Efnisyfirlit

• Coverpage
• Halftitle page
• Title page
• Copyright page
• Dedication
• Contents
• 1. Introduction
• Terms and definitions
• Intellectual disability
• Challenging behaviour
• An overview
• 2. The social context of challenging behaviour
• The impact of challenging behaviours
• Abuse
• Inappropriate treatment
• Social exclusion, deprivation and systematic neglect
• Summary
• Intervention outcomes
• 3. The epidemiology of challenging behaviour
• The prevalence of challenging behaviours
• Total population studies
• Administrative population studies
• Types of challenging behaviours
• The co-occurrence of challenging behaviours
• Personal and environmental risk factors
• Gender
• Age
• Specific syndromes and disorders
• Level of intellectual impairment
• Additional impairments
• Setting
• Summary
• The natural history of challenging behaviours
• Onset
• Persistence
• 4. Biological influences
• Behaviour phenotypes of genetic disorders
• Fragile X syndrome
• Prader–Willi syndrome
• Williams syndrome
• Velocardiofacial syndrome
• Down syndrome
• Psychiatric disorders with significant biological origin
• Autism spectrum disorders
• Mood disorders
• Psychosis
• Anxiety disorders
• General health conditions
• Pain
• Epilepsy
• Effects of medications
• Temperament
• 5. Behavioural models: the functional significance of challenging behaviour
• Applied behaviour analysis
• Functional relationships
• Contextual control
• Behavioural systems
• Applied behaviour analysis and challenging behaviour
• Positive and negative reinforcement
• Automatic reinforcement
• Other behavioural processes
• Summary
• 6. Broader environmental influences on challenging behaviour
• Socio-economic position, poverty and behavioural difficulties
• Socio-economic position, poverty and the prevalence of intellectual and developmental disability
• The impact of socio-economic position on behavioural health and well-being
• The impact of socio-economic position on the behavioural health and well-being of people with intellectual or developmental disabilities
• Socio-economic position and intervention
• 7. Making connections
• Biological influences as establishing operations in behavioural processes
• Social context, parenting and behavioural processes
• Possible biological, behavioural and environmental influences on the emergence and persistence of challenging behaviour
• Emergence
• Persistence
• 8. The bases of intervention
• The constructional approach
• The functional perspective
• Social validity
• The emergence of positive behavioural support
• 9. Intervention: assessment and formulation
• Functional assessment
• The identification and definition of behaviours
• Descriptive analyses
• Generating hypotheses
• Experimental functional analysis
• Summary
• Assessing existing skills, competencies and potential reinforcers
• General competencies
• Discrepancy analysis
• Identifying preferences
• Significance of biological factors for assessment and intervention
• Evaluating the potential risks, costs and benefits of intervention
• Summary
• 10. Pharmacotherapy
• General guidelines
• The effectiveness of, and factors in prescribing, particular medications
• Antipsychotics
• Antidepressants and electroconvulsive therapy
• Anxiolytics
• Mood stabilizers
• Stimulants
• Anticonvulsants
• Antilibidinal agents
• Opioid antagoniosts
• Summary
• 11. Behavioural approaches
• Preventing the occurrence of challenging behaviours through the modification of establishing operations
• Modification of bio-behavioural state
• Changing the nature of preceding activities
• Changing the nature of concurrent activities
• Summary
• Behavioural competition and response covariation
• Functional displacement
• Differential reinforcement
• Modification of maintaining contingencies: extinction
• Default technologies: punishment
• Response cost: time-out and visual screening
• Positive punishment
• Cognitive-behavioural approaches, self-management and self-control
• Multi-component strategies
• Summary
• 12. The situational management of challenging behaviour
• The need for behaviour management strategies
• The characteristics of situational management strategies
• A typology of situational behaviour management strategies
• Epidemiology
• Good practice in situational management
• The social validity of situational management strategies
• Social acceptability?
• Socially significant outcomes?
• Reducing the use of situational management
• Summary
• 13. Challenges ahead: adopting an evidence-based public health approach to challenging behaviour
• Evidence of what?
• A public-health approach to challenging behaviour
• Primary and secondary prevention
• Tertiary prevention
• Scaling up services
• The innovation
• The ‘resource team’
• The adopting organization(s)
• The scaling-up strategy
• The balance of investment
• Some final thoughts
• Broadening perspectives
• Challenging behaviours in low and middle income countries
• References
• Index