Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Editors
• Contributors
• Part I: Fundamentals
• 1. Atoms, bonding, energy and equilibrium
• 1.1 Atomic structure
• 1.2 Bonding of atoms
• 1.2.1 Ionic bonding
• 1.2.2 Covalent bonding
• 1.2.3 Metallic bonds
• 1.2.4 Van der Waals bonds and the hydrogen bond
• 1.3 Energy and entropy
• 1.3.1 Stable and metastable equilibrium
• 1.3.2 Mixing
• 1.3.3 Entropy
• 1.3.4 Free energy
• 1.4 Equilibrium and equilibrium diagrams
• 1.4.1 Single component diagrams
• 1.4.2 Two-component diagrams
• 1.4.3 Eutectic systems
• 1.4.4 Intermediate compounds
• References
• 2. Mechanical properties of solids
• 2.1 Stress, strain and stress–strain curves
• 2.2 Elastic behaviour and the elastic constants
• 2.2.1 The elastic moduli
• 2.2.2 Poisson’s ratio
• 2.2.3 Relationships between the elastic constants
• 2.2.4 Work done in deformation
• 2.3 Plastic deformation
• 2.4 Failure in tension
• 2.5 True stress and strain
• 2.6 Behaviour in compression
• 2.6.1 Plastic deformation of ductile materials
• 2.6.2 Failure of brittle materials
• 2.7 Behaviour under constant load: Creep
• 2.8 Behaviour under cyclic loading: Fatigue
• 2.8.1 Fatigue life and S/N curves
• 2.8.2 Cumulative fatigue damage: Miner’s rule
• 2.9 Impact loading
• 2.10 Variability, characteristic strength and the Weibull distribution
• 2.10.1 Descriptions of variability
• 2.10.2 Characteristic strength
• 2.10.3 The Weibull distribution
• References
• 3. Structure of solids
• 3.1 Crystal structure
• 3.2 Imperfection and impurities
• 3.3 Crystal growth and grain structure
• 3.4 Ceramics
• 3.5 Polymers
• References
• 4. Fracture and toughness
• 4.1 Theoretical strength
• 4.2 Fracture mechanics
• References
• 5. Liquids, viscoelasticity and gels
• 5.1 Liquids
• 5.2 Viscoelastic behaviour
• 5.3 Gels and thixotropy
• 6. Surfaces
• 6.1 Surface energy
• 6.2 Wetting
• 6.3 Adhesives
• 6.4 Adsorption
• 6.5 Water of crystallisation
• 7. Electrical and thermal properties
• 7.1 Electrical conductivity
• 7.2 Thermal conductivity
• 7.3 Coefficient of thermal expansion
• Example questions for Part I Fundamentals
• Further reading for Part I Fundamentals
• Part II: Metals and alloys
• 8. Deformation and strengthening of metals
• 8.1 Elasticity and plasticity
• 8.2 Dislocation movement
• 8.3 Dislocation energy
• 8.4 Strengthening of metals
• 8.4.1 Grain size
• 8.4.2 Strain hardening
• 8.4.3 Annealing
• 8.4.4 Alloying
• 8.4.5 Quenching and tempering
• 8.5 Strengthening, ductility and toughness
• References
• 9. Forming of metals
• 9.1 Castings
• 9.2 Hot working
• 9.3 Cold working
• 9.4 Joining
• 9.4.1 Welding
• 9.4.2 Brazing, soldering and gluing
• 9.4.3 Bolting and riveting
• References
• 10. Oxidation and corrosion
• 10.1 Dry oxidation
• 10.2 Wet corrosion
• 10.3 The electromotive series
• 10.4 Localised corrosion
• 10.4.1 Intergranular attack
• 10.4.2 Concentration cell corrosion
• 10.4.3 Stress corrosion cracking
• 10.4.4 Corrosion fatigue
• 10.5 Corrosion prevention
• 10.5.1 Design
• 10.5.2 Coatings
• 10.5.3 Cathodic protection
• 10.6 Corrosion control
• References
• 11. Iron and steel
• 11.1 Extraction of iron
• 11.2 Iron–carbon equilibrium diagram
• 11.3 Cast irons
• 11.4 Steel
• 11.4.1 Hot-rolled structural steels
• 11.4.2 Cold-rolled steels
• 11.4.3 Stainless steel
• 11.4.4 Steel reinforcement for concrete
• 11.4.5 Prestressing steel
• 11.5 Recycling of steel
• References
• 12. Aluminium
• 12.1 Extraction
• 12.2 Aluminium alloys
• 12.3 Recycling of aluminium
