Efnisyfirlit

• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• About the Authors
• Part I • Introduction to Classical Sociological Theory
• Chapter 1 • A Historical Sketch of Sociological Theory: The Early Years
• Introduction
• Premodern Sociological Theory
• Social Forces in the Development of Sociological Theory
• Political Revolutions
• The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Capitalism
• Colonialism
• The Rise of Socialism
• Feminism
• Urbanization
• Religious Change
• The Growth of Science
• Intellectual Forces and the Rise of Sociological Theory
• The Enlightenment
• The Conservative Reaction to the Enlightenment
• The Development of French Sociology
• Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859)
• Claude Henri Saint-Simon (1760–1825)
• Auguste Comte (1798–1857)
• Emile Durkheim (1858–1917)
• Social Facts
• Religion
• The Development of German Sociology
• The Roots and Nature of the Theories of Karl Marx (1818–1883)
• Hegel
• Feuerbach
• Marx, Hegel, and Feuerbach
• Political Economy
• Marx and Sociology
• Marx’s Theory
• The Roots and Nature of the Theories of Max Weber (1864–1920) and Georg Simmel (1858–1918)
• Weber and Marx
• Other Influences on Weber
• Weber’s Theory
• The Acceptance of Weber’s Theory
• Simmel’s Theory
• The Origins of British Sociology
• Political Economy, Ameliorism, and Social Evolution
• Political Economy
• Ameliorism
• Social Evolution
• Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)
• Spencer and Comte
• Evolutionary Theory
• The Reaction against Spencer in Britain
• Harriet Martineau (1802–1876)
• The Key Figure in Early Italian Sociology
• Non-European Classical Theory
• The Contemporary Relevance of Classical Sociological Theory
• Summary
• Chapter 2 • A Historical Sketch of Sociological Theory: The Later Years
• Early American Sociological Theory
• Politics
• Social Change and Intellectual Currents
• Herbert Spencer’s Influence on Sociology
• Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929)
• Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950)
• The Chicago School
• Early Chicago Sociology
• The Waning of Chicago Sociology
• Women in Early American Sociology
• The Du Bois-Atlanta School
• Sociological Theory to Midcentury
• The Rise of Harvard, the Ivy League, and Structural Functionalism
• Talcott Parsons (1902–1979)
• George Homans (1910–1989)
• Developments in Marxian Theory
• Karl Mannheim and the Sociology of Knowledge
• Sociological Theory from Midcentury
• Structural Functionalism: Peak and Decline
• Radical Sociology in America: C. Wright Mills
• The Development of Conflict Theory
• The Birth of Exchange Theory
• Dramaturgical Analysis: The Work of Erving Goffman
• The Development of Sociologies of Everyday Life
• Phenomenological Sociology and the Work of Alfred Schutz (1899–1959)
• Ethnomethodology
• Marxian Sociology
• The Challenge of Feminist Theory
• Theories of Race and Colonialism
• Structuralism and Poststructuralism
• Late Twentieth-Century Integrative Theory
• Micro-Macro Integration
• Agency-Structure Integration
• Theoretical Syntheses
• Theories of Modernity and Postmodernity
• The Defenders of Modernity
• The Proponents of Postmodernity
• Social Theory in the Twenty-First Century
• Theories of Consumption
• Theories of Globalization
• Theories of Science, Technology, and Society
• Summary
• Part II • Classical Sociological Theory
• Chapter 3 • Alexis de Tocqueville
• Comparative Study
• American Politics
• The Sociology in Tocqueville’s Work
• Mores
• Social Class
• Individualism
• Civil Associations
• Materialism
• Social Change
• The Key Sociological Problem(s)
• Stagnation
• Equality
• Despotism
• Centralization
• Freedom, Democracy, and Socialism
• Colonialism
• Contemporary Applications
• Summary
• Chapter 4 • Auguste Comte
• Comte’s Profound Ambitions
• Positivism: The Search for Invariant Laws
• Law of the Three Stages
• Positivism: The Search for Order and Progress
• Comte’s Sociology
• Social Statics
• The Individual in Comte’s Theory
• Collective Phenomena
• Social Dynamics
• History
• Theory and Practice
• Who Will Support Positivism?
