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• Dedication
• Brief Contents
• Table of Contents
• Smart Figures
• Preface
• Chapter 1: An Introduction to Geology
• 1.1: Geology: The Science of Earth
• Physical and Historical Geology
• Geology, People, and the Environment
• Geo Graphics 1.1: World Population Passes 7 Billion
• 1.2: The Development of Geology
• Catastrophism
• The Birth of Modern Geology
• Geology Today
• The Magnitude of Geologic Time
• 1.3: The Nature of Scientific Inquiry
• Hypothesis
• Theory
• Scientific Methods
• Plate Tectonics and Scientific Inquiry
• 1.4: Earth as a System
• Earth’s Spheres
• Earth System Science
• The Earth System
• 1.5: Origin and Early Evolution of Earth
• Origin of Our Solar System
• Geo Graphics 1.2: Solar System: Size and Scale
• Formation of Earth’s Layered Structure
• 1.6: Earth’s Internal Structure
• Earth’s Crust
• Earth’s Mantle
• Earth’s Core
• 1.7: Rocks and the Rock Cycle
• The Basic Cycle
• Alternative Paths
• 1.8: The Face of Earth
• Major Features of the Ocean Floor
• Major Features of the Continents
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds
• 2.1: From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics
• 2.2: Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time
• Evidence: The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle
• Evidence: Fossils Matching Across the Seas
• Evidence: Rock Types and Geologic Features
• Evidence: Ancient Climates
• 2.3: The Great Debate
• Rejection of the Drift Hypothesis
• 2.4: The Theory of Plate Tectonics
• Rigid Lithosphere Overlies Weak Asthenosphere
• Earth’s Major Plates
• Plate Movement
• 2.5: Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading
• Oceanic Ridges and Seafloor Spreading
• Continental Rifting
• 2.6: Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction
• Oceanic-Continental Convergence
• Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence
• Continental-Continental Convergence
• 2.7: Transform Plate Boundaries
• 2.8: How Do Plates and Plate Boundaries Change?
• The Breakup of Pangaea
• Plate Tectonics in the Future
• 2.9: Testing the Plate Tectonics Model
• Evidence: Ocean Drilling
• Evidence: Mantle Plumes and Hot Spots
• Evidence: Paleomagnetism
• 2.10 How Is Plate Motion Measured?
• Geologic Measurement of Plate Motion
• Measuring Plate Motion from Space
• 2.11 What Drives Plate Motions?
• Forces That Drive Plate Motion
• Models of Plate-Mantle Convection
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 3: Matter and Minerals
• 3.1: Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks
• Defining a Mineral
• What Is a Rock?
• 3.2: Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals
• Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
• Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
• 3.3: Why Atoms Bond
• The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonds
• Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred
• Covalent Bonds: Electron Sharing
• Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move
• Hybrid Bonds
• 3.4: How Do Minerals Form?
• Precipitation of Mineral Matter
• Crystallization of Molten Rock
• Geo Graphics 3.1: Gold
• Deposition as a Result of Biological Processes
• 3.5: Properties of Minerals
• Optical Properties
• Crystal Shape, or Habit
• Mineral Strength
• Density and Specific Gravity
• Other Properties of Minerals
• 3.6: Mineral Structures and Compositions
• Mineral Structures
• Compositional Variations in Minerals
• Structural Variations in Minerals
• 3.7: Mineral Groups
• Classifying Minerals
• Silicate Versus Nonsilicate Minerals
• 3.8: The Silicates
• Silicate Structures
• Joining Silicate Structures
• 3.9: Common Silicate Minerals
• The Light Silicates
• The Dark Silicates
• 3.10: Important Nonsilicate Minerals
• Geo Graphics 3.2: Gemstones
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 4: Magma, Igneous Rocks, and Intrusive Activity
• 4.1: Magma: Parent Material of Igneous Rock
• The Nature of Magma
• From Magma to Crystalline Rock
• Igneous Processes
• 4.2: Igneous Compositions
• Granitic (Felsic) Versus Basaltic (Mafic) Compositions
• Other Compositional Groups
• Silica Content as an Indicator of Composition
• 4.3: Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us?
