Efnisyfirlit

• Cover image
• Title Page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Part 1 Introducing clinical biochemistry
• 1 The clinical biochemistry laboratory
• The use of biochemical tests
• Core biochemistry
• Specialised tests
• Urgent samples
• Automation and computerisation
• Test repertoire
• Laboratory personnel
• 2 The use of the laboratory
• Specimen collection
• Sampling errors
• Analysing the specimen
• Timing
• Unnecessary testing
• 3 Interpretation of results
• How biochemical results are expressed
• 4 Interpretation of results
• Diagnostic test outcomes
• The impact of prevalence on test utility
• Final thoughts
• 5 Interpretation of results
• Sources of variation
• Pre-analytical variation
• Analytical variation
• Biological variation
• Other biological variation
• 6 Analytical aspects
• Precision and accuracy
• Analytical sensitivity and specificity
• Quality assurance
• Part 2 Core biochemistry
• 7 Fluid and electrolytes
• Body fluid compartments
• Evaluation of hydration
• Osmolality
• Oncotic pressure
• 8 Water and sodium balance
• Water
• AVP and the regulation of osmolality
• Sodium
• Regulation of volume
• 9 Hyponatraemia
• Mechanisms of hyponatraemia
• Water retention
• Sodium loss
• Pseudohyponatraemia
• 10 Hyponatraemia
• Clinical assessment
• Severity
• Mechanism
• Treatment
• 11 Hypernatraemia
• Water loss
• Sodium gain
• Clinical features
• Treatment
• Other osmolality disorders
• 12 Hyperkalaemia
• Serum potassium and potassium balance
• Hyperkalaemia
• Treatment
• Pseudohyperkalaemia
• 13 Hypokalaemia
• Diagnosis
• Redistribution into cells
• Treatment
• 14 Intravenous fluid therapy
• Does this patient need IV fluids?
• Which IV fluids should be given?
• How much fluid should be given?
• How quickly should the fluids be given?
• How should the fluid therapy be monitored?
• 15 Investigation of renal function (1)
• Functions of the kidney
• Glomerular function
• 16 Investigation of renal function (2)
• Renal tubular function
• Investigation of tubular function
• Specific tubular defects
• 17 Urinalysis
• Procedure
• 18 Proteinuria
• Ways of measuring proteinuria
• 19 Acute kidney injury
• Aetiology
• Detection of AKI
• Identifying the cause of AKI
• Recovery
• 20 Chronic kidney disease
• Consequences of CKD
• Clinical features
• Detection
• Classification
• Management
• 21 Acid–base
• Hydrogen ion concentration [H+]
• H+ production
• Buffering
• Renal handling of H+ and HCO3−
• Assessing status
• Acid–base disorders
• 22 Metabolic acid–base disorders
• Metabolic acidosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• 23 Respiratory and mixed acid–base disorders
• Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Mixed acid–base disorders
• 24 Acid–base disorders
• Specimens for blood gas analysis
• Clinical cases
• Management of acid–base disorders
• 25 Proteins and enzymes
• Enzymes
• Plasma proteins
• 26 Immunoglobulins
• Structure
• Electrophoresis of serum proteins
• Increased immunoglobulins
• Deficiencies or absence of immunoglobulins
• 27 Myocardial infarction
• Pathology
• Cardiac biomarkers
• Diagnosis
• Definitions
• 28 Liver function tests
• Introduction
• Liver function tests
• 29 Jaundice
• Biochemical tests
• Differential diagnosis
• 30 Liver disease
• Acute liver disease
• Investigation
• Outcome
• Chronic liver disease
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Unusual causes of cirrhosis
• Other liver problems
• 31 Glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus
• Insulin
• Diabetes mellitus
• 32 Diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus
• Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
• Monitoring of diabetes
• 33 Diabetic ketoacidosis
• How diabetic ketoacidosis develops
• Treatment
• Laboratory investigations
• Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS)
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• 34 Hypoglycaemia
• Clinical effects
• Assessment
• Specific causes of hypoglycaemia
• Diabetic patients
• Neonatal hypoglycaemia
• 35 Calcium regulation and hypocalcaemia
• Calcium homeostasis
• Serum calcium
• Hypocalcaemia
• Treatment
• 36 Hypercalcaemia
• Clinical features
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Familial benign hypercalcaemia
• 37 Phosphate and magnesium
• Phosphate
• Inorganic phosphate
• Hyperphosphataemia
• Hypophosphataemia
• Magnesium
• Magnesium homeostasis
• Serum magnesium
• Magnesium deficiency
• 38 Metabolic bone disease
• Bone metabolism
• Common bone disorders
• Other bone diseases
• Biochemistry testing in calcium disorders or bone disease
• 39 Osteoporosis and fragility fractures
• Risk factors
• Diagnosis
• Principles of treatment
• Part 3 Endocrinology
• 40 Endocrine control
• Biochemical regulators
• Hormone structure
• Assessment of endocrine control
• Types of endocrine control
• Pitfalls in interpretation
• Dynamic function tests
• 41 Dynamic function tests
• Insulin stress test
• TRH test
• GnRH test
• Oral glucose tolerance test with GH measurement
• Synacthen tests
• Dexamethasone suppression tests
• Dynamic function tests – protocol variation
• 42 Pituitary function
• The pituitary gland
• Pituitary tumours
• Hypopituitarism
• 43 Growth disorders and acromegaly
• Normal growth
• Growth hormone insufficiency
• Excessive growth
• Acromegaly
• 44 Thyroid pathophysiology
• Goitre
• Thyroid hormone action
• Thyroid function tests
• 45 Hypothyroidism
• Clinical features
• Causes
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Screening for neonatal hypothyroidism
• Non-thyroidal illness
• 46 Hyperthyroidism
• Clinical features
• Causes
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• 47 Adrenocortical pathophysiology
• Cortisol
• Adrenal androgens
• Assessing the function of the HPA axis
• Aldosterone
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Relationship of adrenal cortex and medulla
• 48 Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
• Adrenal insufficiency
• Clinical features
• 49 Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex
• Cortisol excess
• Confirming the diagnosis
• Androgen excess
• Aldosterone excess
• 50 Gonadal function
• Sex steroid hormones
• Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
• Male gonadal function
• Female gonadal function
• 51 Subfertility
• Endocrine investigations in the subfertile woman
• Endocrine investigations in the subfertile man
• Part 4 Specialised investigations
• 52 Nutritional assessment
• History
• Examination
• Biochemistry
• Preoperative nutritional assessment
• 53 Nutritional support
• What do patients need?