• Example questions for Part II Metals and alloys
• Further reading for Part II Metals and alloys
• Part III: Concrete
• 13. Portland cements
• 13.1 Manufacture
• 13.2 Physical properties
• 13.3 Chemical composition
• 13.4 Hydration
• 13.5 Structure and strength of hcp
• 13.6 Water in hcp and drying shrinkage
• 13.7 Modifications of Portland cement
• 13.7.1 Setting, strength gain and heat output
• 13.7.2 Sulphate resistance
• 13.7.3 White cement
• 13.8 Cement standards and nomenclature
• References
• 14. Admixtures
• 14.1 Action and classification of admixtures
• 14.2 Plasticisers
• 14.3 Superplasticisers
• 14.4 Accelerators
• 14.5 Retarders
• 14.6 Air-entraining agents
• 14.7 Other types of admixtures
• References
• 15. Additions
• 15.1 Pozzolanic behaviour
• 15.2 Common additions
• 15.3 Chemical composition and physical properties
• 15.4 Supply and specification
• 16. Other types of cement
• 16.1 Calcium aluminate cement
• 16.1.1 Manufacture and composition
• 16.1.2 Hydration and conversion
• 16.1.3 Uses
• 16.2 Alkali-activated cements
• 16.3 Geopolymer cements
• 16.4 Magnesium oxide-based cements
• 16.5 Waste-derived cements
• References
• 17. Aggregates for concrete
• 17.1 Types of primary aggregates
• 17.1.1 Normal-density aggregates
• 17.1.2 Lightweight aggregate
• 17.1.3 Heavyweight aggregates
• 17.2 Aggregate classification: Shape and size
• 17.3 Other properties of aggregates
• 17.3.1 Porosity and absorption
• 17.3.2 Elastic properties and strength
• 17.3.3 Surface characteristics
• 17.4 Secondary aggregates
• References
• 18. Properties of fresh concrete
• 18.1 General behaviour
• 18.2 Measurement of consistence
• 18.2.1 Fundamental properties
• 18.2.2 Single-point tests
• 18.3 Factors affecting consistence
• 18.4 Loss of consistence
• References
• 19. Early-age properties of concrete
• 19.1 Behaviour after placing
• 19.1.1 Segregation and bleeding
• 19.1.2 Plastic settlement
• 19.1.3 Plastic shrinkage
• 19.1.4 Methods of reducing segregation and bleed and their effects
• 19.2 Curing
• 19.3 Strength gain and temperature effects
• 19.3.1 Effect of temperature
• 19.3.2 Maturity
• 19.3.3 Heat of hydration effects
• References
• 20. Deformation of concrete
• 20.1 Drying shrinkage
• 20.1.1 Drying shrinkage of hcp
• 20.1.2 Mechanisms of shrinkage and swelling
• 20.1.2.1 Capillary tension
• 20.1.2.2 Surface tension or surface energy
• 20.1.2.3 Disjoining pressure
• 20.1.2.4 Movement of interlayer water
• 20.1.3 Drying shrinkage of concrete
• 20.1.3.1 Effect of mix constituents and proportions
• 20.1.3.2 Effect of specimen geometry
• 20.1.4 Prediction of shrinkage
• 20.2 Autogenous shrinkage
• 20.3 Carbonation shrinkage
• 20.4 Thermal expansion
• 20.4.1 Thermal expansion of hcp
• 20.4.2 Thermal expansion of concrete
• 20.5 Stress–strain behaviour
• 20.5.1 Elasticity of the hcp
• 20.5.2 Models for concrete behaviour
• 20.5.2.1 Model A: Phases in parallel
• 20.5.2.2 Model B: Phases in series
• 20.5.2.3 Model C: Combined
• 20.5.3 Measured stress–strain behaviour of concrete
• 20.5.4 Elastic modulus of concrete
• 20.5.5 Poisson’s ratio
• 20.6 Creep
• 20.6.1 Factors influencing creep
• 20.6.2 Mechanisms of creep
• 20.6.2.1 Moisture diffusion
• 20.6.2.2 Structural adjustment
• 20.6.2.3 Microcracking
• 20.6.2.4 Delayed elastic strain
• 20.6.3 Prediction of creep
• References
• 21. Strength and failure of concrete
• 21.1 Strength tests
• 21.1.1 Compressive strength
• 21.1.2 Tensile strength
• 21.1.2.1 Splitting test
• 21.1.2.2 Flexural test
• 21.1.3 Relationship between strength measurements