• Types of Igneous Textures
• 4.4: Naming Igneous Rocks
• Granitic (Felsic) Igneous Rocks
• Andesitic (Intermediate) Igneous Rocks
• Basaltic (Mafic) Igneous Rocks
• Pyroclastic Rocks
• Geo Graphics 4.1: Granite: An Intrusive Igneous Rock
• 4.5: Origin of Magma
• Generating Magma from Solid Rock
• 4.6: How Magmas Evolve
• Bowen’s Reaction Series and the Composition of Igneous Rocks
• Magmatic Differentiation and Crystal Settling
• Assimilation and Magma Mixing
• 4.7 Partial Melting and Magma Composition
• Formation of Basaltic Magma
• Formation of Andesitic and Granitic Magmas
• 4.8: Intrusive Igneous Activity
• Nature of Intrusive Bodies
• Tabular Intrusive Bodies: Dikes and Sills
• Massive Intrusive Bodies: Batholiths, Stocks, and Laccoliths
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 5: Volcanoes and Volcanic Hazards
• 5.1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions
• Factors Affecting Viscosity
• Quiescent Versus Explosive Eruptions
• 5.2: Materials Extruded During an Eruption
• Lava Flows
• Geo Graphics 5.1: Eruption of Mount St. Helens
• Gases
• Pyroclastic Materials
• 5.3: Anatomy of a Volcano
• 5.4: Shield Volcanoes
• Shield Volcanoes of Hawaii
• Evolution of Volcanic Islands
• 5.5: Cinder Cones
• Geo Graphics 5.2: Kilauea’s East Rift Zone Eruption
• Parícutin: Life of a Garden-Variety Cinder Cone
• 5.6: Composite Volcanoes
• 5.7: Volcanic Hazards
• Pyroclastic Flow: A Deadly Force of Nature
• Lahars: Mudflows on Active and Inactive Cones
• Other Volcanic Hazards
• 5.8: Other Volcanic Landforms
• Calderas
• Fissure Eruptions and Basalt Plateaus
• Lava Domes
• Volcanic Necks and Pipes
• 5.9: Plate Tectonics and Volcanic Activity
• Volcanism at Convergent Plate Boundaries
• Volcanism at Divergent Plate Boundaries
• Intraplate Volcanism
• 5.10: Monitoring Volcanic Activity
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 6: Weathering and Soils
• 6.1: Weathering
• 6.2: Mechanical Weathering
• Frost Wedging
• Salt Crystal Growth
• Sheeting
• Geo Graphics 6.1: Some Everyday Examples of Weathering
• Geo Graphics 6.2: The Old Man of the Mountain
• Biological Activity
• 6.3: Chemical Weathering
• Dissolution
• Oxidation
• Hydrolysis
• Spheroidal Weathering
• 6.4: Rates of Weathering
• Rock Characteristics
• Climate
• Differential Weathering
• 6.5: Soil
• An Interface in the Earth System
• What Is Soil?
• Soil Texture and Structure
• 6.6: Controls of Soil Formation
• Parent Material
• Climate
• Plants and Animals
• Time
• Topography
• 6.7: Describing and Classifying Soils
• The Soil Profile
• Classifying Soils
• 6.8: The Impact of Human Activities on Soil
• Clearing the Tropical Rain Forest: A Case Study of Human Impact on Soil
• Soil Erosion: Losing a Vital Resource
• Geo Graphics 6.3: The 1930s Dust Bowl: An Environmental Disaster
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 7: Sedimentary Rocks
• 7.1: An Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks
• Importance
• Origins
• 7.2: Detrital Sedimentary Rocks
• Shale
• Sandstone
• Conglomerate and Breccia
• 7.3: Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
• Limestone
• Geo Graphics 7.1: Limestone: An Important and Versatile Commodity
• Dolostone
• Chert
• Evaporites
• 7.4: Coal: An Organic Sedimentary Rock
• 7.5: Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock: Diagenesis and Lithification
• Diagenesis
• Lithification
• 7.6: Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
• 7.7: Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past Environments
• Types of Sedimentary Environments
• Sedimentary Facies
• Sedimentary Structures
• 7.8: The Carbon Cycle and Sedimentary Rocks
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 8: Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks
• 8.1: What Is Metamorphism?
• 8.2: What Drives Metamorphism?