• How should they receive nutrition?
• Monitoring patients
• 54 Parenteral nutrition
• Indications for parenteral nutrition
• Route of administration
• Components of TPN
• Complications
• Monitoring patients on TPN
• 55 The metabolic response to injury
• The phases of the metabolic response to injury
• The acute phase protein response
• Clinical uses
• Starvation and the metabolic response to injury
• 56 Gastrointestinal disorders
• Physiology of digestion and absorption
• Malabsorption
• Gastrointestinal disorders
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Malignant disease
• 57 Iron
• Iron physiology
• Laboratory investigation of iron disorders
• Iron deficiency
• Iron overload
• 58 Zinc and copper
• Zinc
• Zinc physiology
• Copper
• 59 Therapeutic drug monitoring
• Sampling for TDM
• Interpretation of drug levels
• Drug interactions
• Pharmacokinetics
• 60 Toxicology
• Confirming poisoning
• Measurement of drug levels
• Treatment
• Common causes of poisoning
• Chronic poisoning
• 61 Metal poisoning
• Metals associated with poisoning
• Treatment
• Common sources
• 62 Alcohol
• Metabolism of ethanol
• Acute alcohol poisoning
• Chronic alcohol abuse
• 63 Ascites
• Peritonitis
• Malignant ascites
• 64 Pleural fluid
• Transudate or exudate?
• Is it empyema?
• Is it malignant?
• Is it chyle?
• Is it tuberculosis?
• 65 Cerebrospinal fluid
• 66 Identification of body fluids
• Cerebrospinal fluid
• Lymph and chyle
• Urine
• Other
• 67 Lipoprotein metabolism
• Nomenclature
• Metabolism
• Apolipoproteins
• The LDL receptor
• 68 Clinical disorders of lipid metabolism
• Classification
• Atherogenic profiles
• 69 Hypertension
• Causes of hypertension
• Treatment of hypertension
• 70 Cancer and its consequences
• Local effects of tumours
• Cancer cachexia
• Paraneoplastic syndromes and ectopic hormone production
• Consequences of cancer treatment
• 71 Tumour markers
• The use of tumour markers
• A practical application of tumour markers
• Tumour markers with established clinical value
• The future
• 72 Multiple endocrine neoplasia
• MEN 1
• MEN 2
• Screening and treatment
• The APUD concept
• 73 Hyperuricaemia
• Urate formation and excretion
• Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
• Gout
• Renal disease and hyperuricaemia
• Urate in pregnancy
• 74 Myopathy
• Muscle weakness
• Rhabdomyolysis
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy
• 75 Fetal monitoring and prenatal diagnosis
• HCG
• Fetoplacental function
• Prenatal diagnosis
• 76 Pregnancy
• Maternal physiology
• Weight gain
• Pregnancy-associated pathology
• 77 Antenatal screening
• Overview of screening programmes
• Screening for Down syndrome
• First-trimester screening
• Nuchal translucency
• Biochemical tests
• Risk calculation
• Diagnostic tests
• Second-trimester screening
• Diagnostic tests
• Other factors affecting interpretation of biochemical markers
• 78 Screening the newborn for disease
• Neonatal screening programmes
• Follow-up of screening tests
• 79 Paediatric biochemistry
• Immaturity
• Prematurity
• Practical considerations
• 80 Inborn errors of metabolism
• Patterns of inheritance
• Mechanisms of disease
• Clinical diagnosis
• Laboratory diagnosis
• 81 Selected inherited disorders
• Part 5 Case history comments
• 82 Case history comments
• Case history 1
• Case history 2
• Case history 3
• Case history 4
• Case history 5
• Case history 6
• Case history 7
• Case history 8
• Case history 9
• Case history 10
• Case history 11
• Case history 12
• Case history 13
• Case history 14
• Case history 15
• Case history 16
• Case history 17
• Case history 18
• Case history 19
• Case history 20
• Case history 21
• Case history 22
• Case history 23
• Case history 24
• Case history 25
• Case history 26
• Case history 27
• Case history 28
• Case history 29
• Case history 30
• Case history 31
• Case history 32
• Case history 33
• Case history 34
• Case history 35
• Case history 36
• Case history 37
• Case history 38
• Case history 39
• Case history 40
• Case history 41
• Case history 42
• Case history 43
• Case history 44
• Case history 45
• Case history 46
• Case history 47
• Case history 48
• Case history 49
• Case history 50
• Case history 51
• Case history 52
• Case history 53
• Case history 54
• Case history 55
• Case history 56
• Case history 57
• Case history 58
• Case history 59
• Case history 60
• Index
• IBC