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• About this Book
• Cover Page
• Accessibility
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• About the Authors
• Acknowledgments
• Welcome to a New Way of Exploring the World
• Tips for Taking the AP® Exam
• Get the Most from This Text…
• Halftitle Page
• Unit 1 Introduction to Comparative Government: Political Systems, Regimes, and Governments
• Chapter 1 Introduction to Comparative Politics
• The Power of a Single Story
• 1.1 Why Study AP® Comparative Government and Politics?
• Political Scientists Study Politics and Power
• Section 1.1 Review
• 1.2 Thinking Like a Political Scientist
• Looking for Causes and Connections
• Assessing Facts and Judgments
• Examining Statistics and Written Sources
• Section 1.2 Review
• 1.3 Comparing Economic Development
• The Human Development Index
• Gross Domestic Product, GDP per Capita, and GDP Growth Rate
• Gini Index
• Section 1.3 Review
• 1.4 Comparing Political Development
• Freedom House
• Transparency International and the Corruption Perceptions Index
• The Fragile States Index
• Measuring State Strength
• Section 1.4 Review
• Chapter 1 Review
• AP® Key Concepts
• AP® Exam Multiple-Choice Practice Questions
• AP® Exam Practice Argument Essay
• Chapter 2 Political Systems
• The Man behind Brexit
• 2.1 States, Governments, Regimes, and Nations
• What Is a State?
• Regimes, Governments, and How They Change
• The Meanings of Nation and State
• Section 2.1 Review
• 2.2 Democracy and Authoritarianism
• Rule of Law, Rule by Law
• Democratic and Authoritarian Regimes
• Democratic Transitions
• Section 2.2 Review
• 2.3 Sovereignty, Authority, and Power
• Sources of Power
• Challenges to Sovereignty
• Section 2.3 Review
• 2.4 Legitimacy and Stability
• Sources of Legitimacy
• Maintaining Legitimacy
• Stability
• Section 2.4 Review
• 2.5 Federal and Unitary Systems
• Federalism
• Unitary Systems
• Section 2.5 Review
• Chapter 2 Review
• AP® Key Concepts
• AP® Exam Multiple-Choice Practice Questions
• AP® Exam Practice Argument Essay
• Chapter 3 Case Study: Mexico
• A Story of Many Firsts: Mayor Claudia Sheinbaum
• By The Numbers Mexico
• Zooming In
• 3.1 Sources of Power and Authority
• A Brief History of Mexico
• Democratization
• Federalism
• Legitimacy and Challenges to the State
• Section 3.1 Review
• 3.2 Institutions of Government
• The Executive
• The Legislature
• The Judiciary
• Section 3.2 Review
• 3.3 Electoral System, Political Parties, and Civil Society
• Elections
• Political Parties
• Interest Groups and Social Movements
• Section 3.3 Review
• 3.4 Political Culture and Participation
• Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
• Divisions in Mexico
• Section 3.4 Review
• 3.5 Economic and Social Change and Development
• Globalization
• The Recent Mexican Economy
• Social Policies
• Shifting Demographics
• Mexico and the Future
• Section 3.5 Review
• Chapter 3 Review
• AP® Key Concepts
• AP® Exam Multiple-Choice Practice Questions
• AP® Exam Practice Argument Essay
• Unit 1 Review
• AP® Exam Practice Questions
• Unit 2 Political Institutions
• Chapter 4 Political Institutions
• Ebrahim Raisi: The Rise to Power in an Authoritarian Theocracy
• 4.1 Systems of Government
• Parliamentary Systems
• Presidential Systems
• Semi-Presidential Systems
• Comparing Systems of Government
• Section 4.1 Review
• 4.2 Executives
• Term Limits
• Removing an Executive
• Bureaucracies
• Section 4.2 Review
• 4.3 Legislatures
• Legislative Structures
• Legislative Independence
• Section 4.3 Review
• 4.4 Judiciaries
• Judicial Systems
• Judicial Independence
• Section 4.4 Review
• Chapter 4 Review
• AP® Key Concepts
• AP® Exam Multiple-Choice Practice Questions
• AP® Exam Practice Argument Essay
• Chapter 5 Case Study: United Kingdom
• An Inexplicable Feeling of Urgency and Necessity
• By The Numbers The United Kingdom
• Zooming In
• 5.1 Sources of Power and Authority
• A Brief History of the United Kingdom
• Democratization
• A Unitary System with Devolution
• Legitimacy and Challenges to the State
• Section 5.1 Review
• 5.2 Institutions of Government
• The Executive
• The Legislature
• The Judiciary
• Section 5.2 Review
• 5.3 Electoral System, Political Parties, and Civil Society
• Elections
• Political Parties
• Interest Groups and Social Movements