• Heat as a Metamorphic Agent
• Confining Pressure
• Differential Stress
• Chemically Active Fluids
• The Importance of Parent Rock
• 8.3: Metamorphic Textures
• Foliation
• Foliated Textures
• Other Metamorphic Textures
• 8.4: Common Metamorphic Rocks
• Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
• Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks
• 8.5: Metamorphic Environments
• Geo Graphics 8.1: Marble
• Contact, or Thermal, Metamorphism
• Hydrothermal Metamorphism
• Burial and Subduction Zone Metamorphism
• Regional Metamorphism
• Other Metamorphic Environments
• Geo Graphics 8.2: Impact Metamorphism
• 8.6: Metamorphic Zones
• Textural Variations
• Index Minerals and Metamorphic Grade
• 8.7: Interpreting Metamorphic Environments
• Common Metamorphic Facies
• Metamorphic Facies and Plate Tectonics
• Mineral Stability and Metamorphic Environments
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 9: Geologic Time
• 9.1: Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles
• The Importance of a Time Scale
• Numerical and Relative Dates
• Principle of Superposition
• Principle of Original Horizontality
• Principle of Lateral Continuity
• Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
• Principle of Inclusions
• Unconformities
• Applying Relative Dating Principles
• Geo Graphics 9.1: Dating the Lunar Surface
• 9.2: Fossils: Evidence of Past Life
• Types of Fossils
• Conditions Favoring Preservation
• Geo Graphics 9.2: How is paleontology different from archaeology?
• 9.3: Correlation of Rock Layers
• Correlation Within Limited Areas
• Fossils and Correlation
• 9.4: Numerical Dating with Radioactivity
• Reviewing Basic Atomic Structure
• Radioactivity
• Radiometric Dating
• Using Radioactive Isotopes
• Dating with Carbon-14
• 9.5: The Geologic Time Scale
• Structure of the Time Scale
• Precambrian Time
• Terminology and the Geologic Time Scale
• 9.6: Determining Numerical Dates for Sedimentary Strata
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 10: Crustal Deformation
• 10.1: What Causes Rock to Deform?
• Stress: The Force That Deforms Rocks
• Strain: A Change in Shape Caused by Stress
• 10.2: How Do Rocks Deform?
• Types of Deformation
• Factors That Affect Rock Strength
• Ductile Versus Brittle Deformation and the Resulting Rock Structures
• 10.3: Folds: Rock Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation
• Anticlines and Synclines
• Domes and Basins
• Monoclines
• 10.4: Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation
• Dip-Slip Faults
• Strike-Slip Faults
• Oblique-Slip Faults
• What Do Faults Have in Common?
• Geo Graphics 10.1: The San Andreas Fault System
• Joints
• 10.5: Mapping Geologic Structures
• Strike and Dip
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 11: Earthquakes and Earthquake Hazards
• 11.1: What Is an Earthquake?
• Discovering the Causes of Earthquakes
• Aftershocks and Foreshocks
• 11.2: Faults and Earthquakes
• Normal Faults and Divergent Plate Boundaries
• Thrust Faults and Convergent Plate Boundaries
• Strike-slip Faults and Transform Plate Boundaries
• Fault Rupture and Propagation
• 11.3: Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves
• Instruments That Record Earthquakes
• Seismic Waves
• 11.4: Locating the Source of an Earthquake
• 11.5: Determining the Size of an Earthquake
• Intensity Scales
• Magnitude Scales
• 11.6: Earthquake Destruction
• Destruction from Seismic Vibrations
• Landslides and Ground Subsidence
• Fire
• What Is a Tsunami?
• 11.7: Where Do Most Earthquakes Occur?
• Earthquakes Associated with Plate Boundaries
• Damaging Earthquakes East of the Rockies
• 11.8: Can Earthquakes Be Predicted?
• Short-Range Predictions
• Geo Graphics 11.1: Seismic Risks on the San Andreas Fault System
• Long-Range Forecasts
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 12: Earth’s Interior
• 12.1: Earth’s Internal Structure
• Gravity and Earth’s Layers
• How Does Gravity Affect Density?
