquificae
• VI • Other Bacteria
• 16.20 Deinococcus–Thermus
• 16.21 Acidobacteria and Nitrospirae
• 16.22 Other Notable Phyla of Bacteria
• 17. Diversity of Archaea
• MicrobiologyNow Methanogens and Global Climate Change
• I • Euryarchaeota
• 17.1 Extremely Halophilic Archaea
• 17.2 Methanogenic Archaea
• 17.3 Thermoplasmatales
• 17.4 Thermococcales and Archaeoglobales
• II • Thaumarchaeota and Cryptic Archaeal Phyla
• 17.5 Thaumarchaeota and Nitrification in Archaea
• 17.6 Nanoarchaeota and the “Hospitable Fireball”
• 17.7 Korarchaeota, the “Secret Filament”
• 17.8 Other Cryptic Archaeal Phyla
• III • Crenarchaeota
• 17.9 Habitats and Energy Metabolism of Crenarchaeota
• 17.10 Crenarchaeota from Terrestrial Volcanic Habitats
• 17.11 Crenarchaeota from Submarine Volcanic Habitats
• IV • Evolution and Life at High Temperature
• 17.12 An Upper Temperature Limit for Microbial Life
• 17.13 Molecular Adaptations to Life at High Temperature
• 17.14 Hyperthermophilic Archaea, H2, and Microbial Evolution
• 18. Diversity of Microbial Eukarya
• MicrobiologyNow Coccolithophores, Engineers of Global Climate
• I • Organelles and Phylogeny of Microbial Eukarya
• 18.1 Endosymbioses and the Eukaryotic Cell
• 18.2 Phylogenetic Lineages of Eukarya
• II • Protists
• 18.3 Excavates
• 18.4 Alveolata
• 18.5 Stramenopiles
• 18.6 Rhizaria
• 18.7 Haptophytes
• 18.8 Amoebozoa
• III • Fungi
• 18.9 Fungal Physiology, Structure, and Symbioses
• 18.10 Fungal Reproduction and Phylogeny
• 18.11 Microsporidia and Chytridiomycota
• 18.12 Mucoromycota and Glomeromycota
• 18.13 Ascomycota
• 18.14 Basidiomycota
• IV • Archaeplastida
• 18.15 Red Algae
• 18.16 Green Algae
• Unit 5. Microbial Ecology and Environmental Microbiology
• 19. Taking the Measure of Microbial Systems
• MicrobiologyNow Touring Microbial Biogeography Using Combinatorial Imaging
• I • Culture-Dependent Analyses of Microbial Communities
• 19.1 Enrichment Culture Microbiology
• 19.2 Classical Procedures for Isolating Microbes
• 19.3 Selective Single-Cell Isolation: Laser Tweezers, Flow Cytometry, Microfluidics, and High-Throug
• II • Culture-Independent Microscopic Analyses of Microbial Communities
• 19.4 General Staining Methods
• 19.5 Microscopic Specificity: Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
• III • Culture-Independent Molecular Analyses of Microbial Communities
• 19.6 PCR Methods of Microbial Community Analysis
• 19.7 Microarrays for Analysis of Microbial Phylogenetic and Functional Diversity
• 19.8 Environmental Multi-omics: Integration of Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomi
• IV • Measuring Microbial Activities in Nature
• 19.9 Chemical Assays, Radioisotopic Methods, Microsensors, and Nanosensors
• 19.10 Stable Isotopes and Stable Isotope Probing
• 19.11 Linking Functions to Specific Organisms
• 19.12 Linking Genes and Cellular Properties to Individual Cells
• 20. Microbial Ecosystems
• MicrobiologyNow Living on Fumes
• I • Microbial Ecology
• 20.1 General Ecological Concepts
• 20.2 Ecosystem Service: Biogeochemistry and Nutrient Cycles
• II • The Microbial Environment
• 20.3 Environments and Microenvironments
• 20.4 Surfaces and Biofilms
• 20.5 Microbial Mats
• III • Terrestrial Environments
• 20.6 Soils: General Properties
• 20.7 Prokaryotic Diversity in Soils
• 20.8 The Terrestrial Subsurface
• IV • Aquatic Environments
• 20.9 Freshwaters
• 20.10 Oxygen Relationships in the Marine Environment
• 20.11 Major Marine Phototrophs
• 20.12 Pelagic Bacteria and Archaea
• 20.13 Pelagic Marine Viruses
• 20.14 The Deep Sea
• 20.15 Deep-Sea Sediments
• 20.16 Hydrothermal Vents
• 21. Nutrient Cycles
• MicrobiologyNow An Uncertain Future for Coral Reef Ecosystems
• I • Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Cycles
• 21.1 The Carbon Cycle
• 21.2 Syntrophy and Methanogenesis
• 21.3 The Nitrogen Cycle
• 21.4 The Sulfur Cycle
• II • Other Nutrient Cycles
• 21.5 The Iron and Manganese Cycles: Reductive Activities
• 21.6 The Iron and Manganese Cycles: Oxidative Activities
• 21.7 The Phosphorus, Calcium, and Silicon Cycles
• III • Humans and Nutrient Cycling
