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• Front Matter
• Preface
• AUTHORS
• EDITORS
• EDITORIAL ADVISOR
• EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
• SERIES EDITORS
• Acknowledgements
• Reference values
• FULL BLOOD COUNT
• IRON PROFILE
• B12 AND FOLATE
• CLOTTING
• U&E
• OSMOLALITIES
• LFTS
• TFTS
• CALCIUM & PHOSPHATE
• SERUM CORTISOL
• ABG
• LIPID PROFILE
• HDL CHOLESTEROL
• List of abbreviations
• An explanation of the text
• MICRO-facts
• MICRO-print
• MICRO-case
• MICRO-reference
• Inside Front Cover
• Part I Emergency and acute medicine
• 1 Emergency algorithms
• 1.1 ASSESSING THE ACUTELY UNWELL PATIENT
• The ABCDE approach
• Procedure
• Fig. 1.1 Assessing the unwell patient ABCDE algorithm.
• Fig. 1.2 Cardiac arrest/advanced life support algorithm.
• 1.2 ANAPHYLAXIS
• Fig. 1.3 Management of anaphylaxis algorithm.
• 1.3 ANALGESIA
• Methods of pain relief
• Analgesic drugs
• Specific drug considerations
• Analgesic ladder prescription algorithm
• Fig. 1.4 Analgesia prescription algorithm.
• 2 Clinical presentations
• Fig. 2.1 Abdominal pain.
• Fig. 2.2 Back pain.
• Fig. 2.3 Chest pain.
• Fig. 2.4 Confusion.
• Fig. 2.5 Diarrhoea.
• Fig. 2.6 Falls/collapse.
• Fig. 2.7 Haematuria.
• Fig. 2.8 Joint pain.
• Fig. 2.9 Leg swelling.
• Fig. 2.10 Low urine output.
• Fig. 2.11 Rash.
• Fig. 2.12 Rectal bleeding.
• Fig. 2.13 Shortness of breath.
• Fig. 2.14 Weakness.
• 3 Cardiology
• 3.1 CHEST PAIN
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Table 3.1 Causes of chest pain
• ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES
• Definition
• MICRO-reference
• MICRO-print
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Fig. 3.1 ECG of STEMI.
• Table 3.2 Comparison of STEMI and NSTEMI, unstable angina
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• Fig. 3.2 Management of acute coronary syndromes.
• Contraindications to thrombolysis
• Table 3.3 Contraindications to thrombolysis
• Secondary prevention
• Complications of MI
• PERICARDITIS
• Definitions
• Aetiology
• MICRO-facts
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• MICRO-print
• Management
• AORTIC DISSECTION
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Investigation
• Management
• Fig. 3.3 Management of aortic dissection.
• MICRO-case
• 3.2 ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY (ECG)
• Definition
• Table 3.4 Area of the heart and its corresponding chest lead
• Fig. 3.4 Normal ECG.
• Table 3.5 ECG interpretation with normal values
• MICRO-facts
• 3.3 PALPITATIONS
• Definition
• Causes
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• SINUS TACHYCARDIA
• Definition
• Causes
• ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
• Classification of AF
• Table 3.6 Classification of AF
• Causes
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Table 3.7 Investigations of AF
• Fig. 3.5 ECG of atrial fibrillation.
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• MICRO-facts
• MICRO-reference
• Fig. 3.6 Management of AF.
• REGULAR NARROW-COMPLEX TACHYCARDIAS
• Definition
• Investigations
• Management
• Fig. 3.7 Management of narrow-complex tachycardia.
• MICRO-reference
• Long-term management
• VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
• Definition
• Causes
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Fig. 3.8 ECG of VT.
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• Further management
• Fig. 3.9 Management of VT.
• MICRO-reference
• 3.4 BRADYCARDIA
• Definition
• Causes
• Investigations
• Fig. 3.10 ECG of first degree HB.
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• MICRO-reference
• Fig. 3.11 Management of bradycardia.
• 3.5 ACUTE HEART FAILURE
• Aetiology
• Table 3.8 Causes of heart failure: comparison of low and high cardiac outputs
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• Fig. 3.12 Chest X-ray of acute heart failure.
• Long-term management
• MICRO-reference
• MICRO-case
• 3.6 SEVERE HYPERTENSION
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Signs of end-organ damage
• Table 3.9 Signs of end-organ damage
• Management
• Indications for admission
• Fig. 3.13 Management of severe hypertension.
• Indications to rapidly reduce BP
• 4 Respiratory
• 4.1 ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES (ABGs)
• Definition
• MICRO-facts
• Respiratory indications
• Contraindications
• Interpretation
• Fig. 4.1 ABG interpretation in a patient with suspected respiratory disease.