• 21.2 Factors influencing strength of Portland cement concrete
• 21.2.1 Transition/interface zone
• 21.2.2 Water/cement ratio
• 21.2.3 Age
• 21.2.4 Temperature
• 21.2.5 Humidity
• 21.2.6 Aggregate properties, size and volume concentration
• 21.3 Strength of concrete containing additions
• 21.4 Cracking and fracture in concrete
• 21.4.1 Development of microcracking
• 21.4.2 Creep rupture
• 21.4.3 The fracture mechanics approach
• 21.5 Strength under multiaxial loading
• References
• 22. Concrete mix design
• 22.1 The mix design process
• 22.1.1 Specified concrete properties
• 22.1.2 Constituent material properties
• 22.1.3 Initial estimate of mix proportions
• 22.1.4 Laboratory trial mixes
• 22.1.5 Full-scale trial mixes
• 22.2 U.K. method of ‘Design of normal concrete mixes’ (BRE, 1997)
• 22.2.1 Target mean strength
• 22.2.2 Free water/cement ratio
• 22.2.3 Free water content
• 22.2.4 Cement content
• 22.2.5 Total aggregate content
• 22.2.6 Fine and coarse aggregate content
• 22.3 Mix design with additions
• 22.4 Design of mixes containing admixtures
• 22.4.1 Mixes with plasticisers
• 22.4.2 Mixes with superplasticisers
• 22.4.3 Mixes with air-entraining agents
• 22.5 Other mix design methods
• References
• 23. Non-destructive testing of hardened concrete
• 23.1 Surface hardness: Rebound (or Schmidt) hammer test
• 23.2 Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
• 23.3 Resonant frequency test
• 23.4 Near-to-surface tests
• 23.5 Other tests
• References
• 24. Durability of concrete
• 24.1 Transport mechanisms through concrete
• 24.2 Measurements of flow constants for cement paste and concrete
• 24.2.1 Permeability
• 24.2.2 Diffusivity
• 24.2.3 Sorptivity
• 24.3 Degradation of concrete
• 24.3.1 Attack by sulphates
• 24.3.2 The thaumasite form of sulphate attack
• 24.3.3 Sea water attack
• 24.3.4 Acid attack
• 24.3.5 Alkali–aggregate and alkali–silica reaction
• 24.3.6 Frost attack: Freeze–thaw damage
• 24.3.7 Fire resistance
• 24.4 Durability of steel in concrete
• 24.4.1 General principles of the corrosion of the steel in concrete
• 24.4.2 Carbonation-induced corrosion
• 24.4.3 Chloride-induced corrosion
• References
• 25. Special concretes
• 25.1 Lightweight aggregate concrete
• 25.2 High-density aggregate concrete
• 25.3 No-fines concrete
• 25.4 Sprayed concrete
• 25.5 High-strength concrete
• 25.6 Flowing concrete
• 25.7 Self-compacting concrete
• 25.8 Underwater concrete
• 25.9 Foamed concrete
• 25.10 Aerated concrete
• References
• 26. Recycling of concrete
• 26.1 Recycling of fresh concrete
• 26.2 Recycling of concrete after demolition
• References
• Example questions for Part III Concrete
• Further reading for Part III Concrete
• Part IV: Polymers
• 27. Polymers: Types, properties and applications
• 27.1 Polymeric materials
• 27.1.1 Thermoplastic polymers
• 27.1.2 Thermosetting polymers
• 27.1.3 Foamed polymers
• 27.2 Processing of thermoplastic polymers
• 27.2.1 Profile production
• 27.2.2 Film-blown plastic sheet
• 27.2.3 Blow-moulded hollow plastic articles
• 27.2.4 Co-extrusion items
• 27.2.5 Highly orientated grid sheets
• 27.3 Polymer properties
• 27.3.1 Mechanical properties
• 27.3.2 Time-dependent characteristics
• 27.4 Applications and uses of polymers
• 27.4.1 Sealants
• 27.4.2 Adhesives
• 27.4.3 Elastomers
• 27.4.4 Geosynthetics
• 27.4.4.1 Geotextiles
• 27.4.4.2 Geomembranes
• 27.4.4.3 Geo-linear elements
• 27.4.4.4 Geogrids
• 27.4.4.5 Geocomposites
• References
• Bibliography
