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• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• Part I: Materials, Processes, and Principles
• CHAPTER 1 Earth as a System
• Exploring the Earth System
• The Principle of Actualism
• The Nature and Origin of Rocks
• Global Dating of the Rock Record
• Imaging Earth Below
• Plate Tectonics
• The Water Cycle
• Directional Change in Earth’s History
• Episodic Change in Earth’s History
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 2 Rock-Forming Minerals and Rocks
• The Structure of Minerals
• The Properties of Minerals
• Types of Rocks
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 3 The Diversity of Life
• Fossils and Chemical Remains of Ancient Life
• Taxonomic Groups
• Identifying Clades and Their Relationships
• Archaea and Bacteria: The Two Domains of Prokaryotes
• The Protists: A Paraphyletic Group of Eukaryotes
• Green Algae and Land Plants
• Opisthokonts: Fungi and Animals
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 4 Environments and Life
• Principles of Ecology
• The Atmosphere
• The Terrestrial Realm
• The Marine Realm
• Freshwater Environments
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 5 Sedimentary Environments
• Nonmarine Environments
• Marginal Marine and Open-Shelf Environments
• Deep-Sea Environments
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 6 Correlation and Dating of the Rock Record
• The Geologic Time Scale
• Stratigraphic Units
• Earth’s Absolute Age
• Event Stratigraphy
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 7 Evolution and the Fossil Record
• Adaptations
• Charles Darwin’s Contribution
• Genes, DNA, and Chromosomes
• Regulatory Genes and Patterns of Development
• Populations, Species, and Speciation
• Rates of Origination
• The Molecular Clock and Times of Origination
• Evolutionary Convergence
• Extinction
• Evolutionary Trends
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 8 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
• The History of Continental Drift Theory
• The Rise of Plate Tectonics
• Faulting and Volcanism along Plate Boundaries
• Plate Movements
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 9 Continental Tectonics and Mountain Chains
• The Rifting of Continents
• Bending and Flowing of Rocks
• Mountain Building
• Tectonics of Continental Interiors
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 10 Major Geochemical Cycles
• Chemical Reservoirs
• Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Biological Processes
• Oxygen Isotopes, Climate, and the Water Cycle
• Use of Carbon Isotopes to Study Global Chemical Cycles
• Phanerozoic Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
• Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Excursions
• Ocean Chemistry and Skeletal Mineralogy
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• Part II: The Story of Earth
• CHAPTER 11 The Hadean and Archean Eons of Precambrian Time
• The Ages of the Planets and the Universe
• The Origin of the Solar System
• The Hadean Eon
• The Origin of Continental Crust
• The Archean Eon
• Greenstone Belts
• Earth System Shift 11-1 Large Cratons Appear near the End of Archean Time
• Evidence of Archean Life
• Chemical Evidence Bearing on the Origin of Life
• Atmospheric Oxygen
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 12 The Proterozoic Eon of Precambrian Time
• A Modern Style of Orogeny
• Global Events of the Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic
• The Beginnings of Animal Life
• Earth System Shift 12-1 The Great Oxidation Event
• Earth System Shift 12-2 Was There a Snowball Earth?
• The Expansion and Contraction of Continents
• The Assembly of North America
• The Assembly and Breakup of Neoproterozoic Supercontinents
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 13 The Early Paleozoic World
• The Cambrian Explosion of Life
• Earth System Shift 13-1 Skeletons Evolve in Many Animal Groups as Predators Diversify
• Ordovician Life
• Paleogeography of the Cambrian World
• Episodic Mass Extinctions of Cambrian Trilobites
• Ordovician Paleogeography, Climatic Change, and Mass Extinction
• Earth System Shift 13-2 Climatic Cooling Results in Glaciation and Mass Extinction
• Regional Events of Early Paleozoic Time
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 14 The Middle Paleozoic World
• Renewed Diversification of Life
• Earth System Shift 14-1 Plants Alter Landscapes and Open the Way for Vertebrates to Conquer the Land
• The Paleogeography of the Middle Paleozoic World
• Glaciation and a Mass Extinction
• Regional Events of Middle Paleozoic Time
• Earth System Shift 14-2 The Expansion of Plants over Land Causes Global Climatic Change, Glaciation,
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 15 The Late Paleozoic World
• Late Paleozoic Life
• Earth System Shift 15-1 Weakened Greenhouse Warming Results in a Great Ice Age
• Paleogeography of the Late Paleozoic World
• Earth System Shift 15-2 The Most Destructive of All Mass Extinctions Ends the Paleozoic Era
• Regional Events of Late Paleozoic Time
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 16 The Early Mesozoic Era
• Life in the Oceans: A New Biota
• Life on Land
• Earth System Shift 16-1 The Rise of the Dinosaurs: Why Were They So Successful?
• Earth System Shift 16-2 Volcanism and Mass Extinction
• The Paleogeography of the Early Mesozoic Era
• Tectonic Events in North America
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 17 The Cretaceous World
• Cretaceous Life
• Paleogeography of the Cretaceous World
• The Terminal Cretaceous Extinction
• North America in the Cretaceous World
• Earth System Shift 17-1 Death from Outer Space
• The Chalk Seas of Europe
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 18 The Paleogene World
• Life of the Paleogene
• Paleogene Climates
• Regional Events of Paleogene Time
• Earth System Shift 18-1 Global Cooling and Drying Begins
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 19 The Late Cenozoic World Before the Holocene
• Life of the Neogene Period
• The Modern Ice Age of the Northern Hemisphere
• Earth System Shift 19-1 Shockingly Rapid Climatic Shifts Occur during the Ice Age
• Regional Events of Neogene Time
• Human Evolution
• Earth System Shift 19-2 The Human Genus Arises at a Time of Sudden Climatic Change
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• CHAPTER 20 The Retreat of Glaciers and the Holocene
• The Retreat of Glaciers
• Abrupt Global Events of the Latest Pleistocene and Early Holocene
• The Younger Dryas
• Earth System Shift 20-1 Evidence That a Comet Struck Earth, Causing the Younger Dryas Event, the Ext
• The First Americans
• A Sudden Extinction of Large Mammals
• Climatic Fluctuations of the Last 10,000 Years
• Sea Level Changes
• The Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries: The Impact of Humans
• Chapter Summary
• Review Questions
• Appendix: Stratigraphic Stages
• Glossary
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• Index
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