Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title Page
• Series Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Table of Cases
• Table of Statutes
• Table of Statutory Instruments
• Table of European Legislation
• 1 Introduction to the law of contract
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 What is a contract?
• 1.3 Origins of contract law
• 1.4 The impact of European law
• Taking it further
• 2 Formation of a contract
• 2.1 The fact of agreement
• 2.1.1 Offer
• 2.1.2 Offer vs invitation to treat
• 2.1.3 Advertisements
• 2.1.4 Goods on display
• 2.1.5 Auctions
• 2.1.6 Tenders
• 2.2 Communication of offers
• 2.2.1 Termination of offer
• 2.2.1.1 Revocation
• 2.2.1.2 Instantaneous communications
• 2.2.1.3 Lapse of time
• 2.2.1.4 Death
• 2.2.1.5 Acceptance
• 2.2.1.6 Counter-offers
• 2.3 Standard form contracts
• 2.3.1 Certainty
• 2.4 Communication of acceptance
• 2.4.1 Silence
• 2.5 Postal acceptance
• 2.5.1 ‘Shrink wrap’, ‘click wrap’ or ‘browse wrap’ contracts
• 2.5.2 Confusing communications and cross-offers
• 2.6 Bringing it all together
• Taking it further
• 3 Consideration
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Definition of consideration
• 3.3 Benefit and detriment
• 3.4 Where consideration moves from and to
• 3.4.1 Executed and executory consideration
• 3.4.2 Past consideration
• 3.4.3 Value of consideration: sufficiency vs adequacy
• 3.5 Providing goods as consideration
• 3.6 Services as consideration
• 3.7 ‘Benefit’ as consideration
• 3.7.1 Consideration and existing duties
• 3.7.1.1 Existing legal duties
• 3.7.1.2 Existing contractual duties
• 3.7.1.2.1 The link with economic duress
• 3.7.1.2.2 Modern development of consideration
• 3.7.1.3 Existing obligations owed to a third party
• 3.7.1.3.1 Part payment of a debt
• 3.7.2 Consideration and alteration of contract
• 3.7.2.1 Paying more
• 3.7.2.2 Paying less
• 3.7.3 Promissory estoppel
• 3.7.3.1 The clear and unequivocal promise
• 3.7.3.2 Reliance
• 3.7.3.3 Inequitable to go back on promise made
• 3.7.4 Other requirements for promissory estoppel
• 3.7.4.1 Promissory estoppel only suspends rights
• 3.7.4.2 Promissory estoppel cannot be raised as an action in itself
• 3.8 Contracts made by deed
• 3.9 Bringing it all together
• Taking it further
• 4 Intention to create legal relations, capacity and form
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Intention to create legal relations
• 4.3 Presumption of an intention to create legal relations
• 4.3.1 Rebutting the presumption
• 4.3.2 Burden of proof
• 4.3.3 Advertising
• 4.4 Presumption of no intention to create legal relations
• 4.4.1 Rebutting the presumption
• 4.4.2 Contextual approach
• 4.5 Capacity
• 4.5.1 Necessaries
• 4.6 Mental capacity
• 4.6.1 Temporary impairment: intoxication
• 4.6.2 Necessaries
• 4.7 Minors
• 4.7.1 Necessaries
• 4.7.2 Beneficial contracts of service
• 4.7.3 Contracts repudiated by age 18
• 4.7.4 Restitutionary remedies against minors
• 4.8 Companies
• 4.9 Contractual form
• 4.9.1 Contracts made by deed
• 4.9.1.1 Consideration
• 4.9.1.2 Limitation of action
• 4.9.2 Contracts made in writing
• 4.9.3 Consumer credit agreements
• 4.9.4 Contracts for sale/disposition of an interest in land
• 4.9.4.1 ‘In writing’ and electronic contracting
• 4.9.4.2 Exceptions
• 4.9.4.3 Collateral contract
• 4.9.4.4 Ancillary agreements
• 4.9.4.5 Proprietary estoppel
• 4.9.4.6 Distance selling contracts
• 4.9.5 Contracts required to be evidenced in writing
• 4.9.6 Electronic signatures and electronic commerce
• 4.10 Bringing it all together
• Taking it further
• 5 Terms of a contract
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Terms
• 5.3 Terms, representations and ‘mere puffs’
• 5.3.1 What is a ‘mere puff’?
