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• Electronics
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Preface
• 1 Origin of Electronics
• 1.1 What Is Electronics
• 1.2 Evolution of Electronics
• 1.2.1 Revisiting the History
• 1.2.2 Trends of Development
• 1.3 Widespread Applications
• 1.4 Electrons, Electricity and Electronics
• 1.4.1 Electric Current
• 1.4.2 Drift Velocity, Mobility and Conductivity
• 1.4.3 Electron Emission from Metal
• 1.5 Circuits and Sources
• 1.5.1 Types of Circuits
• 1.5.2 Voltage and Current Sources
• 1.6 Active and Passive Device
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Numerical Problems
• Exercise
• 2 Semiconductor Fundamentals
• 2.1 Crystalline Solids
• 2.1.1 Lattice, Basis and Unit Cell
• 2.1.2 Bravais Lattice and Miller Indices
• 2.2. Energy Band
• 2.3 Semiconductors
• 2.3.1 Electron and Hole
• 2.3.2 Intrinsic Semiconductor
• 2.3.3 Doping and Extrinsic Semiconductor
• 2.3.4 Doping in Compound Semiconductor
• 2.4 Direct and Indirect Band Gap
• 2.5 Effective Mass
• 2.6 Fermi Level, Energy Band and Semiconductors
• 2.6.1 Energy Band of n-type Semiconductors
• 2.6.2 Energy Band of p-type Semiconductors
• 2.7 Equilibrium Carrier Concentrations
• 2.8. Drift and Diffusion of Carriers
• 2.8.1 Drift Current Density
• 2.8.2 Diffusion Current Density
• 2.8.3 Semiconductor Current Density
• 2.8.4 Einstein Relation
• 2.8.5 Continuity Equation
• 2.9 Hall Effect
• 2.10 Resistivity and Four-Probe Technique
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Numerical Problems
• Exercise
• Project Work on Chapter 2
• 3 p–n Junction Diodes
• 3.1 Fabrication of p–n Junction
• 3.2 Barrier Formation in p–n Junction
• 3.2.1 Built-in Potential
• 3.2.2 Fermi Level in p–n Junction
• 3.2.3 Energy Band Diagram of p–n Junction
• 3.3 Forward and Reverse Bias
• 3.3.1 Unbiased Diode
• 3.3.2 Forward Biased Diode
• 3.3.3 Reverse Biased Diode
• 3.4 Diode Current–voltage Characteristics
• 3.4.1 Static and Dynamic Resistance
• 3.4.2 Cut-in Voltage
• 3.5 Junction Capacitances
• 3.5.1 Depletion Capacitance
• 3.5.2 Diffusion Capacitance
• 3.6 Zener Diode
• 3.6.1 Zener Breakdown
• 3.6.2 Avalanche Breakdown
• 3.6.3 Zener Diode Characteristics
• 3.6.4 Zener Voltage Regulator
• 3.7 Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
• 3.8 Photodiode and Solar Cell
• 3.9 Metal–Semiconductor Contacts
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Numerical Problems
• Exercise
• Project Work on Chapter 3
• 4 Diode Applications
• 4.1 Piecewise Linear Model
• 4.2 Load Line and Q-Point
• 4.3 Rectifiers
• 4.3.1 Half-Wave Rectifier
• 4.3.2 Full-Wave Rectifier
• 4.3.3 Bridge Rectifier
• 4.4 Filters
• 4.4.1 Capacitor Filter
• 4.4.2 Inductor Filter
• 4.5 Clippers
• 4.5.1 Shunt Clipper
• 4.5.2 Series Clipper
• 4.6 Clamper
• 4.7 Voltage Multiplier
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Numerical Problems
• Exercise
• Project Work on Chapter 4
• 5 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
• 5.1 Transistors: n–p–n and p–n–p
• 5.2 Transistor Operating Principle
• 5.3 Common-Emitter Configuration
• 5.3.1 Current Amplification in Transistor
• 5.3.2 Transistor Current Components
• 5.3.3 Common-Emitter Output Characteristics
• 5.3.4 Early Effect
• 5.3.5 CE Input Characteristics
• 5.3.6 CE Transfer Characteristics