• The Working Class
• Women
• Thoughts, Feelings, and Actions
• Criticisms and Contributions
• Positive Contributions
• Basic Weaknesses in Comte’s Theory
• Summary
• Chapter 5 • Herbert Spencer
• Spencer and Comte
• General Theoretical Principles
• Evolutionary Theory
• Sociology
• Defining the Science of Sociology
• Legitimizing Sociology
• Sociology and Biology
• Sociology and Psychology
• Sociological Methods
• Difficulties Facing Sociology
• Spencer’s Approach
• The Evolution of Society
• Simple and Compounded Societies
• Militant and Industrial Societies
• Ethics and Politics
• Criticisms and Contemporary Applications
• Summary
• Chapter 6 • Karl Marx
• Introduction
• The Dialectic
• Dialectical Method
• Fact and Value
• Reciprocal Relations
• Past, Present, Future
• No Inevitabilities
• Actors and Structures
• Human Potential
• Labor
• Alienation
• The Structures of Capitalist Society
• Commodities
• Fetishism of Commodities
• Capital, Capitalists, and the Proletariat
• Exploitation
• Class Conflict
• Capitalism as a Good Thing
• Materialist Conception of History
• Cultural Aspects of Capitalist Society
• Ideology
• Freedom, Equality, and Ideology
• Religion
• Marx’s Economics: A Case Study
• Communism
• Criticisms
• Contemporary Applications
• Summary
• Chapter 7 • Emile Durkheim
• Introduction
• Social Facts
• Material and Nonmaterial Social Facts
• Types of Nonmaterial Social Facts
• Morality
• Collective Conscience
• Collective Representations
• Social Currents
• The Division of Labor in Society
• Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
• Dynamic Density
• Repressive and Restitutive Law
• Normal and Pathological
• Justice
• Suicide
• The Four Types of Suicide
• Egoistic Suicide
• Altruistic Suicide
• Anomic Suicide
• Fatalistic Suicide
• Suicide Rates and Social Reform
• The Elementary Forms of Religious Life
• Early and Late Durkheimian Theory
• Theory of Religion—The Sacred and the Profane
• Beliefs, Rituals, and Church
• Why Primitive?
• Collective Effervescence
• Totemism
• Sociology of Knowledge
• Categories of Understanding
• Moral Education and Social Reform
• Morality
• Moral Education
• Occupational Associations
• Criticisms
• Contemporary Applications
• Summary
• Chapter 8 • Max Weber
• Methodology
• History and Sociology
• Verstehen
• Causality
• Ideal Types
• Values
• Values and Teaching
• Values and Research
• Substantive Sociology
• What Is Sociology?
• Social Action
• Class, Status, and Party
• Structures of Authority
• Rational-Legal Authority
• Traditional Authority
• Charismatic Authority
• Types of Authority and the “Real World”
• Rationalization
• Types of Rationality
• An Overarching Theory?
• Formal and Substantive Rationality
• Rationalization in Various Social Settings
• Religion and the Rise of Capitalism
• Paths to Salvation
• Religion and Capitalism in China
• Religion and Capitalism in India
• Criticisms
• Contemporary Applications
• Summary
• Chapter 9 • Georg Simmel
• Primary Concerns
• Levels and Areas of Concern
• Dialectical Thinking
• Fashion
• Life
• More-Life and More-Than-Life
• Individual Consciousness and Individuality
• Social Interaction (“Association”)
• Interaction: Forms and Types
• Social Geometry
• Social Types
• Social Forms
• Social Structures and Worlds
• Objective Culture
• The Philosophy of Money
• Money and Value
• Money, Reification, and Rationalization
• Negative Effects
• Tragedy of Culture
• Secrecy: A Case Study in Simmel’s Sociology
• Secrecy and Social Relationships
• Other Thoughts on Secrecy
• Criticisms
• Contemporary Applications
• Summary
• Chapter 10 • Early Women Sociologists and Classical Sociological Theory: 1830–1930
• Harriet Martineau (1802–1876)
• The Social Role of the Sociologist
• The Organization of Society
• Morals and Manners
• Anomaly
• Methods
• “Things” and Sympathy
• Feminism
• Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935)
• The Organization of Society
• The Sexuo-Economic Relation
• Origins of Gender Stratification
• Androcentric Culture
• Public and Private Spheres
• Feminism
• Erasure
• Jane Addams (1860–1935) and the Chicago Women’s School
• The Social Role of the Sociologist
• Jane Addams (1860–1935)
• The Basic Thesis
• Methods
• The Organization of Society
• Human Nature and Ethics