• RESPIRATORY FAILURE
• Table 4.1 Common causes of type I vs. type II respiratory failure
• 4.2 OXYGEN PRESCRIPTION
• Indications
• Investigations
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• Fig. 4.2 Adapted BTS oxygen therapy guidelines.
• 4.3 ACUTE ASTHMA EXACERBATION: ‘ASTHMA ATTACK’
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Fig. 4.3 Clinical features of asthma.
• Investigations
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• Fig. 4.4 Management of asthma.
• 4.4 EXACERBATION OF COPD
• Definition
• Aetiology
• MICRO-facts
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• Fig. 4.5 Management of COPD.
• MICRO-case
• 4.5 PNEUMONIA
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Risk factors
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• MICRO-facts
• Fig. 4.6 Chest X-ray showing focal consolidation of right upper lobe pneumonia.
• Management
• Fig. 4.7 Management of pneumonia.
• MICRO-case
• 4.6 PNEUMOTHORAX
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• Fig. 4.8 Management of pneumothorax.
• 4.7 DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT)
• Definition
• Risk factors
• Fig. 4.9 Virchow triad.
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• Fig. 4.10 Wells criteria for DVT.
• MICRO-facts
• MICRO-print
• 4.8 PULMONARY EMBOLISM (PE)
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• MICRO-print
• Clinical assessment
• Fig. 4.11 Wells criteria for PE.
• Management
• MICRO-print
• 4.9 PLEURAL EFFUSION
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Table 4.2 Diagnosis of pleural effusion
• Management
• MICRO-print
• 5 Gastroenterology
• 5.1 UPPER GASTRO INTESTINAL (GI) BLEED
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Risk factors
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Table 5.1 Clinical features of upper GI bleed according to cause
• Assessing severity
• Investigations
• Management of acute upper GI bleed
• Further management
• MICRO-facts
• Signs of re-bleed
• MICRO-reference
• Fig. 5.1 Management of upper GI bleeds.
• Table 5.2 Rockall scoring
• 5.2 OESOPHAGEAL VARICES
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• MICRO-case
• 5.3 LOWER GI BLEED
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Table 5.3 Causes and clinical features of lower GI bleeds
• Investigations
• Management
• Table 5.4 Management of lower GI bleed
• MICRO-facts
• 5.4 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Table 5.5 Comparison of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
• Extraintestinal features
• Features of severe episode
• Fig. 5.2 AXR of toxic megacolon.
• Investigations
• Management
• MICRO-reference
• 5.5 DIARRHOEA
• MICRO-facts
• Definition
• Aetiology
• MICRO-facts
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• 5.6 ACUTE LIVER FAILURE
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Investigations
• ACUTE-ON-CHRONIC LIVER FAILURE
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Fig. 5.3 Examination findings in acute (on chronic) liver failure.
• Management
• Table 5.6 Kings’ College criteria for transplant in acute liver failure
• 5.7 HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
• Definition
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Investigations
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• Complications
• 5.8 ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigation
• Management
• 6 Neurology
• 6.1 STROKE
• Definition
• Epidemiology
• Risk factors
• Pathophysiology
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• ISCHAEMIC VS. HAEMORRHAGIC STROKE
• Clinical features
• Diagnosis
• Table 6.1 Clinical features of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke
• Fig. 6.1 Rule out stroke in the emergency room (ROSIER) tool.
• Investigations
• Management
• Fig. 6.2 Stroke management algorithm.
• 6.2 TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK
• Definition
• MICRO-facts
• Clinical features
• Management
• Fig. 6.3 Management of transient ischaemic attack.
• Stroke risk assessment
• Fig. 6.4 ABCD2 stroke risk assessment tool.
• MICRO-case
• 6.3 SEIZURES AND STATUS EPILEPTICUS
• Definitions
• Aetiology
• MICRO-facts
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• Further management
• Fig. 6.5 Management of seizures.
• 6.4 TRANSIENT LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS (SYNCOPE)
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Fig. 6.6 Systemic clinical features of syncope.
• Investigations
• Management
• Syncope vs. seizure
• Table 6.2 Clinical features of syncope and seizures
• 6.5 HEADACHE
• Aetiology
• Management
• Table 6.3 Management of headache
• MICRO-case
• 6.6 GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Aetiology
• Investigations
• Management
• 7 Endocrinology and electrolyte abnormalities
• 7.1 DIABETIC EMERGENCIES
• Definition
• MICRO-facts
• DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
• Definition
• MICRO-facts
• Epidemiology
• Risk factors
• Key features
• Investigations
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• Fig. 7.1 Management of DKA.