• 5.4 Terms
• 5.5 Representations
• 5.6 Distinguishing terms and representations
• 5.7 Starting with a presumption
• 5.7.1 Accepting responsibility for a statement or not
• 5.7.2 Importance attached test
• 5.7.3 Statement maker’s special knowledge of the subject matter
• 5.8 Express terms
• 5.8.1 Incorporation
• 5.8.2 Signature
• 5.8.3 Reasonable notice
• 5.8.4 Consistent course of dealings
• 5.8.5 Other ways of bringing terms into written agreements
• 5.8.5.1 Rectification
• 5.8.5.2 Contracts partly written and partly oral
• 5.8.5.3 Custom
• 5.9 Interpretation of terms
• 5.10 Categorisation of the contents of the contract
• 5.11 Conditions
• 5.11.1 Time stipulations as conditions
• 5.12 Warranties
• 5.13 Innominate terms
• 5.14 Implied terms
• 5.15 Implied by custom
• 5.16 Implied at common law
• 5.17 Terms implied by statute
• 5.17.1 The Consumer Rights Act 2015
• 5.17.1.1 Section 9: satisfactory quality
• 5.17.1.2 Section 10: fitness for a particular purpose
• 5.17.1.3 Accuracy of descriptions, models and samples
• 5.17.1.4 Implied terms in service contracts
• 5.17.1.5 Remedies
• 5.18 Bringing it together
• Taking it further
• 6 Exclusion clauses and unfair terms
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Definition and components
• 6.2.1 Incorporation
• 6.2.2 Construction of the clause
• 6.2.3 Exclusion of liability for negligence
• 6.3 Fundamental breach
• 6.4 Limitation clauses
• 6.5 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
• 6.5.1 Application of the UCTA 1977
• 6.5.2 Clauses not covered by the UCTA 1977
• 6.5.3 Ineffective clauses
• 6.5.4 Negligence
• 6.5.5 Effective clauses
• 6.6 The reasonableness test
• 6.7 Consumer Rights Act 2015 and unfair terms in business-to-consumer contracts
• 6.7.1 Timeline
• 6.7.2 Consumer
• 6.7.3 Applying the test of fairness
• 6.7.4 The core exemption
• 6.7.5 The main subject matter of a contract
• 6.7.6 Duty to consider fairness
• 6.7.7 Negligence liability and the CRA 2015
• 6.7.8 Significant imbalance
• 6.7.9 Transparency
• 6.7.10 The ‘grey’ list – terms assessable for fairness
• 6.8 The Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013
• 6.9 Enforcement
• 6.10 Bringing it all together
• 6.11 Summary
• Taking it further
• 7 Illegal and unenforceable contracts
• 7.1 Contracts illegal by statute
• 7.2 Contracts illegal at common law
• 7.2.1 Withdrawal from the illegal contract
• 7.3 Contracts in restraint of trade
• 7.4 Legitimate interest
• 7.5 Reasonableness test
• 7.6 Geographical extent
• 7.7 Duration
• 7.8 Public interest
• 7.9 Effect of a void contract
• 7.10 Severance
• 7.11 Bringing it all together
• Taking it further
• 8 Misrepresentation
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Distinguish from breach of terms
• 8.3 Definition and components
• 8.3.1 False
• 8.3.2 Statement
• 8.3.3 Conduct
• 8.3.4 Withholding information
• 8.3.5 Fiduciary or confidential relationship
• 8.3.6 Half truths
• 8.3.7 Changing circumstances
• 8.4 Fact
• 8.4.1 Statements of opinion
• 8.4.2 Statements of law
• 8.5 Inducement to enter into the contract
• 8.5.1 Representation must be material
• 8.5.2 Known to the other party
• 8.5.3 Intended to be acted upon
• 8.5.4 Acted upon
• 8.5.5 Awareness of representation
• 8.5.6 Making connections
• 8.6 An actionable misrepresentation
• 8.6.1 Types of misrepresentation