• The Social Ethic
• The Chicago Women’s School
• The Organization of Society and Social Role of the Sociologist
• Methods
• Collective Action and Social Change
• Anna Julia Cooper (1858–1964) and Ida Wells-Barnett (1862–1931)
• Methods
• The Lens of Race Relations
• Groups and Power
• Intersections: Race, Gender, Class
• The Organization of Society
• Vantage Point and “the Singing Something”
• Marianne Schnitger Weber (1870–1954)
• The Standpoint of Women
• Gender and Power: Authority and Autonomy
• Gender and Culture: Objective Culture, Personal Culture, and the “Middle Ground of Daily Life”
• Differences among Women
• Social Change
• Beatrice Potter Webb (1858–1943)
• Method: Natural Experiments
• Social Change: Permeation
• The Social Role of the Sociologist
• Contemporary Applications
• Summary
• Chapter 11 • W. E. B. Du Bois
• Intellectual Influences
• Science and Positivism
• German Historicism and Romanticism
• Marxism
• Studying Race Scientifically: The Philadelphia Negro
• Crime
• Social Inequality: Caste and Class
• The Benevolent Despot
• Appeal to White Self-Interest
• Theoretical Contributions
• The Race Concept
• The Veil
• Double Consciousness or “Twoness”
• Economics
• Karl Marx, Socialism, and Communism
• Contemporary Applications
• Summary
• Chapter 12 • Thorstein Veblen
• Intellectual Influences
• Marxian Theory
• Evolutionary Theory
• Economic Theory
• Basic Premises
• Human Nature
• Instinct of Workmanship
• Parental Bent
• Idle Curiosity
• Emulation
• The Industrial Arts
• Cultural Lag
• Substantive Issues
• Theory of the Leisure Class
• Conspicuous Leisure
• Conspicuous Consumption
• Waste
• Other Characteristics
• Business versus Industry
• Business
• Industry
• Free Income
• The Price System
• Who Should Be in Charge?
• The Impact of Industry and the Machine on Society
• Trained Incapacity
• Politics
• Criticisms and Contemporary Applications
• Summary
• Chapter 13 • Joseph Schumpeter
• Creative Destruction
• Schumpeter’s Broader Economic Theory
• Toward a More Dynamic Theory of the Economy
• Schumpeter’s Sociology
• Marx, Weber, and Rationalization
• The Future
• Contemporary Applications
• Summary
• Chapter 14 • Karl Mannheim
• The Sociology of Knowledge
• The Sociology of Knowledge and the Theory of Ideology
• Generations
• Politics
• A Sociological Approach
• Positivism
• Phenomenology
• A Sociology of the Sociology of Knowledge
• Relativism and Relationism
• The Intelligentsia
• Weltanschauung
• Steps in Practicing the Sociology of Knowledge
• Ideology and Utopia
• Ideology
• Utopia
• Disenchantment
• Hope for the Future
• Rationality and the Irrationality of the Times
• Types of Rationality and Irrationality
• Criticisms and Contemporary Applications
• Summary
• Chapter 15 • George Herbert Mead
• Intellectual Roots
• Behaviorism
• Pragmatism
• Dialectics
• The Priority of the Social
• The Act
• Stages
• Gestures
• Significant Symbols
• Mental Processes and the Mind
• Intelligence
• Consciousness
• Mind
• Self
• Child Development
• Play Stage
• Game Stage
• Generalized Other
• “I” and “Me”
• Society
• Criticisms and Contemporary Applications
• Summary
• Chapter 16 • Alfred Schutz
• The Ideas of Edmund Husserl
• Science and the Social World
• Life-World versus Science
• Constructing Ideal Types
• Typifications and Recipes
• The Life-World
• Intersubjectivity
• Knowledge
• Private Components of Knowledge
• Realms of the Social World
• Folgewelt and Vorwelt
• Umwelt and We Relations
• Mitwelt and They Relations
• Consciousness, Meanings, and Motives
• Criticisms and Contemporary Applications
• Summary
• Chapter 17 • Talcott Parsons
• Parsons’s Integrative Efforts
• General Principles
• Philosophical and Theoretical Roots
• Action Theory
• Parsons’s Action Theory
• The Turn Away from Action Theory
• Need-Dispositions
• Motivational Orientations
• Value Orientations
• Pattern Variables
• AGIL
• Consistency in Parsonsian Theory: Integration and Order
• The Action System
• Social System
• Actors and the Social System
• Cultural System
• Personality System
• Behavioral Organism
• Change and Dynamism in Parsonsian Theory
• Evolutionary Theory
• Generalized Media of Interchange
• Criticisms and Contemporary Applications
• Summary
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index