• 21.8 Mercury Transformations
• 21.9 Human Impacts on the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles
• Explore the Microbial World Solving the Marine Methane Paradox
• 22. Microbiology of the Built Environment
• MicrobiologyNow Sending Microbes to Clean Up after Polluters
• I • Mineral Recovery and Acid Mine Drainage
• 22.1 Mining with Microorganisms
• 22.2 Acid Mine Drainage
• II • Bioremediation
• 22.3 Bioremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Environments
• 22.4 Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants: Hydrocarbons
• 22.5 Bioremediation and Microbial Degradation of Major Chemical Pollutants: Chlorinated Organics and
• III • Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatment
• 22.6 Primary and Secondary Wastewater Treatment
• 22.7 Tertiary Wastewater Treatment: Further Removal of Phosphorus and Nitrogen
• 22.8 Sludge Processing and Contaminants of Emerging Concern
• 22.9 Drinking Water Purification and Stabilization
• 22.10 Water Distribution Systems
• IV • Indoor Microbiology and Microbially Influenced Corrosion
• 22.11 The Microbiology of Homes and Public Spaces
• 22.12 Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Metals
• 22.13 Biodeterioration of Stone and Concrete
• 23. Microbial Symbioses with Microbes, Plants, and Animals
• MicrobiologyNow Coral Fluorescence Provides the Guiding Light for Their Symbiotic Algae
• I • Symbioses Between Microorganisms
• 23.1 Lichens
• 23.2 “Chlorochromatium aggregatum”
• 23.3 Methanotrophic Consortia: Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer
• II • Plants as Microbial Habitats
• 23.4 The Legume–Root Nodule Symbiosis
• 23.5 Mycorrhizae
• 23.6 Agrobacterium and Crown Gall Disease
• III • Insects as Microbial Habitats
• 23.7 Heritable Symbionts of Insects
• 23.8 Defensive Symbioses
• 23.9 Termites
• IV • Other Invertebrates as Microbial Habitats
• 23.10 Bioluminescent Symbionts and the Squid Symbiosis
• 23.11 Marine Invertebrates at Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps
• 23.12 Entomopathogenic Nematodes
• 23.13 Reef-Building Corals
• V • Mammalian Gut Systems as Microbial Habitats
• 23.14 Alternative Mammalian Gut Systems
• 23.15 The Rumen and Rumen Activities
• 23.16 Rumen Microbes and Their Dynamic Relationships
• Explore the Microbial World Combating Mosquito-Borne Viral Diseases with an Insect Symbiont
• Unit 6. Microbe–Human Interactions and the Immune System
• 24. Microbial Symbioses with Humans
• MicrobiologyNow One of the Most Abundant Viruses on Earth Discovered First in the Human Viral Microb
• I • Structure and Function of the Healthy Adult Gastrointestinal and Oral Microbiomes
• 24.1 Overview of the Human Microbiome
• 24.2 Gastrointestinal Microbiota
• 24.3 Oral Cavity and Airways
• II • Urogenital Tract and Skin Microbiomes and the Human Viral Microbiome
• 24.4 Urogenital Tracts and Their Microbes
• 24.5 The Skin and Its Microbes
• 24.6 The Human Virome
• III • From Birth to Death: Development of the Human Microbiome
• 24.7 Human Study Groups and Animal Models
• 24.8 Colonization, Succession, and Stability of the Gut Microbiota
• IV • Disorders Attributed to the Human Microbiome
• 24.9 Syndromes Linked to the Gut Microbiota
• 24.10 Syndromes Linked to the Oral, Skin, and Vaginal Microbiota
• V • Modulation of the Human Microbiome
• 24.11 Antibiotics and the Human Microbiome
• 24.12 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics
• Explore the Microbial World The Gut–Brain Axis
• 25. Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
• MicrobiologyNow Killing Pathogens on Contact
• I • Human–Pathogen Interactions
• 25.1 Microbial Adherence
• 25.2 Colonization and Invasion
• 25.3 Pathogenicity, Virulence, and Virulence Attenuation
• 25.4 Genetics of Virulence and the Compromised Host
• II • Enzymes and Toxins of Pathogenesis
• 25.5 Enzymes as Virulence Factors
• 25.6 AB-Type Exotoxins
• 25.7 Cytolytic and Superantigen Exotoxins
• 25.8 Endotoxins
• 26. Innate Immunity: Broadly Specific Host Defenses
• MicrobiologyNow Periodontal Disease and Alzheimer’s: Evidence for Causation?