• 12.2: Probing Earth’s Interior
• “Seeing” Seismic Waves
• Seismic Velocities
• Interactions Between Seismic Waves and Earth’s Layers
• 12.3: Earth’s Layers
• Crust
• Geo Graphics 12.1: Recreating the Deep Earth
• Mantle
• Core
• 12.4: Earth’s Temperature
• Heat Flow
• Earth’s Temperature Profile
• 12.5: Earth’s Three-Dimensional Structure
• Earth’s Gravity
• Seismic Tomography
• Earth’s Magnetic Field
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 13: Origin and Evolution of the Ocean Floor
• 13.1: An Emerging Picture of the Ocean Floor
• Mapping the Seafloor
• Provinces of the Ocean Floor
• 13.2: Continental Margins
• Passive Continental Margins
• Active Continental Margins
• 13.3: Features of Deep-Ocean Basins
• Deep-Ocean Trenches
• Abyssal Plains
• Volcanic Structures on the Ocean Floor
• Geo Graphics 13.1: Explaining Coral Atolls: Darwin’s Hypothesis
• 13.4: Anatomy of the Oceanic Ridge
• 13.5: Oceanic Ridges and Seafloor Spreading
• Seafloor Spreading
• Why Are Oceanic Ridges Elevated?
• Spreading Rates and Ridge Topography
• 13.6: The Nature of Oceanic Crust
• How Does Oceanic Crust Form?
• Interactions Between Seawater and Oceanic Crust
• 13.7: Continental Rifting: The Birth of a New Ocean Basin
• Evolution of an Ocean Basin
• Geo Graphics 13.2: Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents
• Mechanisms for Continental Rifting
• 13.8: Destruction of Oceanic Lithosphere
• Why Oceanic Lithosphere Subducts
• Subducting Plates: The Demise of Ocean Basins
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 14: Mountain Building
• 14.1: Mountain Building
• 14.2: Subduction Zones
• Features of Subduction Zones
• Extension and Back-Arc Spreading
• 14.3: Subduction and Mountain Building
• Island Arc-Type Mountain Building
• Andean-Type Mountain Building
• Sierra Nevada, Coast Ranges, and Great Valley
• 14.4: Collisional Mountain Belts
• Cordilleran-Type Mountain Building
• Alpine-Type Mountain Building: Continental Collisions
• The Himalayas
• The Appalachians
• 14.5: Fault-Block Mountains
• The Basin and Range Province
• 14.6: What Causes Earth’s Varied Topography?
• The Principle of Isostasy
• How Is Isostasy Related to Changes in Elevation?
• Geo Graphics 14.1: The Laramide Rockies
• How High Is Too High?
• Mantle Convection: A Cause of Vertical Crustal Movement
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 15: Mass Wasting: The Work of Gravity
• 15.1: The Importance of Mass Wasting
• Landslides as Geologic Hazards
• The Role of Mass Wasting in Landform Development
• Slopes Change Through Time
• Geo Graphics 15.1: Landslides as Natural Disasters
• 15.2: Controls and Triggers of Mass Wasting
• The Role of Water
• Oversteepened Slopes
• Removal of Vegetation
• Earthquakes as Triggers
• Landslides Without Triggers?
• 15.3: Classification of Mass-Wasting Processes
• Type of Material
• Type of Motion
• Geo Graphics 15.2: Landslide Risks: United States and Worldwide
• Rate of Movement
• 15.4: Rapid Forms of Mass Wasting
• Slump
• Rockslide
• Debris Flow
• Earthflow
• 15.5: Slow Movements
• Creep
• Solifluction
• The Sensitive Permafrost Landscape
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 16: Running Water
• 16.1: Earth as a System: The Hydrologic Cycle
• 16.2: Running Water
• Drainage Basins
• River Systems
• Drainage Patterns
• 16.3: Streamflow Characteristics
• Factors Affecting Flow Velocity
• Geo Graphics 16.1: What Are the Largest Rivers?