• 8.7 Fraudulent misrepresentation
• 8.8 The emergence of negligent misrepresentation
• 8.9 Negligent misstatement at common law
• 8.9.1 Degree of proximity
• 8.10 Misrepresentation Act 1967
• 8.11 Innocent misrepresentation
• 8.12 Remedies for misrepresentation
• 8.12.1 Rescission
• 8.12.2 Affirmation
• 8.12.3 Restitutio in integrum impossible
• 8.12.4 Lapse of time
• 8.12.5 Intervention of third parties
• 8.12.6 Practical justice test
• 8.13 Damages for misrepresentation
• 8.14 Damages in lieu of rescission
• 8.15 Damages in tort of deceit
• 8.16 Damages for negligent misstatement
• 8.17 Damages under the Misrepresentation Act 1967
• 8.18 Damages for innocent misrepresentation
• 8.19 Indemnity
• 8.20 Mitigation
• 8.21 Contributory negligence
• 8.22 Exclusion of liability for misrepresentation
• 8.23 Summary – characteristics and remedies
• 8.24 Bringing it all together
• Taking it further
• 9 Mistake
• 9.1 The doctrine of mistake
• 9.2 Definition and components
• 9.3 Common mistake
• 9.3.1 Mistake as to the existence of the subject matter (res extincta)
• 9.4 Making connections
• 9.5 Mistake as to title (res sua)
• 9.6 Mistake as to the quality of the subject matter
• 9.7 Mistake as to quality – the position in equity
• 9.8 Mutual mistake
• 9.9 Unilateral mistake
• 9.9.1 Mistake as to identity
• 9.9.2 Face-to-face contracts
• 9.9.3 At-a-distance contracts
• 9.10 Mistake concerning the nature of the document
• 9.10.1 Document does not reflect the deal
• 9.10.2 Non est factum
• 9.11 Bringing it all together
• Taking it further
• 10 Duress and undue influence
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Duress
• 10.2.1 Pressure or threat
• 10.2.2 Illegitimate threat
• 10.2.3 Effect upon decision to enter the contract
• 10.3 Economic duress
• 10.3.1 Coercion of the will that vitiates consent
• 10.3.2 Illegitimate pressure or threat
• 10.3.3 The need to protest at the time or shortly after
• 10.4 Undue influence
• 10.4.1 The relationship
• 10.5 Class 1: actual influence
• 10.5.1 Manifest disadvantage
• 10.6 Class 2: presumed influence
• 10.6.1 Relationships of trust and confidence
• 10.6.2 Establishing influence
• 10.7 Class 2a: automatic presumption
• 10.8 Class 2b: relationships where trust and confidence have to be proven
• 10.8.1 Establishing that the influence was undue
• 10.9 Burden of proof
• 10.10 Classifying undue influence since Etridge
• 10.11 Remedies for undue influence
• 10.12 Third-party rights and undue influence
• 10.12.1 The doctrine of constructive notice
• 10.12.2 Avoiding constructive notice
• 10.13 Bringing it all together
• Taking it further
• 11 Discharge of contract (1)
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Performance
• 11.2.1 Entire performance
• 11.2.2 Doctrine of substantial performance
• 11.2.3 Part performance and divisible contracts
• 11.2.4 Acceptance of part performance
• 11.2.5 Tender of performance
• 11.3 Modification of the general rule – divisible contracts
• 11.3.1 Time of performance
• 11.4 Agreement
• 11.4.1 Bilateral discharge
• 11.4.2 Accord and satisfaction
• 11.4.3 Substitution
• 11.4.4 Variation
• 11.4.5 Waiver
• 11.5 Unilateral discharge
• 11.5.1 Deeds
• 11.5.2 Provision of further consideration
• 11.6 Breach
• 11.6.1 When is the contract discharged?
• 11.7 Anticipatory breach
• 11.7.1 Affirmation or discharge?