• I • Fundamentals of Host Defense
• 26.1 Basic Properties of the Immune System
• 26.2 Barriers to Pathogen Invasion
• II • Cells and Organs of the Immune System
• 26.3 The Blood and Lymphatic Systems
• 26.4 Leukocyte Production and Diversity
• III • Phagocyte Response Mechanisms
• 26.5 Pathogen Challenge and Phagocyte Recruitment
• 26.6 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocyte Signal Transduction
• 26.7 Phagocytosis and Phagocyte Inhibition
• IV • Other Innate Host Defenses
• 26.8 Inflammation and Fever
• 26.9 The Complement System
• 26.10 Innate Defenses Against Viruses
• Explore the Microbial World Pattern Recognition Receptors of Hydrothermal Vent Tube Worms Facilitate
• 27. Adaptive Immunity: Highly Specific Host Defenses
• MicrobiologyNow Controlling HIV through “Public” T Cell Receptors on CD4 T Cells
• I • Principles of Adaptive Immunity
• 27.1 Specificity, Memory, Selection Processes, and Tolerance
• 27.2 Immunogens and Classes of Immunity
• II • Antibodies
• 27.3 Antibody Production and Structural Diversity
• 27.4 Antigen Binding and the Genetics of Antibody Diversity
• III • The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
• 27.5 MHC Proteins and Their Functions
• 27.6 MHC Polymorphism, Polygeny, and Peptide Binding
• IV • T Cells and Their Receptors
• 27.7 T Cell Receptors: Proteins, Genes, and Diversity
• 27.8 T Cell Subsets and Their Functions
• 28. Immune Disorders and Antimicrobial Therapy
• MicrobiologyNow Preventing Autoimmunity with . . . Parasitic Worms?
• I • Disorders and Deficiencies of the Immune System
• 28.1 Allergy, Hypersensitivity, and Autoimmunity
• 28.2 Superantigens and Immunodeficiency
• II • Vaccines and Immunotherapy
• 28.3 Vaccination Against Infectious Diseases
• 28.4 Immunotherapy
• III • Drug Treatments for Infectious Diseases
• 28.5 Antibacterial Drugs
• 28.6 Antimicrobial Drugs That Target Nonbacterial Pathogens
• 28.7 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and New Treatment Strategies
• Unit 7. Infectious Diseases
• 29. Diagnosing Infectious Diseases
• MicrobiologyNow Shedding New Light on Diagnosing Tuberculosis
• I • Microbiology and the Healthcare Environment
• 29.1 The Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
• 29.2 Healthcare-Associated Infections
• II • Isolating and Characterizing Infectious Microorganisms
• 29.3 Workflow in the Clinical Laboratory
• 29.4 Choosing the Right Treatment
• III • Immunological and Molecular Tools for Disease Diagnosis
• 29.5 Immunoassays and Disease
• 29.6 Precipitation, Agglutination, and Immunofluorescence
• 29.7 Enzyme Immunoassays, Rapid Tests, and Immunoblots
• 29.8 Nucleic Acid–Based Clinical Assays
• Explore the Microbial World MRSA—A Formidable Clinical Challenge
• 30. Epidemiology and Public Health
• MicrobiologyNow A New Urgent Threat Is Emerging in Public Health Microbiology
• I • Principles of Epidemiology
• 30.1 The Language of Epidemiology
• 30.2 The Host Community
• 30.3 Infectious Disease Transmission and Reservoirs
• 30.4 Characteristics of Disease Epidemics
• II • Public and Global Health
• 30.5 Public Health and Infectious Disease
• 30.6 Global Health Comparisons
• III • Emerging Infectious Diseases, Pandemics, and Other Threats
• 30.7 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases
• 30.8 Examples of Pandemics: HIV/AIDS, Cholera, and Influenza
• 30.9 Public Health Threats from Microbial Weapons
• 31. Person-to-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases
• MicrobiologyNow Reversing Antibiotic Resistance in a Recalcitrant Pathogen
• I • Airborne Bacterial Diseases
• 31.1 Airborne Pathogens
• 31.2 Streptococcal Syndromes
• 31.3 Diphtheria and Pertussis
• 31.4 Tuberculosis and Leprosy
• 31.5 Meningitis and Meningococcemia
• II • Airborne Viral Diseases
• 31.6 MMR and Varicella-Zoster Infections
• 31.7 The Common Cold
• 31.8 Influenza
• III • Direct-Contact Bacterial and Viral Diseases
• 31.9 Staphylococcus aureus Infections
• 31.10 Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Diseases
• 31.11 Hepatitis
• 31.12 Ebola: A Deadly Threat
• IV • Sexually Transmitted Infections
• 31.13 Gonorrhea, Syphilis, and Chlamydia
• 31.14 Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV) and Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
• 31.15 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and AIDS
• 32. Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases
• MicrobiologyNow The Historical Emergence of an Ancient and Deadly Pathogen
• I • Animal-Transmitted Viral Diseases
• 32.1 Rabies Virus and Rabies
• 32.2 Hantavirus and Hantavirus Syndromes
• II • Arthropod-Transmitted Bacterial and Viral Diseases
• 32.3 Rickettsial Diseases
• 32.4 Lyme Disease and Borrelia
• 32.5 Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever, Chikungunya, and Zika
• 32.6 West Nile Fever
• 32.7 Plague
• III • Soilborne Bacterial Diseases
• 32.8 Anthrax
• 32.9 Tetanus and Gas Gangrene
• 33. Waterborne and Foodborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases
• MicrobiologyNow Reverse Zoonosis in the Southern Ocean
• I • Water as a Disease Vehicle
• 33.1 Agents and Sources of Waterborne Diseases
• 33.2 Public Health and Water Quality
• II • Waterborne Diseases
• 33.3 Vibrio cholerae and Cholera
• 33.4 Legionellosis
• 33.5 Typhoid Fever and Norovirus Illness
• III • Food as a Disease Vehicle
• 33.6 Food Spoilage and Food Preservation
• 33.7 Foodborne Diseases and Food Epidemiology
• IV • Food Poisoning
• 33.8 Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
• 33.9 Clostridial Food Poisoning
• V • Food Infection
• 33.10 Salmonellosis
• 33.11 Pathogenic Escherichia coli
• 33.12 Campylobacter
• 33.13 Listeriosis
• 33.14 Other Foodborne Infectious Diseases
• 34. Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungi, Protozoa, and Helminths
• MicrobiologyNow A Silver Bullet to Kill Brain-Eating Amoebae?
• I • Fungal Infections
• 34.1 Pathogenic Fungi and Classes of Infection
• 34.2 Fungal Diseases: Mycoses
• II • Visceral Parasitic Infections
• 34.3 Amoebae and Ciliates: Entamoeba, Naegleria, and Balantidium
• 34.4 Other Visceral Parasites: Giardia, Trichomonas, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and Cyclospora
• III • Blood and Tissue Parasitic Infections
• 34.5 Plasmodium and Malaria
• 34.6 Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis, and Chagas Disease
• 34.7 Parasitic Helminths: Schistosomiasis and Filariases
• Photo Credits
• Glossary Terms
• Index
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z
• Phylogeny of Bacteria
• Phylogeny of Archaea