• Example questions for Part IV Polymers
• Further reading for Part IV Polymers
• Part V: Fibre composites
• 28. Reinforcing fibre materials
• 28.1 Glass fibres
• 28.2 Carbon fibres
• 28.3 Polymer fibres
• 28.3.1 Aramid fibres
• 28.4 Natural fibres
• 28.5 Steel fibres
• 28.6 Asbestos fibres
• References
• 29. Reinforcing fibre architecture
• 29.1 Volume fraction
• 29.2 Reinforcement elements
• 29.3 Reinforcement layouts
• 29.3.1 Fibre length and the critical length
• 29.3.2 Fibre orientation
• 29.3.3 Efficiency factors
• 29.3.4 Textile reinforcement
• References
• 30. Matrices
• 30.1 Fibre-reinforced polymer matrices
• 30.2 Fibre-reinforced concrete matrices
• References
• 31. Interfaces and bonding
• 31.1 Interfaces and bonding in frp
• 31.1.1 Coupling agents and surface treatments
• 31.1.2 Bonding
• 31.2 Interfaces and bonding in frc
• 31.2.1 Interfacial morphology and properties
• 31.2.2 Bonding
• References
• 32. Mechanical behaviour and properties of composites
• 32.1 Fundamental composite properties
• 32.1.1 Longitudinal stiffness
• 32.1.2 Transverse stiffness
• 32.1.3 Intermediate behaviour, efficiency factors and composite strength
• 32.2 Complex composite behaviour
• 32.3 Laminate composite behaviour (frp)
• 32.4 Brittle matrix composite theory (frc)
• 32.4.1 Composite materials approach
• 32.4.2 Critical fibre volume fraction
• 32.4.3 Primary frc: ACK theory and multiple cracking
• 32.4.4 Post-cracking behaviour
• 32.4.5 Failure, post-peak behaviour and secondary frc
• 32.4.6 Intermediate behaviour
• 32.4.7 High modulus/high Vf behaviour
• 32.4.8 Fracture mechanics approach
• 32.4.9 Crack suppression
• 32.4.10 Crack stabilisation
• 32.4.11 Fibre/matrix debonding
• 32.5 Typical mechanical properties
• References
• 33. Manufacture of fibre composites
• 33.1 Manufacture of frp for construction
• 33.1.1 Manual processes for frp
• 33.1.2 Semi-automated processes for frp
• 33.1.3 Automated processes for frp
• 33.2 Manufacture of frc
• 33.2.1 Cast premix
• 33.2.2 Sprayed premix
• 33.2.3 Dual-spray systems
• 33.2.4 Hand lay-up
• 33.2.5 Automated systems
• References
• 34. Applications of fibre composites in construction
• 34.1 Applications for frp in construction
• 34.1.1 Structural systems
• 34.1.2 Rehabilitation systems
• 34.1.3 Concrete column confinement
• 34.1.4 Internal concrete reinforcement
• 34.1.5 Hybrid systems
• 34.1.6 Bridge enclosures
• 34.2 Applications for frc in construction
• 34.2.1 Architectural cladding: Glass-frc
• 34.2.2 Tunnel linings: Steel-frc and polymer-frc
• 34.2.3 Industrial flooring: Steel-frc and polymer-frc
• 34.2.4 Sheet materials for building: Natural-frc
• 34.2.5 Permanent formwork: Glass-frc
• References
• 35. Durability
• 35.1 Durability of frp
• 35.1.1 Moisture and solutions
• 35.1.2 Temperature effects
• 35.1.3 Ultraviolet radiation
• 35.1.4 Fatigue
• 35.1.5 Creep
• 35.1.6 Bond durability in strengthening systems
• 35.1.7 Durability of frp rebars
• 35.1.8 Material degradation models for frp
• 35.2 Durability of frc
• 35.2.1 Multifilament/microfibre frc
• 35.2.2 Monofilament/macrofibre frc
• 35.2.3 Property loss mechanisms
• 35.2.4 Fibre weakening
• 35.2.5 Continued matrix hydration
• 35.2.6 Designing durable frc
• 35.2.7 Modelling and service life prediction
• References
• 36. Recycling
• 36.1 Recycling of frp
• 36.2 Recycling of frc
• References
• Example questions for Part V Composites
• Further reading for Part V Composites
• Part VI: Glass
• 37. Manufacture and processing
• 37.1 Manufacturing of flat glass