• Monitoring
• MICRO-facts
• MICRO-reference
• MICRO-case
• HYPEROSMOLAR HYPERGLYCAEMIC STATE (HHS)
• Definition
• MICRO-print
• Risk factors
• Clinical features
• Investigations and management
• DKA vs. HHS
• Table 7.1 Differentiating features between DKA and HHS
• HYPOGLYCAEMIA
• Definition
• MICRO-facts
• Risk factors
• Clinical features
• Table 7.2 Clinical features of hypoglycaemic states
• MICRO-facts
• 7.2 HYPOADRENAL (ADDISONIAN) CRISIS
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• 7.3 THYROTOXIC CRISIS
• Epidemiology
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• 7.4 ELECTROLYTE ABNORMALITIES
• HYPONATRAEMIA
• Definition
• MICRO-facts
• MICRO-print
• Aetiology
• Fig. 7.2 Aetiology of hyponatraemia.
• MICRO-facts
• Clinical features
• Fig. 7.3 Clinical features of hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia.
• Investigations
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• HYPERNATRAEMIA
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Table 7.3 Aetiology of hypernatraemia
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• MICRO-case
• CALCIUM (CA2+) DISTURBANCES
• HYPOCALCAEMIA
• Definition
• MICRO-facts
• Aetiology
• Table 7.4 Aetiology of hypocalcaemia
• Clinical features
• Fig. 7.4 Physiology of calcium regulation.
• Investigations
• Management
• MICRO-print
• Hypercalcaemia
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Table 7.5 Aetiology of hypercalcaemia
• Clinical features
• Fig. 7.5 Clinical features of hypo- and hypercalcaemia.
• Investigations
• Table 7.6 Biochemistry results typically found in some conditions related to altering calcium levels
• MICRO-print
• Management
• POTASSIUM DISTURBANCES
• Hypokalaemia
• Definition
• MICRO-facts
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Fig. 7.6 Clinical features of hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia.
• Investigations
• Management
• Hyperkalaemia
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Table 7.7 Aetiology of hyperkalaemia
• Fig. 7.7 ECG changes in hyperkalaemia.
• MICRO-facts
• MICRO-print
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• MICRO-case
• 8 Renal emergencies
• 8.1 ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
• Definitions
• Features
• MICRO-facts
• Epidemiology and risk factors
• Consequences of abnormal renal function
• Table 8.1 Consequences of abnormal renal function
• Clinical features
• Fig. 8.1 Clinical features of renal failure.
• MICRO-facts
• Aetiology
• Table 8.2 Aetiology of renal failure divided by anatomical location
• Investigations
• Table 8.3 Calculated eGFR and the corresponding stage of CKD
• Management
• Fig. 8.2 Management of acute renal failure.
• MICRO-facts
• Indications for haemodialysis/haemofiltration
• Table 8.4 Complications of ARF and their indications for dialysis
• Indicators of a poor prognosis
• MICRO-facts
• MICRO-reference
• MICRO-case
• 8.2 URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)
• Pathophysiology
• Microbiology
• Risk factors
• Clinical features
• Fig. 8.3 Comparison of lower UTI and pyelonephritis.
• MICRO-facts
• Investigations
• MICRO-facts
• Table 8.5 Laboratory findings of a urine infection
• Management
• Complications
• MICRO-print
• MICRO-case
• 9 Haematology
• 9.1 ANAEMIA
• Definition
• MICRO-facts
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Diagnostic indicators
• Investigations
• Diagnostic approach
• Management
• Fig. 9.1 Differential diagnosis of anaemia.
• 9.2 COAGULOPATHIES
• Aetiology
• MICRO-facts
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• 9.3 ANTICOAGULANTS: WARFARIN
• Warfarin in the ED
• Considerations
• MICRO-facts
• Initiation following acute thrombosis
• MICRO-facts
• Routine monitoring
• MICRO-facts
• Table 9.1 Target INR level in patients taking warfarin, according to condition
• Overtreatment
• Clinical features
• Management
• Fig. 9.2 Management of over-treatment with warfarin.
• MICRO-case
• 9.4 ANTICOAGULANTS: LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Preparations
• Complications
• 9.5 ANTICOAGULANTS: UNFRACTIONATED HEPARIN
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Preparation
• Complications
• 9.6 ANTICOAGULANTS: OTHER AGENTS
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Preparations
• Complications
• 9.7 BLOOD TRANSFUSION
• General principles
• Blood products
• Table 9.2 Blood products and indications for their use
• Administration
• Fig. 9.3 Administration of a blood transfusion.
• Blood transfusion
• Fig. 9.4 Blood transfusion orientation.
• Acute blood transfusion reaction
• Fig. 9.5 Acute transfusion reaction algorithm.