• 5.4 Common-Base Characteristics
• 5.5 Common-Collector Configuration
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Numerical Problems
• Exercise
• Project Work on Chapter 5
• 6 Transistor Biasing and Amplification
• 6.1 Load Line and Q-Point
• 6.2 Transistor Biasing and Stability
• 6.3 Base Bias
• 6.4 Emitter–Feedback Bias
• 6.5 Collector–Feedback Bias
• 6.6 Voltage-Divider Bias
• 6.7 Load: DC and AC
• 6.8 BJT Small Signal Voltage Amplifiers
• 6.8.1 Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier
• 6.8.2 Common-Collector (CC) Amplifier
• 6.8.3 Common-Base (CB) Amplifier
• Multiple Choice-type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Numerical Problems
• Exercise
• Project Work on Chapter 6
• 7 Network Theorems and Transistor
• 7.1 Thevenin’s Theorem
• 7.2 Norton’s Theorem
• 7.3 Other Useful Theorems
• 7.3.1 Superposition Theorem
• 7.3.2 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
• 7.4 Two-Port Model and Hybrid Parameters
• 7.4.1 Transistor as Two-port Network
• 7.4.2 Significance of h Parameters
• 7.5 Transistor Amplifier with h Parameters
• 7.6 Simplified Hybrid Model
• 7.7 re-Model and h-Model
• 7.8 Transistor: Thevenin and Norton Equivalents
• 7.9 Frequency Dependence of Gain
• 7.10 Hybrid-Π Model
• 7.11 Transistor Gain at High Frequency
• 7.12 Gain and Decibel
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Numerical Problems
• Exercise
• Project Work on Chapter 7
• 8 Transistor Power and Multistage Amplifiers
• 8.1 Need for Power Amplification
• 8.2 Conditions for Power Amplification
• 8.3 Distortions due to Nonlinearity
• 8.3.1 Amplitude Distortion
• 8.3.2 Harmonic Distortion
• 8.3.3 Intermodulation Distortion
• 8.4 Amplifier Classes
• 8.5 Class A Amplifier
• 8.5.1 Bias for Voltage Amplifier
• 8.5.2 Resistive Load Power Amplifier
• 8.5.3 Transformer Coupled Amplifier
• 8.6 Class B Amplifier
• 8.7 Push–Pull Amplifier
• 8.7.1 Class A Push–Pull Amplifier
• 8.7.2 Class B Push–Pull Amplifier
• 8.7.3 Crossover Distortion
• 8.7.4 Class AB Amplifier
• 8.7.5 Complementary Symmetry Amplifier
• 8.8 Class C Amplifier
• 8.9 Multistage Amplifiers
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Numerical Problems
• Exercise
• 9 Field-Effect Transistor (FET)
• 9.1 ‘Field-Effect’ and ‘Transistor’
• 9.2 Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET)
• 9.2.1 JFET Current–Voltage Characteristics
• 9.2.2 JFET Transfer Characteristics
• 9.3 FET Parameters
• 9.4 FET versus BJT
• 9.5 MOSFET
• 9.5.1 n-Channel Depletion-Type MOSFET
• 9.5.2 n-Channel Enhancement-Type MOSFET
• 9.6 FET Model
• 9.7 FET Biasing
• 9.7.1 Self-Bias
• 9.7.2 Drain-Feedback Bias
• 9.7.3 Gate Bias
• 9.7.4 Voltage-Divider Bias
• 9.8 FET Amplifiers
• 9.8.1 Common-Source (CS) Amplifier
• 9.8.2 Common-Drain (CD) Amplifier
• 9.8.3 Common-Gate (CG) Amplifier
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Numerical Problems
• Exercise
• Project Work on Chapter 9
• 10 Feedback Amplifiers and Oscillators
• 10.1 Concept of Feedback
• 10.2 Types of Feedback
• 10.2.1 Voltage–series Feedback
• 10.2.2 Voltage–shunt Feedback
• 10.2.3 Current–series Feedback
• 10.2.4 Current–shunt Feedback
• 10.3 Advantages of Negative Feedback
• 10.3.1 Stability Improvement
• 10.3.2 Impedance Improvement
• 10.3.3 Bandwidth Enhancement
• 10.3.4 Noise Reduction