• 11.7.1.1 Frustration
• 11.7.1.2 Breach by the non-repudiating party
• 11.7.1.3 Consequences for party attempting to repudiate
• 11.7.2 Taking effective steps to repudiate
• 11.7.3 Affirmation of contract
• 11.8 Actual breach
• 11.8.1 Repudiatory breach
• 11.8.2 Non-repudiatory breach
• 11.9 Bringing it all together
• Taking it further
• 12 Discharge of contract (2)
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Definition and components
• 12.3 Distinguish from breach of contract
• 12.3.1 Frustrating events
• 12.3.2 Availability of a specified person
• 12.3.3 Cancellation of an event
• 12.3.4 Government or legal intervention
• 12.3.5 Delay
• 12.3.6 Contracts that have become more expensive or more difficult to perform
• 12.4 Explaining the law
• 12.5 Restrictions on frustration
• 12.5.1 Event is foreseen
• 12.5.2 Event covered by a provision in the contract
• 12.5.3 Self-induced frustration
• 12.5.4 Pandemics and frustration
• 12.6 Effects of frustration
• 12.6.1 Common law provision
• 12.7 Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943
• 12.7.1 Applying the provisions of the Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act
• 12.8 The doctrine of frustration and leases
• 12.9 Applying the law
• 12.10 Bringing it all together
• Taking it further
• 13 Remedies (1)
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.1.1 Contract or tort
• 13.2 Definition and aim of damages in contract law
• 13.3 Expectation loss
• 13.4 Reliance loss
• 13.5 Lost opportunity
• 13.6 Mental distress and disappointment
• 13.7 Contracts for entertainment and enjoyment
• 13.8 Mental distress caused by physical inconvenience and discomfort
• 13.9 The remoteness rule
• 13.10 Mitigation
• 13.11 Contributory negligence
• 13.12 Liquidated damages and penalty clauses
• 13.13 Summary
• 13.14 Bringing it all together
• 13.14.1 Remoteness rules
• 13.14.2 Mitigation and contributory negligence
• 13.14.3 Penalty clauses vs liquidated damage clauses
• Taking it further
• 14 Remedies (2)
• 14.1 Equitable remedies
• 14.2 Specific performance
• 14.3 Inadequacy of damages
• 14.4 Not possible to specifically enforce
• 14.5 Contracts for personal service
• 14.6 Contracts requiring excessive supervision
• 14.7 Volunteers (peppercorn rent, contracts made by deed)
• 14.7.1 Peppercorn rent and nominal value
• 14.7.2 Discretion in applying specific performance
• 14.8 Injunctions
• 14.8.1 Injunctions as negative stipulations of specific performance
• 14.9 The relationship between damages and equitable remedies
• 14.10 Restitution
• 14.10.1 Total failure of consideration
• 14.10.2 Deciding on the most appropriate remedy
• 14.10.3 Partial failure of consideration
• 14.10.4 Quantum meruit
• 14.11 Account of profits
• 14.11.1 Negotiation damages: the Wrotham Park principle
• 14.12 Time limits
• 14.12.1 Deeds
• 14.12.2 Mistake or fraud
• 14.12.3 Equity
• 14.12.4 Part-payment or acknowledgement
• 14.13 Bringing it all together
• Taking it further
• 15 Third parties: Privity and agency
• 15.1 Introduction
• 15.2 Privity of contract
• 15.3 Relationship to consideration
• 15.4 Reform
• 15.5 Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999
• 15.5.1 Section 1: enforceability of contracts by third parties
• 15.5.2 Section 2: variation and rescission
• 15.5.3 Section 3: defences available to promisor
• 15.6 Exceptions to the act
• 15.7 Circumventing the doctrine
• 15.7.1 Agency
• 15.7.2 Collateral contracts
• 15.8 Exceptions to the doctrine
• 15.8.1 Damages on behalf of another
• 15.8.2 Liability in tort
• 15.9 Other statutory exceptions to privity
• 15.9.1 Insurance
• 15.10 Bringing it all together
• Taking it further
• Index