Efnisyfirlit

• About this Book
• Cover Page
• Halftitle Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• About the Author
• Dedication
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1 The Science of Cognition
• Motivations for Studying Cognitive Psychology
• Intellectual Curiosity
• Implications for Other Fields
• Practical Applications
• Implications 1.1 What Does Cognitive Psychology Tell Us about How to Study Effectively?
• The History of Cognitive Psychology
• Early History
• Psychology in Germany: Focus on Introspective Observation
• Psychology in America: Focus on Behavior
• The Cognitive Revolution: AI, Information Theory, and Linguistics
• Information-Processing Analyses
• Implications 1.2 The Replicability Crisis
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Information Processing: The Communicative Neurons
• The Neuron
• Neural Representation of Information
• Organization of the Brain
• Localization of Function
• Topographic Organization
• Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience
• Neural Imaging Techniques
• Using fMRI to Study Equation Solving
• A Cognitive Neuroscience Revolution?
• Chapter Review
• Questions for Thought
• Key Terms
• Chapter 2 Perception
• Visual Perception in the Brain
• Early Visual Information Processing
• Information Coding by Neurons in the Visual System
• Depth and Surface Perception
• Object Segmentation
• Visual Pattern Recognition
• Template-Matching Models
• Implications 2.1 CAPTCHAs: Separating Humans from Bots
• Feature Analysis
• Object Recognition by Deep Convolutional Networks
• Face Recognition
• Implications 2.2 New Developments in Face-Recognition Software
• Speech Recognition
• Feature Analysis of Speech
• Categorical Perception
• Context and Pattern Recognition
• Massaro’s FLMP Model for Combination of Context and Feature Information
• Other Examples of Context and Recognition
• Conclusions
• Chapter Review
• Questions for Thought
• Key Terms
• Chapter 3 Attention and Performance
• Serial Bottlenecks
• Auditory Attention
• The Filter Theory
• The Attenuation Theory and a Late-Selection Theory
• Visual Attention
• The Neural Basis of Visual Attention
• Inattentional Blindness
• Visual Search
• The Binding Problem
• Neglect of the Visual Field
• Object-Based Attention
• Central Attention: Selecting Lines of Thought to Pursue
• Implications 3.1 Cell Phones and Distraction
• Automaticity: Expertise through Practice
• The Stroop Effect
• Prefrontal Sites of Executive Control
• Conclusions
• Chapter Review
• Questions for Thought
• Key Terms
• Chapter 4 Mental Imagery
• Verbal Imagery Versus Visual Imagery
• Implications 4.1 Using Brain Activation to Read People’s Minds
• Visual Imagery
• Mental Rotation
• Image Scanning
• Mental Comparison of Magnitudes
• Are Visual Images Like Visual Perception?
• Visual Imagery and Brain Areas
• Imagery Involves Both Spatial and Visual Components
• Individual Difference in Visual Imagery
• Implications 4.2 Spatial Skills and STEM Education
• Cognitive Maps
• Egocentric and Allocentric Representations of Space
• Map Distortions
• Conclusions: Visual Perception and Visual Imagery
• Chapter Review
• Questions for Thought
• Key Terms
• Chapter 5 Representation of Knowledge
• Knowledge and Regions of the Brain
• Memory for Meaningful Interpretations of Events
• Memory for Verbal Information
• Memory for Visual Information
• Importance of a Meaningful Interpretation to Memory
• Implications 5.1 Mnemonic Techniques for Remembering Vocabulary Items
• Propositional Representations
• Amodal Versus Perceptual Symbol Systems
• Embodied Cognition
• Conceptual Knowledge
• Semantic Networks
• Schemas
• House
• Prototype Theories Versus Exemplar Theories
• Rule-Based and Theory-Based Structures of Categories
• Natural Categories and Their Brain Representations
• Conclusions
• Chapter Review
• Questions for Thought
• Key Terms
• Chapter 6 Human Memory: Encoding and Storage
• Memory and the Brain
• Sensory Memory
• Visual Sensory Memory
• Auditory Sensory Memory
• Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
• A Theory of Short-Term Memory
• Baddeley’s Theory of Working Memory
• The Frontal Cortex and Primate Working Memory
• Activation and Long-Term Memory
• Activation Calculations
• Spreading Activation
• Practice and Memory Strength
• The Power Law of Learning
• Neural Correlates of the Power Law
• Factors Influencing Memory
• Spacing Effects
• Elaborative Processing
• Implications 6.1 How Does the Method of Loci Help Us Organize Recall?
• Techniques for Studying Textual Material
• Incidental Versus Intentional Learning
• Flashbulb Memories
• Conclusions
• Chapter Review
• Questions for Thought
• Key Terms
• Chapter 7 Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval
• Are Memories Really Forgotten?
• The Retention Function
• How Interference Affects Memory
• The Fan Effect: Networks of Associations
• The Interfering Effect of Preexisting Memories
• Both Decay and Interference?
• An Inhibitory Explanation of Forgetting?
• Implications 7.1 Is Forgetting Adaptive?
• Relatedness Protects Against Interference
• Retrieval and Inference
• Plausible Retrieval
• The Interaction of Elaboration and Inferential Reconstruction
• Eyewitness Testimony and the False-Memory Controversy
• Implications 7.2 How Have Advertisers Used Knowledge of Cognitive Psychology?