• 10.3.5 Reduction of Nonlinear Distortion
• 10.4 Oscillators
• 10.4.1 Positive Feedback and Oscillation
• 10.4.2 Resonant Circuit Oscillators
• 10.4.3 Colpitts Oscillator
• 10.4.4 Hartley Oscillator
• 10.4.5 Wien Bridge Oscillator
• 10.4.6 Phase-Shift Oscillator
• 10.4.7 Crystal Oscillator
• 10.5 Multivibrators
• 10.5.1 Astable Multivibrator
• 10.5.2 Monostable Multivibrator
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Numerical Problems
• Exercise
• Project Work on Chapter 10
• 11 Operational Amplifier
• 11.1 A Review on Amplifiers
• 11.2 Features of Op-Amp
• 11.3 Differential Amplifier
• 11.4 Common Mode Rejection Ratio
• 11.5 Diff-Amp to Op-Amp
• 11.6 Offset Parameters
• 11.7 Slew Rate
• 11.8 Linear Op-Amp Circuits
• 11.8.1 Inverting Amplifier
• 11.8.2 Noninverting Amplifier
• 11.8.3 Virtual Short and Virtual Ground
• 11.8.4 Voltage Follower
• 11.8.5 Op-Amp Adder (Inverting)
• 11.8.6 Op-Amp Adder (Noninverting)
• 11.8.7 Differential Amplifier
• 11.8.8 Instrumentation Amplifier
• 11.8.9 Passive and Active Filters
• 11.8.10 Active Low-Pass Filter
• 11.8.11 Active High-Pass Filter
• 11.8.12 Active Band-Pass and Band-Stop Filters
• 11.9 Nonlinear Op-Amp Circuits
• 11.9.1 Integrator
• 11.9.2 Differentiator
• 11.9.3 Comparator
• 11.9.4 Schmitt Trigger
• 11.9.5 Logarithmic Amplifier
• 11.9.6 Solving Algebraic Equation
• 11.9.7 Solving Differential Equation
• 11.9.8 Precision Rectifier
• 11.10 Op-Amp Waveform Generators
• 11.10.1 Square Wave Generator
• 11.10.2 Triangular Wave Generator
• 11.10.3 Sine Wave Generator
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Numerical Problems
• Exercise
• Projects on Chapter 11
• 12 IC Technology and Instrumentation
• 12.1 Integrated Circuit (IC)
• 12.2 IC Classification
• 12.3 IC Fabrication
• 12.4 IC Components: Active and Passive
• 12.5 Regulated Power Supply
• 12.6 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
• 12.6.1 Construction of CRO
• 12.6.2 Working Principle
• 12.6.3 Electrostatic Focusing
• 12.6.4 Electrostatic Deflection
• 12.6.5 Waveform Display
• 12.6.6 Applications of CRO
• 12.7 Digital Storage Oscilloscope
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Numerical/Analytic Problems
• Exercise
• 13 Digital Principles and Boolean Algebra
• 13.1 The Digital System
• 13.1.1 Analog and Digital
• 13.1.2 Pros and Cons of Digital System
• 13.2 Number Systems and Conversions
• 13.2.1 Binary Numbers
• 13.2.2 Binary to Decimal Conversion
• 13.2.3 Decimal to Binary Conversion
• 13.2.4 Octal Numbers
• 13.2.5 Hexadecimal Numbers
• 13.3 Digital Codes
• 13.4 Binary Arithmetic
• 13.4.1 1’s Complement and 2’s Complement
• 13.4.2 Radix Complements
• 13.4.3 Signed Binary Numbers
• 13.5 Boolean Algebra
• 13.5.1 OR Operation
• 13.5.2 AND Operation
• 13.5.3 NOT Operation
• 13.5.4 De Morgan’s Theorems
• 13.6 Boolean Simplification
• 13.7 Sum-of-Products and Product-of-Sums
• 13.7.1 Sum-of-Products (SOP)
• 13.7.2 Product-of-Sums (POS)
• 13.8 Karnaugh Map
• 13.8.1 Don’t Care Conditions
• 13.8.2 Simplification is not Unique
• 13.8.3 SOP and POS are Equivalent
• 14 Combinational Logic Circuits
• 14.1 Boolean Algebra and Digital Electronics
• 14.1.1 Combinational and Sequential Logic
• 14.1.2 Positive and Negative Logic
• 14.2 Logic Gates
• 14.2.1 OR Gate
• 14.2.2 AND Gate
• 14.2.3 NOT Gate
• 14.2.4 NOR Gate (Universal Gate)