• Changes Downstream
• 16.4: The Work of Running Water
• Stream Erosion
• Transport of Sediment by Streams
• Deposition of Sediment by Streams
• 16.5: Stream Channels
• Bedrock Channels
• Alluvial Channels
• 16.6: Shaping Stream Valleys
• Base Level and Graded Streams
• Valley Deepening
• Valley Widening
• Incised Meanders and Stream Terraces
• 16.7: Depositional Landforms
• Deltas
• The Mississippi River Delta
• Natural Levees
• Alluvial Fans
• 16.8: Floods and Flood Control
• Types of Floods
• Geo Graphics 16.2: Flash Floods
• Flood Recurrence Intervals
• Flood Control
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 17: Groundwater
• 17.1: The Importance of Groundwater
• Groundwater and the Hydrosphere
• Geologic Importance of Groundwater
• Groundwater: A Basic Resource
• 17.2: Groundwater and the Water Table
• Distribution of Groundwater
• Variations in the Water Table
• 17.3: Factors Influencing the Storage and Movement of Groundwater
• Porosity
• Permeability, Aquitards, and Aquifers
• 17.4: How Groundwater Moves
• A Simple Groundwater Flow System
• Measuring Groundwater Movement
• Different Scales of Movement
• 17.5: Wells and Artesian Systems
• Wells
• Artesian Systems
• 17.6: Springs, Hot Springs, and Geysers
• Springs
• Hot Springs
• Geysers
• 17.7: Environmental Problems
• Mining Groundwater
• Subsidence
• Geo Graphics 17.1: Drought Impacts the Hydrologic System
• Saltwater Intrusion
• Groundwater Contamination
• 17.8: The Geologic Work of Groundwater
• Caverns
• Karst Topography
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 18: Glaciers and Glaciation
• 18.1: Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles
• Valley (Alpine) Glaciers
• Ice Sheets
• Other Types of Glaciers
• Geo Graphics 18.1: Antarctica Fact File
• 18.2: Formation and Movement of Glacial Ice
• Glacial Ice Formation
• How Glaciers Move
• Observing and Measuring Movement
• Budget of a Glacier: Accumulation Versus Wastage
• 18.3: Glacial Erosion
• How Glaciers Erode
• Landforms Created by Glacial Erosion
• 18.4: Glacial Deposits
• Glacial Drift
• Landforms Made of Till
• Landforms Made of Stratified Drift
• 18.5: Other Effects of Ice Age Glaciers
• Crustal Subsidence and Rebound
• Sea-Level Changes
• Changes to Rivers and Valleys
• Ice Dams Create Proglacial Lakes
• Pluvial Lakes
• 18.6: The Ice Age
• Historical Development of the Glacial Theory
• Causes of Ice Ages
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 19: Deserts and Wind
• 19.1: Distribution and Causes of Dry Lands
• What Is Meant by Dry
• Subtropical Deserts and Steppes
• Middle-Latitude Deserts and Steppes
• 19.2: Geologic Processes in Arid Climates
• Dry-Region Weathering
• The Role of Water
• 19.3: Basin and Range: The Evolution of a Desert Landscape
• Geo Graphics 19.1: Common Misconceptions About Deserts
• 19.4: Transportation of Sediment by Wind
• Bed Load
• Suspended Load
• 19.5: Wind Erosion
• Deflation and Blowouts
• Desert Pavement
• Ventifacts and Yardangs
• 19.6: Wind Deposits
• Sand Deposits
• Types of Sand Dunes
• Loess (Silt) Deposits
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 20: Shorelines
• 20.1: The Shoreline: A Dynamic Interface
• The Coastal Zone
• Basic Features of the Coastal Zone
• 20.2: Ocean Waves
• Wave Characteristics
• Circular Orbital Motion
• Waves in the Surf Zone
• 20.3: Shoreline Processes
• Wave Erosion
• Sand Movement on the Beach
• 20.4: Shoreline Features
• Erosional Features
• Depositional Features
• The Evolving Shore
• 20.5: Contrasting America’s Coasts
• Coastal Classification
• Atlantic and Gulf Coasts
• Pacific Coast
• Geo Graphics 20.1: A Brief Tour of America’s Coasts
• 20.6: Hurricanes: The Ultimate Coastal Hazard
• Profile of a Hurricane
• Hurricane Destruction
• Detecting and Tracking Hurricanes
• 20.7: Stabilizing the Shore
• Hard Stabilization
• Alternatives to Hard Stabilization
• 20.8: Tides
• Causes of Tides
• Monthly Tidal Cycle
• Tidal Patterns
• Tidal Currents
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 21: Global Climate Change
• 21.1: Climate and Geology
• The Climate System
• Climate-Geology Connections
• 21.2: Detecting Climate Change
• Climates Change
• Proxy Data
• Seafloor Sediment: A Storehouse of Climate Data
• Oxygen Isotope Analysis
• Climate Change Recorded in Glacial Ice
• Tree Rings: Archives of Environmental History
• Other Types of Proxy Data
• 21.3: Some Atmospheric Basics
• Composition of the Atmosphere
• Extent and Structure of the Atmosphere
• 21.4: Heating the Atmosphere
• Energy from the Sun
• The Paths of Incoming Solar Energy
• Heating the Atmosphere: The Greenhouse Effect
• 21.5: Natural Causes of Climate Change
• Plate Movements and Orbital Variations
• Volcanic Activity and Climate Change
• Solar Variability and Climate
• 21.6: Human Impact on Global Climate
• Rising CO2 Levels
• The Atmosphere’s Response
• The Role of Trace Gases
• How Aerosols Influence Climate
• 21.7: Climate-Feedback Mechanisms
• Types of Feedback Mechanisms
• Computer Models of Climate: Important yet Imperfect Tools
• 21.8: Some Consequences of Global Warming
• Sea-Level Rise
• The Changing Arctic
• Increasing Ocean Acidity
• The Potential for “Surprises”
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 22: Earth’s Evolution Through Geologic Time
• 22.1: Is Earth Unique?