• 37.1.1 Glassmaking materials
• 37.1.2 Composition
• 37.1.3 Constituents and microstructure of glass
• 37.1.4 Historical processes
• 37.1.5 Rolled glass (including wired and polished wired)
• 37.1.6 Float glass
• 37.1.7 Fusion-draw process
• 37.2 Coatings
• 37.2.1 Low emissivity
• 37.2.2 Solar control
• 37.2.3 Selective, high performance
• 37.2.4 Self-cleaning
• 37.3 Strengthening processes
• 37.3.1 Toughening (tempering) and the heat soak test
• 37.3.2 Heat strengthening
• 37.3.3 Chemical strengthening
• 37.4 Forming processes
• 37.4.1 Bending
• 37.4.2 Bending and tempering
• 37.4.3 Channel glass
• 37.5 Decoration processes
• 37.5.1 Sand blasting
• 37.5.2 Acid etching
• 37.5.3 Fritting
• 37.5.4 Stained glass
• 37.5.5 Printing
• 37.6 Laminating
• 37.7 Insulating unit manufacture
• 37.8 Fire-resisting glasses
• References
• 38. Properties and performance
• 38.1 Physical properties
• 38.2 Mechanical properties
• 38.2.1 Patterns of breakage
• 38.2.2 Strength of glass
• 38.2.3 Static fatigue
• 38.2.4 Post-breakage characteristics of laminated glass combinations
• 38.2.4.1 Annealed/annealed
• 38.2.4.2 Heat strengthened/heat strengthened
• 38.2.4.3 Toughened/toughened
• 38.2.4.4 Toughened/heat strengthened
• References
• 39. Design and applications
• 39.1 Design of glazing and selection of glass type
• 39.2 Deflection limits for glazing
• 39.2.1 Deflection criteria
• 39.2.2 Guidance from standards
• 39.3 Design stresses and load factors
• 39.3.1 Strength of laminated glass
• 39.4 Windows
• 39.4.1 Design of insulating units
• 39.5 Glass walls and structural glass assemblies
• 39.6 Skylights
• 39.7 Floors and stairs
• 39.8 Glazing for security
• References
• 40. Service and end of life
• 40.1 Durability
• 40.1.1 Cleaning
• 40.1.2 Protection on site
• 40.1.3 Failure of double-glazed units
• 40.1.4 Delamination of laminated glass
• 40.2 What to do if glass breaks
• 40.3 Disposal and recycling
• References
• Example questions for Part VI Glass
• Further reading for Part VI Glass
• Part VII: Timber
• 41. Structure of timber and the presence of moisture
• 41.1 Structure at the macroscopic level
• 41.2 Structure at the microscopic level
• 41.3 Molecular structure and ultrastructure
• 41.3.1 Chemical constituents
• 41.3.1.1 Cellulose
• 41.3.1.2 Hemicelluloses and lignin
• 41.3.1.3 Extractives
• 41.3.1.4 Minerals
• 41.3.1.5 Acidity
• 41.3.2 The cell wall as a fibre composite
• 41.3.3 Cell wall layers
• 41.4 Variability in structure
• 41.5 Appearance of timber in relation to its structure
• 41.5.1 Texture
• 41.5.2 Figure
• 41.5.2.1 Grain
• 41.5.2.2 Growth rings
• 41.5.2.3 Rays
• 41.5.2.4 Knots
• 41.5.3 Colour
• 41.6 Mass–volume relationships
• 41.6.1 Density
• 41.6.2 Specific gravity
• 41.6.3 Density of the dry cell wall
• 41.6.4 Porosity
• 41.7 Moisture in timber
• 41.7.1 Equilibrium moisture content
• 41.7.2 Determination of moisture content
• 41.7.3 The moisture content of green timber
• 41.7.4 Removal of moisture from timber
• 41.7.5 Influence of structure
• 41.7.6 Fibre saturation point
• 41.7.7 Sorption
• 41.8 Flow in timber
• 41.8.1 Bulk flow and permeability
• 41.8.1.1 Flow of fluids
• 41.8.1.2 Flow paths in timber
• 41.8.1.3 Timber and the laws of flow
• 41.8.2 Moisture diffusion
• 41.8.3 Thermal conductivity
• References
• 42. Deformation in timber
• 42.1 Introduction
• 42.2 Dimensional change due to moisture
• 42.2.1 Shrinkage
• 42.2.1.1 Anisotropy in shrinkage
• 42.2.1.2 Practical significance
• 42.2.2 Movement
• 42.3 Thermal movement
• 42.4 Deformation under load