• 14.2.5 NAND Gate (Universal Gate)
• 14.2.6 Bubbled Gates
• 14.2.7 Exclusive-OR (XOR) Gate
• 14.2.8 Timing Diagram
• 14.3 Logic Families
• 14.3.1 Transistor–Transistor Logic (TTL)
• 14.3.2 MOS Logic
• 14.4 Arithmetic and Logic Circuits
• 14.4.1 Half Adder
• 14.4.2 Full Adder
• 14.4.3 Half and Full Subtractors
• 14.4.4 Adder–Subtractor
• 14.4.5 Digital Comparators
• 14.5 Data Processing Circuits
• 14.5.1 Multiplexer
• 14.5.2 Demultiplexer
• 14.5.3 Decoders
• 14.5.4 Seven-Segment Display
• 14.5.5 Encoders
• 14.5.6 Parity Checker and Generator
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Logical Problems
• Exercise
• Project Work on Chapter 14
• 15 Sequential Logic Circuits
• 15.1 Clock and Timer
• 15.1.1 Clock Parameters
• 15.1.2 Working Principles of IC 555
• 15.1.3 Astable Multivibrator with IC 555
• 15.1.4 Monostable Multivibrator with IC 555
• 15.2 Latch and Flip-Flop
• 15.2.1 Bistable Multivibrator
• 15.2.2 RS Flip-Flop with NOR Gates
• 15.2.3 RS Flip-Flop with NAND Gates
• 15.2.4 Clocked RS Flip-Flop
• 15.2.5 D Flip-Flop
• 15.2.6 JK Flip-Flop
• 15.2.7 Racing and Propagation Delay
• 15.2.8 Edgeand Pulse-Triggering
• 15.2.9 JK Master–Slave Flip-Flop
• 15.2.10 T Flip-Flop
• 15.3 Flip-Flop Characterization
• 15.3.1 Characteristic Equation
• 15.3.2 State Diagram
• 15.3.3 Preset and Clear
• 15.4 Register
• 15.4.1 Register with Series and Parallel Shifting
• 15.4.2 Ring Counter
• 15.4.3 Johnson Counter
• 15.4.4 Register Applications
• 15.5 Counters
• 15.5.1 Asynchronous Counter
• 15.5.2 Synchronous Counter
• 15.6 Changing Counter Modulus
• 15.6.1 Mod-3 Counter
• 15.6.2 Mod-6 Counter
• 15.6.3 Mod-5 Counter
• 15.6.4 Decade (Mod-10) Counter
• 15.6.5 Decade Counter using Preset-Clear
• 15.6.6 Applications of the Counter
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Numerical Problems
• Exercise
• 16 Analog–Digital Conversion and Memory
• 16.1 Why D/A and A/D Conversions
• 16.2 Binary Equivalent Weight
• 16.3 Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion
• 16.3.1 Weighted Resistor D/A Converter
• 16.3.2 R-2R ladder D/A Converter
• 16.3.3 D/A Converter Performance
• 16.4 Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion
• 16.4.1 Flash A/D Converter
• 16.4.2 Counter-Type A/D Converter
• 16.4.3 Successive-Approximation A/D Converter
• 16.5 Memory
• 16.5.1 Read-Only Memory (ROM)
• 16.5.2 Random Access Memory (RAM)
• 16.5.3 Memory Addressing
• 16.5.4 Memory Read/Write
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Numerical Problems
• Exercise
• Project Work on Chapter 16
• 17 Microcomputer and Microprocessor
• 17.1 Evolution of Computer
• 17.1.1 Historical Background
• 17.1.2 Modern Computer
• 17.2 Computer, Microprocessor and Microcontroller
• 17.2.1 Computer Organization
• 17.2.2 Use of Microprocessor
• 17.2.3 Use of Microcontroller
• 17.3 Hardware and Software
• 17.3.1 Operating System
• 17.3.2 Computer Languages
• 17.4 Microprocessor 8085
• 17.4.1 Pin Configuration
• 17.4.2 Operational Code (Opcode)
• 17.5 8085 Programming
• 17.6 Types of 8085 Instructions
• 17.7 Use of Subroutine
• 17.8 Arduino Programming
• 17.8.1 Arduino Board
• 17.8.2 Arduino IDE
• Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
• Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
• Solved Examples
• Exercise
• Bibliography
• Index