• Section 5.3 Review
• 5.4 Political Culture and Participation
• Referendums
• Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
• Divisions in the United Kingdom
• Section 5.4 Review
• 5.5 Economic and Social Change and Development
• Globalization
• The Recent Economy in the United Kingdom
• Social Policies
• Shifting Demographics
• The United Kingdom and the Future
• Section 5.5 Review
• Chapter 5 Review
• AP® Key Concepts
• AP® Exam Multiple-Choice Practice Questions
• AP® Exam Practice Argument Essay
• Unit 2 Review
• AP® Exam Practice Questions
• Unit 3 Political Culture and Participation
• Chapter 6 Political Culture and Participation
• Victory Volunteers of Russia: The Immortal Brigade
• 6.1 Organizations, Culture, and Beliefs
• Civil Society
• Political Culture, Ideology, and Beliefs
• Section 6.1 Review
• 6.2 Participation
• Formal Political Participation
• Informal Political Participation
• Section 6.2 Review
• 6.3 Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
• Civil Liberties
• Civil Rights
• Section 6.3 Review
• 6.4 Cleavages
• Social and Political Cleavages
• Ethnic Cleavages
• Racial Cleavages
• Social-Class Cleavages
• Section 6.4 Review
• Chapter 6 Review
• AP® Key Concepts
• AP® Exam Multiple-Choice Practice Questions
• AP® Exam Practice Argument Essay
• Chapter 7 Case Study: Russia
• Vladimir Putin: A Long Career
• By The Numbers Russia
• Zooming In
• 7.1 Sources of Power and Authority
• A Brief History of Russia
• Failed Democratization
• Federalism
• Legitimacy and Challenges to the State
• Section 7.1 Review
• 7.2 Institutions of Government
• The Executive
• The Legislature
• The Judiciary
• Section 7.2 Review
• 7.3 Electoral System, Political Parties, and Civil Society
• Elections
• Political Parties
• Interest Groups and Social Movements
• Section 7.3 Review
• 7.4 Political Culture and Participation
• Referendums
• Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
• Divisions in Russia
• Section 7.4 Review
• 7.5 Economic and Social Change and Development
• Globalization
• The Recent Russian Economy
• Social Policies
• Shifting Demographics
• Russia and the Future
• Section 7.5 Review
• Chapter 7 Review
• AP® Key Concepts
• AP® Exam Multiple-Choice Practice Questions
• AP® Exam Practice Argument Essay
• Unit 3 Review
• AP® Exam Practice Questions
• Unit 4 Party and Electoral Systems and Citizen Organizations
• Chapter 8 Party and Electoral Systems and Citizen Organizations
• AMLO: A Peculiar Savior
• 8.1 Elections
• Single-Member Districts
• Proportional Representation
• Mixed Systems
• Section 8.1 Review
• 8.2 Political Parties
• Types of Party Systems
• Impact of Electoral System on the Number of Parties
• Declining Citizen Support for Political Parties
• Section 8.2 Review
• 8.3 Interest Groups and Social Movements
• Interest Groups
• Pluralism and Corporatism
• Social Movements
• 8.3 Section Review
• Chapter 8 Review
• AP® Key Concepts
• AP® Exam Multiple-Choice Practice Questions
• AP® Exam Practice Argument Essay
• Chapter 9 Case Study: Nigeria
• Nollywood, Mo Abudu, and Nigeria’s Vibrant Media Industry
• By The Numbers Nigeria
• Zooming In
• 9.1 Sources of Power and Authority
• A Brief History of Nigeria
• Democratization
• Federalism
• Legitimacy and Challenges to the State
• Section 9.1 Review
• 9.2 Institutions of Government
• The Executive
• The Legislature
• The Judiciary
• Section 9.2 Review
• 9.3 Electoral System, Political Parties, and Civil Society
• Elections
• Political Parties
• Interest Groups and Social Movements
• Section 9.3 Review
• 9.4 Political Culture and Participation
• Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
• Divisions in Nigeria
• Section 9.4 Review
• 9.5 Economic and Social Change and Development
• Globalization
• The Recent Nigerian Economy
• Social Policies
• Shifting Demographics
• Nigeria and the Future
• Section 9.5 Review
• Chapter 9 Review
• AP® Key Concepts
• AP® Exam Multiple-Choice Practice Questions
• AP® Exam Practice Argument Essay
• Unit 4 Review
• AP® Exam Practice Questions
• Unit 5 Political and Economic Changes and Development
• Chapter 10 Globalization
• The Ups and Downs of Jack Ma
• 10.1 Impact of Global and Technological Forces
• Economic Globalization
• Multinational Corporations
• International and Supranational Organizations