• 42.4.1 Elastic deformation
• 42.4.1.1 Orthotropic elasticity and timber
• 42.4.1.2 Factors influencing the elastic modulus
• 42.4.2 Viscoelastic deformation
• 42.4.2.1 Creep
• References
• 43. Strength and failure in timber
• 43.1 Introduction
• 43.2 Determination of strength
• 43.2.1 Test piece size and selection
• 43.2.1.1 Use of small clear test pieces
• 43.2.1.2 Use of structural-size test pieces
• 43.2.2 Standardised test procedures
• 43.3 Strength values
• 43.3.1 Derived using small clear test pieces
• 43.3.2 Derived using structural-size test pieces
• 43.4 Variability in strength values
• 43.5 Inter-relationships among the strength properties
• 43.5.1 Modulus of rupture (bending strength) and modulus of elasticity
• 43.5.2 Impact bending and total work
• 43.5.3 Hardness and compression perpendicular to the grain
• 43.6 Factors affecting strength
• 43.6.1 Anisotropy and grain angle
• 43.6.2 Knots
• 43.6.3 Density
• 43.6.4 Ring width
• 43.6.5 Ratio of latewood to earlywood
• 43.6.6 Cell length
• 43.6.7 Microfibrillar angle
• 43.6.8 Chemical composition
• 43.6.9 Reaction wood
• 43.6.9.1 Compression wood
• 43.6.9.2 Tension wood
• 43.6.10 Moisture content
• 43.6.11 Temperature
• 43.6.12 Time
• 43.6.12.1 Rate of loading
• 43.6.12.2 Duration of load
• 43.7 Strength, toughness, failure and fracture morphology
• 43.7.1 Classical approach
• 43.7.1.1 Tensile strength parallel to the grain
• 43.7.1.2 Compression strength parallel to the grain
• 43.7.1.3 Static bending
• 43.7.1.4 Toughness
• 43.7.1.5 Fatigue
• 43.7.2 Engineering approach to strength and fracture
• 43.8 Structural design in timber
• 43.8.1 Visual grading
• 43.8.2 Machine grading
• 43.8.3 Strength classes
• 43.8.4 Structural design
• References
• 44. Durability of timber
• 44.1 Introduction
• 44.2 Chemical, physical and mechanical agencies affecting durability and causing degradation
• 44.2.1 Photochemical degradation
• 44.2.2 Chemical degradation
• 44.2.3 Thermal degradation
• 44.2.4 Mechanical degradation
• 44.3 Natural durability and attack by fungi and insects
• 44.3.1 Natural durability
• 44.3.2 Nature of fungal decay
• 44.3.3 Nature of insect attack
• 44.3.4 Marine borers
• 44.4 Performance of timber in fire
• 44.4.1 Methods of assessing reaction to fire of constructional materials
• 44.4.1.1 The U.K. position
• 44.4.1.2 The use of national and CEN standards
• References
• 45. Processing and recycling of timber
• 45.1 Introduction
• 45.2 Mechanical processing
• 45.2.1 Solid timber
• 45.2.1.1 Sawing and planing
• 45.2.1.2 Steam bending
• 45.2.2 Wood-based panels (board materials)
• 45.2.2.1 Plywood
• 45.2.2.2 Particleboard (chipboard)
• 45.2.2.3 MDF (dry-process fibreboard)
• 45.2.2.4 Wet-process fibreboard
• 45.2.2.5 OSB (oriented strand board)
• 45.2.2.6 CBPB (cement bonded particleboard)
• 45.2.2.7 Comparative performance of the wood-based boards
• 45.2.3 Laminated timber
• 45.2.4 Engineered structural lumber
• 45.2.5 Mechanical pulping
• 45.2.6 Recycling of timber waste
• 45.2.6.1 Case study 1
• 45.2.6.2 Case study 2
• 45.2.6.3 Case study 3
• 45.3 Chemical processing
• 45.3.1 Treatability
• 45.3.1.1 Preservatives and preservation
• 45.3.1.2 Flame retardants
• 45.3.1.3 Dimensional stabilisers and durability enhancers
• 45.3.2 Chemical pulping
• 45.3.3 Other chemical processes
• 45.4 Thermal processing
• 45.5 Finishes
• 45.5.1 Flame-retardant coatings
• References
• Example questions for Part VII Timber
• Further reading for Part VII Timber
• Part VIII: Masonry: Brickwork, blockwork and stonework