• False Memories and the Brain
• Associative Structure and Retrieval
• The Effects of Encoding Context
• The Encoding-Specificity Principle
• The Hippocampal Formation and Amnesia
• Implicit Versus Explicit Memory
• Implicit Versus Explicit Memory in Normal Participants
• Procedural Memory
• Conclusions: The Many Varieties of Memory in the Brain
• Chapter Review
• Questions for Thought
• Key Terms
• Chapter 8 Problem Solving
• The Nature of Problem Solving
• A Comparative Perspective on Problem Solving
• The Problem-Solving Process: Problem Space and Search
• Problem-Solving Operators
• Acquisition of Operators
• Analogy and Imitation
• Analogy and Imitation from an Evolutionary and Brain Perspective
• Operator Selection
• Difference Reduction
• Means–Ends Analysis
• The Tower of Hanoi Problem
• Goal Structures and the Prefrontal Cortex
• Giving Up on Problem Solving
• Problem Representation
• The Importance of the Correct Representation
• Functional Fixedness
• Implications 8.1 When Humans Are Better at Solving Problems Than Computers
• Set Effects
• Incubation Effects
• Insight
• Conclusions
• Chapter Review
• Questions for Thought
• Key Terms
• Chapter 9 Expertise
• Skill Acquisition and Brain Activity
• General Characteristics of Skill Acquisition
• Three Phases of Skill Acquisition
• Power Law of Learning
• The Nature of Expertise
• Proceduralization
• Tactical Learning
• Strategic Learning
• Problem Perception
• Pattern Learning and Memory
• Implications 9.1 Computers Achieve Chess Expertise Differently Than Humans Do
• Long-Term Memory and Expertise
• The Role of Deliberate Practice
• Talent versus Deliberate Practice
• Transfer of Skill
• Theory of Identical Elements
• Educational Implications
• Conclusions
• Chapter Review
• Questions for Thought
• Key Terms
• Chapter 10 Reasoning
• Reasoning and the Brain
• Reasoning About Conditionals
• Two Valid Rules of Inference
• Two Invalid Patterns of Inference
• Causal Reasoning
• The Wason Selection Task
• Permission Interpretation of the Conditional
• Probabilistic Interpretation of the Conditional
• Final Thoughts on the Connective If
• Reasoning About Quantifiers
• Categorical Syllogisms
• The Atmosphere Hypothesis
• Limitations of the Atmosphere Hypothesis
• Process Explanations
• Inductive Reasoning and Hypothesis Testing
• Hypothesis Formation
• Hypothesis Testing
• Scientific Discovery
• Implications 10.1 How Convincing Is a 10% Result?
• Dual-Process Theories
• Conclusions
• Chapter Review
• Questions for Thought
• Key Terms
• Chapter 11 Decision Making
• The Brain and Decision Making
• Probabilistic Judgment
• Bayes’s Theorem
• Base-Rate Neglect
• Conservatism
• Correspondence to Bayes’s Theorem with Experience
• Judgments of Probability
• The Adaptive Nature of the Recognition Heuristic
• Making Decisions Under Uncertainty
• Implications 11.1 What Can We Believe with High Confidence?
• Framing Effects
• Implications 11.2 Why Are Adolescents More Likely Than Adults to Make Bad Decisions?
• Choosing Among Many Alternatives
• Neural Representation of Subjective Utility and Probability
• Conclusions
• Chapter Review
• Questions for Thought
• Key Terms
• Chapter 12 Language Structure
• Language and the Brain
• The Field of Linguistics
• Productivity and Regularity
• Linguistic Intuitions
• Competence Versus Performance
• Syntactic Formalisms
• Phrase Structure
• Pause Structure in Speech
• Speech Errors
• Transformations
• Is Human Language Special?
• Arbitrary Association of Sign and Meaning
• Displacement in Time and Space
• Discreteness and Productivity
• Can Apes Use Human Language?
• Implications 12.1 Apes and the Ethics of Experimentation
• The Relation Between Language and Thought
• The Behaviorist Proposal
• Linguistic Determinism
• Does Language Depend on Thought?
• The Modularity of Language
• Language Acquisition
• The Issue of Rules and the Case of Past Tense
• The Quality of Input
• Is There a Critical Period for Language Acquisition?
• Implications 12.2 Does Bilingualism Confer a Cognitive Advantage?
• Language Universals
• Constraints on Transformations
• Parameter Setting
• Conclusions: The Uniqueness of Language: A Summary
• Chapter Review
• Questions for Thought
• Key Terms
• Chapter 13 Language Comprehension
• Implications 13.1 Intelligent Chatterboxes
• Brain and Language Comprehension
• Parsing
• Constituent Structure
• Immediacy of Interpretation
• Processing Syntactic Structure
• Semantic Considerations
• The Integration of Syntax and Semantics
• Neural Indicants of Syntactic and Semantic Processing
• Ambiguity
• Neural Indicants of the Processing of Transient Ambiguity
• Lexical Ambiguity
• Modularity Compared with Interactive Processing
• Utilization
• Bridging Inferences and Elaborative Inferences
• Inference of Reference
• Pronominal Reference
• Negatives
• Processing Extended Texts: Levels of Representation, and Situation Models
• Dimensions of Information in Situation Models
• Implications 13.2 Nonverbal Communication
• Conclusions
• Chapter Review
• Questions for Thought
• Key Terms
• Chapter 14 Individual Differences in Cognition
• Cognitive Development
• Piaget’s Stages of Development
• Conservation
• What Develops?
• The Empiricist–Nativist Debate
• Increased Mental Capacity
• Increased Knowledge
• Cognition and Aging
• Implications 14.1 Is There a Relationship Between Age and Job Performance?
• Psychometric Studies of Cognition
• Intelligence Tests
• Implications 14.2 Does IQ Determine Success in Life?
• Factor Analysis
• Different Dimensions of Intelligence
• Verbal Ability
• Spatial Ability
• Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Intelligence
• Conclusions
• Chapter Review
• Questions for Thought
• Key Terms
• Glossary
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index
• Back Cover