• Citizen Response to Globalization and Economic-Liberalization Policies
• Transnational Activism
• Section 10.1 Review
• 10.2 Political Responses to Globalization
• Globalization and Politics
• Privatization
• Section 10.2 Review
• 10.3 Challenges from Globalization
• Globalization and Sovereignty
• Globalization and Culture
• Section 10.3 Review
• Chapter 10 Review
• AP® Key Concepts
• AP® Exam Multiple-Choice Practice Questions
• AP® Exam Practice Argument Essay
• Chapter 11 Case Study: China
• Rebiya Kadeer: Calling Attention to the Plight of the Uyghurs
• By The Numbers China
• Zooming In
• 11.1 Sources of Power and Authority
• A Brief History of China
• Resistance to Democratization
• The Unitary State
• Legitimacy and Challenges to the State
• Section 11.1 Review
• 11.2 Institutions of Government
• Organization of the Chinese Communist Party
• The Executive
• The Legislature
• The Judiciary
• Section 11.2 Review
• 11.3 Electoral System, Political Parties, and Civil Society
• Elections
• Political Parties
• Interest Groups and Social Movements
• Section 11.3 Review
• 11.4 Political Culture and Participation
• Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
• Divisions in China
• Section 11.4 Review
• 11.5 Economic and Social Change and Development
• Globalization
• The Recent Chinese Economy
• Social Policies
• Shifting Demographics
• China and the Future
• Section 11.5 Review
• Chapter 11 Review
• AP® Key Concepts
• AP® Exam Multiple-Choice Practice Questions
• AP® Exam Practice Argument Essay
• Chapter 12 Political and Economic Change and Development
• The NHS and Universal Health Care
• 12.1 Economic Policies
• Import Substitution Industrialization
• Neoliberal Policies
• Drawbacks of Neoliberalism
• Section 12.1 Review
• 12.2 Social Policies
• Gender Equity
• Social Welfare
• Health Care
• Section 12.2 Review
• 12.3 Causes and Effects of Economic Policies
• Impact of Industrialization
• Nationalized Resources
• The Resource Curse
• Section 12.3 Review
• Chapter 12 Review
• AP® Key Concepts
• AP® Exam Multiple-Choice Practice Questions
• AP® Exam Practice Argument Essay
• Chapter 13 Case Study: Iran
• Social Media and Music: Challenging Cultural Norms in Iran
• By The Numbers Iran
• Zooming In
• 13.1 Sources of Power and Authority
• A Brief History of Iran
• Resistance to Democratization
• The Unitary State
• Legitimacy and Challenges to the State
• Section 13.1 Review
• 13.2 Institutions of Government
• The Supreme Leader
• The Guardian Council
• The Expediency Council
• The Judiciary
• The President
• The Majles
• The Assembly of Experts
• Section 13.2 Review
• 13.3 Electoral System, Political Parties, and Civil Society
• Elections
• Political Parties
• Interest Groups and Social Movements
• Section 13.3 Review
• 13.4 Political Culture and Participation
• Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
• Divisions in Iran
• Section 13.4 Review
• 13.5 Economic and Social Change and Development
• Globalization
• The Recent Iranian Economy
• Social Policies
• Shifting Demographics
• Iran and the Future
• Section 13.5 Review
• Chapter 13 Review
• AP® Key Concepts
• AP® Exam Multiple-Choice Practice Questions
• AP® Exam Practice Argument Essay
• Unit 5 Review
• AP® Exam Practice Questions
• Practice Exam: AP® Comparative Government and Politics
• Course Countries at a Glance
• Data and Classifications
• Government Systems
• Works Cited
• Glossary
• Glossary/Glosario
• Index
• Extended Descriptions
• Front cover
• Government officials in the United Kingdom
• Organization
• Engaging material
• Content layout
• Case studies and comparisons
• A P Political Science Skills
• Practice for the A P (Registered trademark) Exam
• Practice for the A P (Registered trademark) Exam
• Unit reviews and practice A P (Registered trademark) exams
• Figure 1.1 Twenty Years of GDP Growth Rates (Percent)
• Free-Response Question: Quantitative Analysis
• Fragile States Index
• World Map Fragile States Index
• Pro-independence rally
• Armed Forces by Country
• Figure 2.1 Unitary and Federal Systems of Government
• The State of Democracy 2019
• Figure 3.1 Political Map of Mexico
• Changes in the Public Mood in Mexico
• Figure 3.2 The Structure of the Federal Government of Mexico
• Celebrating years of action by the Zapatistas
• Is the Economy Linked to Democratic Discontent?