• 46. Materials and components for masonry
• 46.1 Basic terminology
• 46.2 Materials used for manufacture of units and mortars
• 46.2.1 Rocks, sand and fillers
• 46.2.1.1 Rock (or stone)
• 46.2.1.2 Sand: Nature and composition
• 46.2.1.3 Mortar and rendering sands
• 46.2.1.4 Fly ash (pulverised fuel ash)
• 46.2.1.5 Chalk (CaCO3)
• 46.2.2 Clays
• 46.2.3 Lightweight aggregates
• 46.2.4 Binders
• 46.2.4.1 Cement
• 46.2.4.2 Masonry cement
• 46.2.4.3 Lime and hydraulic lime
• 46.2.4.4 Calcium silicate
• 46.3 Other constituents and additives
• 46.3.1 Organic plasticisers
• 46.3.2 Latex additives
• 46.3.3 Pigments
• 46.3.4 Retarders
• 46.3.5 Accelerators
• 46.4 Mortar
• 46.4.1 Properties of freshly mixed (unset) mortar
• 46.4.2 Properties of hardened mortar
• 46.4.3 Thin-bed and lightweight mortars
• 46.5 Fired clay bricks and blocks
• 46.5.1 Forming and firing
• 46.5.1.1 Soft mud process
• 46.5.1.2 Stiff plastic process
• 46.5.1.3 Wirecut process
• 46.5.1.4 Semi-dry pressing
• 46.5.1.5 Drying and firing in Hoffman kilns
• 46.5.1.6 Drying and firing in tunnel kilns
• 46.5.1.7 Clamps
• 46.5.1.8 Intermittent kilns
• 46.5.2 Properties
• 46.6 Calcium silicate units
• 46.7 Concrete and manufactured stone units
• 46.7.1 Production processes for concrete units
• 46.7.1.1 Casting concrete
• 46.7.1.2 Pressing of concrete
• 46.7.1.3 Curing
• 46.7.2 Concrete products
• 46.7.2.1 Dense aggregate concrete blocks and concrete bricks
• 46.7.2.2 Manufactured stone masonry units
• 46.7.2.3 Lightweight aggregate concrete blocks
• 46.8 Aircrete (AAC)
• 46.8.1 Manufacturing process
• 46.8.2 Properties
• 46.9 Natural stone units
• 46.10 Ancillary devices
• References
• 47. Masonry construction and forms
• 47.1 Walls and other masonry forms
• 47.2 Bond patterns
• 47.3 Use of specials
• 47.4 Joint style
• 47.5 Workmanship and accuracy
• 47.6 Buildability, site efficiency and productivity
• 47.7 Appearance
• References
• 48. Structural behaviour and movement of masonry
• 48.1 General considerations
• 48.2 Compressive loading
• 48.2.1 Axial loads
• 48.2.2 Stability: Slender structures and eccentricity
• 48.2.3 Concentrated load
• 48.2.4 Cavity walls in compression
• 48.3 Shear loading
• 48.4 Flexure (bending)
• 48.5 Tension
• 48.6 Elastic modulus
• 48.7 Building (seismic) behaviour
• 48.8 Movement and creep
• References
• 49. Non-structural physical properties of masonry
• 49.1 Thermal performance
• 49.2 Resistance to damp and rain penetration
• 49.3 Moisture vapour permeability
• 49.4 Sound transmission
• 49.5 Fire resistance
• References
• 50. Deterioration, conservation and strengthening of masonry
• 50.1 Chemical attack
• 50.1.1 Water and acid rain
• 50.1.2 Carbonation
• 50.1.3 Sulphate attack
• 50.1.4 Acids
• 50.1.5 Chlorides
• 50.1.6 Corrosion of embedded metals
• 50.2 Erosion
• 50.2.1 Freeze–thaw attack
• 50.2.2 Crypto-efflorescence (sub-florescence) damage
• 50.2.3 Abrasion
• 50.3 Stress effects
• 50.4 Staining
• 50.4.1 Efflorescence
• 50.4.2 Lime staining
• 50.4.3 Iron staining
• 50.4.4 Biological staining
• 50.5 Conservation of masonry
• 50.5.1 Principles
• 50.5.2 Replacement materials: Stone
• 50.5.3 Replacement materials: Clay bricks, terracotta ware, concrete and calcium silicate units
• 50.5.4 Replacement materials: Mortars
• 50.5.5 Selection of replacement materials
• 50.5.6 Repair methods
• 50.5.7 Cleaning of masonry
• 50.6 Strengthening of masonry
• 50.6.1 Strengthening of structural elements
• 50.6.2 Upgrading of connections