• The Right Planet
• The Right Location
• The Right Time
• Viewing Earth’s History
• 22.2: Birth of a Planet
• From the Big Bang to Heavy Elements
• From Planetesimals to Protoplanets
• Earth’s Early Evolution
• 22.3: Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans
• Earth’s Primitive Atmosphere
• Oxygen in the Atmosphere
• Evolution of the Oceans
• 22.4: Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth’s Continents
• Earth’s First Continents
• The Making of North America
• Supercontinents of the Precambrian
• 22.5: Geologic History of the Phanerozoic: The Formation of Earth’s Modern Continents
• Paleozoic History
• Mesozoic History
• Cenozoic History
• 22.6: Earth’s First Life
• Origin of Life
• Earth’s First Life: Prokaryotes
• 22.7: Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes
• Early Paleozoic Life-Forms
• Vertebrates Move to Land
• Reptiles: The First True Terrestrial Vertebrates
• The Great Permian Extinction
• 22.8: Mesozoic Era: Age of the Dinosaurs
• Gymnosperms: The Dominant Mesozoic Trees
• Reptiles Take Over the Land, Sea, and Sky
• Demise of the Dinosaurs
• 22.9: Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals
• From Reptiles to Mammals
• Marsupial and Placental Mammals
• Humans: Mammals with Large Brains and Bipedal Locomotion
• Large Mammals and Extinction
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 23: Energy and Mineral Resources
• 23.1: Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
• 23.2: Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels
• Coal
• Geo Graphics 23.1: Coal: A Major Energy Source
• Oil and Natural Gas
• 23.3: Nuclear Energy
• Uranium
• Concerns Regarding Nuclear Development
• 23.4: Renewable Energy
• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Hydroelectric Power
• Geothermal Energy
• Biomass: Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals
• Tidal Power
• 23.5: Mineral Resources
• 23.6: Igneous and Metamorphic Processes
• Magmatic Differentiation and Ore Deposits
• Hydrothermal Deposits
• Origin of Diamonds
• Metamorphic Processes
• 23.7: Mineral Resources Related to Surface Processes
• Weathering and Ore Deposits
• Placer Deposits
• 23.8: Nonmetallic Mineral Resources
• Building Materials
• Industrial Minerals
• Concepts in Review
• Chapter 24: Touring Our Solar System
• 24.1: Our Solar System: An Overview
• Nebular Theory: Formation of the Solar System
• The Planets: Internal Structures and Atmospheres
• Planetary Impacts
• 24.2: Earth’s Moon: A Chip off the Old Block
• How Did the Moon Form?
• 24.3: Terrestrial Planets
• Mercury: The Innermost Planet
• Venus: The Veiled Planet
• Mars: The Red Planet
• Geo Graphics 24.1: Mars Exploration
• 24.4: Jovian Planets
• Jupiter: Lord of the Heavens
• Saturn: The Elegant Planet
• Uranus and Neptune: Twins
• 24.5: Small Solar System Bodies
• Asteroids: Leftover Planetesimals
• Geo Graphics 24.2: Is Earth on a Collision Course?
• Comets: Dirty Snowballs
• Meteoroids: Visitors to Earth
• Dwarf Planets
• Concepts in Review
• Appendix A: Metric and English Units Compared
• Glossary
• Index