• Figure 3.3 Unautorized Immigrants in the United States
• GDP per Capita in Mexico, 2008–2019
• Affiliation with Political Parties Varies across the Globe
• Gini Index for the Course Countries
• Mexican Government Debt, 2006 to 2020
• Voter Turnout
• Political institutions of government
• Meeting of China’s National People’s Congress
• Ebrahim Raisi casting his vote
• A political cartoon
• Terms for heads of government
• Figure 4.1 Women in National Legislatures, Percentage of women, by country
• Independence, Accountability, and Quality of the Judiciary: England and Wales
• Share of votes received by Vladimir Putin and voter turnout in percentage
• Figure 5.1 Political map of the United Kingdom
• Figure 5.2 The Structure of the Government of the United Kingdom, Power in a System with Parliamentary Sovereignty
• Figure 5.3 The 2019 Parliamentary Elections, Comparing Percentages
• Figure 5.4: A Timeline of Brexit
• Some questioning of referendums
• Gini Index (coefficient) in the United Kingdom
• Gini index (coefficient) in the United Kingdom (1999 to 2019)
• Percentages of male and female population in the United Kingdom
• Voter turnout in U K elections
• Women members of the parliament in the House of Commons, by political party
• Questioning Capitalism
• Populists in power
• People Power Under Attack
• Internet freedom cartoon
• Figure 6.1 Internet Freedom Worldwide, 2019
• Measuring the Importance of Media Freedom
• Iran’s Ethnic and Religious Groups
• Figure 7.1 Political Map of the Russian Federation
• Russians Assess Putin and Their Country’s Direction
• Figure 7.2 The Structure of the Government of Russia
• Seats in the State Duma
• Russia, Population Pyramid, 2020
• Russia’s Declining Labor Force
• Attitudes toward Putin as President
• NGOs Listed as Foreign Agents in Russia, 2013–2017
• Voter Turnout in Russian Presidential Elections
• Seats Held by Women in National Parliaments in Russia, by Institution
• Figure 8.1 Voter Turnout by Electoral System
• Education for All Nigerians
• Party Membership as a Proportion of the U K Electorate, 1970 to 2018
• Elections to the State Duma in Russia
• Nigerians and their confidence in elections
• Wealth distribution in Nigeria
• Poster advertisement
• Figure 9.1 Political Map of Nigeria
• Corruption Perceptions Score: Nigeria, 2012 to 2020
• Figure 9.2 The Structure of the Federal Government of Nigeria
• Nigerians Assess Their Political System
• Figure 9.3 Makeup of the Nigerian House of Representatives
• Nigeria’s Population Pyramid
• Nigerian General Elections 2019
• Figure 10.1 The 2,000 largest multinational corporations, 2017
• Figure 10.2 Nigeria’s Expenditures on Subsidies for Imported Gasoline
• Global culture
• Trade Openness Index
• Globalization
• Figure 11.1 Political Map of China
• View of Government
• Figure 11.2 Parallel Institutions of Party and Government of China
• Figure 11.3 Chinese Citizens’ Concerns about Corruption, Inequality, and Food Safety
• China’s population policies
• China’s Population Pyramid
• Figure 12.1 Gender Inequality
• Percentage of Mexican Population without Access to Health Services, 2008 to 2018
• Carbon dioxide emissions, selected countries
• Climate perception in China
• Figure 13.1 Political Map of Iran
• Figure 13.2 Iranians Assess the Economy, 2015 to 2019
• Figure 13.3 Elected and Unelected Institutions in Iran
• Ethnic divisions in Iran
• Iran’s Election turnout
• Measuring the Importance of Media Freedom
• Iran’s Oil Output
• Iran’s population pyramid
• Nigeria’s labor force
• Changes in Poverty and Gini Index in Rural China
• Children per Woman
• Internet filtering around the world
• Gross Domestic Product per Capita in Mexico, 2009–2020
• Opinions of democracy in Nigeria
• Nigerian election figures