• 50.6.3 Improvement of the global building behaviour
• References
• Example questions for Part VIII Masonry: Brickwork, blockwork and stonework
• Further reading for Part VIII Masonry: Brickwork, blockwork and stonework
• Part IX: Bituminous materials
• 51. Components of bituminous materials
• 51.1 Constituents of bituminous materials
• 51.2 Bitumen
• 51.2.1 Sources
• 51.2.1.1 Natural asphalts
• 51.2.1.2 Refinery bitumen
• 51.2.2 Manufacture
• 51.2.3 Chemistry and molecular structure
• 51.2.4 Physical and rheological properties
• 51.3 Types of bitumen
• 51.3.1 Penetration grade bitumens
• 51.3.2 Oxidised bitumens
• 51.3.3 Cutbacks
• 51.3.4 Emulsions
• 51.3.5 Polymer-modified bitumens
• 51.4 Aggregates
• 51.4.1 Properties
• References
• 52. Viscosity, stiffness and deformation of bituminous materials
• 52.1 Viscosity and rheology of binders
• 52.2 Empirical measurements of viscosity
• 52.3 Measurement of viscosity
• 52.4 Influence of temperature on viscosity
• 52.5 Resistance of bitumens to deformation
• 52.6 Determination of permanent deformation
• 52.7 Factors affecting permanent deformation
• 52.7.1 Bitumen viscosity
• 52.7.2 Aggregate
• 52.7.3 Temperature
• References
• 53. Strength and failure of bituminous materials
• 53.1 The road structure
• 53.2 Modes of failure in a bituminous structure
• 53.3 Fatigue characteristics
• 53.3.1 Stress and strain conditions
• 53.3.2 The strain criteria
• 53.3.3 Effect of mixture variables
• References
• 54. Durability of bituminous mixtures
• 54.1 Ageing of bitumen
• 54.1.1 Oxidation
• 54.1.2 Loss of volatiles
• 54.1.3 Ageing index
• 54.1.4 Bitumen ageing tests
• 54.2 Permeability
• 54.2.1 Measurement and voids analysis
• 54.2.2 Factors affecting permeability
• 54.3 Adhesion
• 54.3.1 The nature of the aggregate
• 54.3.2 The nature of the bitumen
• 54.3.3 Mechanisms for loss of adhesion
• 54.3.3.1 Displacement
• 54.3.3.2 Detachment
• 54.3.3.3 Film rupture
• 54.3.3.4 Blistering and pitting
• 54.3.3.5 Spontaneous emulsification
• 54.3.3.6 Hydraulic scouring
• 54.3.3.7 Pore pressure
• References
• 55. Design and production of bituminous materials
• 55.1 Bituminous mixtures
• 55.1.1 Asphalt concretes
• 55.1.2 Hot rolled asphalts
• 55.1.3 Porous asphalt
• 55.1.4 Stone mastic asphalt
• 55.2 Recipe and designed mixtures
• 55.3 Methods of production
• References
• 56. Recycling of bituminous materials
• 56.1 In-plant asphalt recycling
• 56.1.1 Hot in-plant operations
• 56.1.2 Cold in-plant processes
• 56.2 In situ asphalt recycling
• 56.2.1 Hot in situ asphalt recycling
• 56.2.1.1 Repave
• 56.2.1.2 Remix
• 56.2.2 Cold in situ processes
• 56.3 Issues related to asphalt recycling
• 56.3.1 Black rock
• 56.3.2 Material variability
• References
• Example questions for Part IX Bituminous materials
• Further reading for Part IX Bituminous materials
• Part X: Selection and sustainable use of construction materials
• 57. Mechanical properties of materials
• 57.1 Ranges of properties
• 57.2 Specific stiffness and specific strength
• References
• 58. Sustainability and construction materials
• 58.1 Global considerations
• 58.2 Sustainability and the construction industry
• 58.2.1 Use of materials
• 58.2.2 Life-cycle assessment
• 58.2.3 The green hierarchy
• 58.3 Steel
• 58.4 Aggregates
• 58.5 Cement and concrete
• 58.5.1 Cement
• 58.5.2 Aggregates for concrete
• 58.5.3 Concrete
• 58.6 Asphalt and bituminous materials
• 58.7 Masonry
• 58.8 Glass
• 58.9 Polymers and fibre composites
• 58.10 Timber
• References
• Further reading
• Index