• 9.8 DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• 10 Poisoning and environmental accidents
• 10.1 ASSESSMENT
• ABCDE
• Toxbase®
• MICRO-reference
• 10.2 PARACETAMOL TOXICITY
• Definition
• Risk factors
• Risk assessment
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Investigations
• Fig. 10.1 Treatment chart for acetylcysteine in paracetamol.
• Management
• Table 10.1 Management of paracetamol overdose
• MICRO-print
• 10.3 ASPIRIN TOXICITY
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• 10.4 OPIOID TOXICITY
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• 10.5 TRICYCLIC TOXICITY
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• 10.6 BENZODIAZEPINE TOXICITY
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• 10.7 CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• 10.8 OTHER TOXINS AND ANTIDOTES
• Table 10.2 Toxins and antidotes
• 10.9 BURNS
• Assessment
• Fig. 10.2 Rule of nines body chart.
• Table 10.3 Rule of nines
• Management
• Table 10.4 Degree burn developed
• MICRO-print
• MICRO-case
• 11 Surgical emergencies
• 11.1 ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN
• Aetiology
• Table 11.1 Causes of acute abdominal pain
• History
• Examination
• Investigations
• MICRO-facts
• 11.2 APPENDICITIS
• Definition
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Investigation
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• 11.3 GALLSTONES
• Definition
• Table 11.2 Location of gallstone and condition caused
• BILIARY COLIC
• Definition
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Investigations
• Management
• ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
• Definition
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Investigations
• Management
• OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
• Definition
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Investigations
• Management
• ASCENDING CHOLANGITIS
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• ACUTE PANCREATITIS
• Definition
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Investigations
• Table 11.3 Investigation findings in acute pancreatitis
• Prognostic indicators
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• MICRO-print
• 11.4 ACUTE BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
• Causes
• Table 11.4 Causes of bowel obstruction
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Table 11.5 Radiographic differences between small and large bowel obstruction
• Management
• Fig. 11.1 Small bowel obstruction.
• Fig. 11.2 Large bowel obstruction.
• MICRO-case
• 11.5 MESENTERIC INFARCTION
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Table 11.6 Aetiology of mesenteric infarction
• Clinical features
• Management
• 11.6 UROLOGY
• RENAL COLIC
• Definition
• Risk factors
• MICRO-facts
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Table 11.7 Investigation findings in renal colic
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• TESTICULAR TORSION
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• TESTICULAR LUMPS
• Aetiology
• Fig. 11.3 Aetiology of testicular lumps.
• ORCHITIS/EPIDIDYMO-ORCHITIS
• Clinical features
• Investigation
• Management
• 11.7 VASCULAR
• ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM
• Definition
• Risk factors
• Clinical features
• Investigation
• Management
• ACUTE LIMB ISCHAEMIA
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Management
• 12 Trauma
• 12.1 RESUSCITATION
• Principles
• Primary survey
• Secondary survey
• Fig. 12.1 Primary survey.
• MICRO-facts
• MICRO-facts
• 12.2 COMPROMISED AIRWAY
• Causes
• Clinical features
• Management
• MICRO-reference
• 12.3 CERVICAL SPINE INJURY
• Initial management
• MICRO-reference
• MICRO-reference
• MICRO-reference
• Investigations
• Fig. 12.2 Plain radiograph of cervical spine.
• MICRO-reference
• Management
• MICRO-reference
• 12.4 BREATHING
• Assessment
• Investigations
• Management
• 12.5 CIRCULATION
• 12.6 TRAUMATIC HAEMORRHAGIC SHOCK
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• DISABILITY
• Definition
• Assessment
• Fig. 12.3 Management of haemorrhagic shock.
• MICRO-facts
• 12.7 EXPOSURE
• Definition
• Management
• 12.8 POTENTIALLY LIFE-THREATENING INJURIES
• TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Management
• TRAUMATIC PNEUMOTHORAX
• Definition
• Causes
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• HAEMOTHORAX
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• RIB FRACTURE
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Management
• FLAIL CHEST
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Fig. 12.4 Chest X-ray with multiple rib fractures.
• Management
• CARDIAC TAMPONADE
• Definition
• MICRO-print
• Differential diagnosis
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• Table 12.1 Initial investigations for cardiac tamponade
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• MICRO-facts
• Mechanism of injury
• Causes
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• ABDOMINAL INJURY
• Causes
• Affected organs
• Investigations
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• PELVIC FRACTURE
• Causes
• Examination
• Table 12.2 Examination areas in pelvic fractures
• Investigations
• Fig. 12.5 Plain radiograph of an ‘open book’ injury pelvic fracture.
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• HEAD INJURY
• Definition
• Causes
• Clinical features
• Fig. 12.6 Periorbital haematoma.
• MICRO-facts
• Investigations
• Fig. 12.7 CT scan of an extradural haematoma following a head injury.
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• MICRO-reference
• Fig. 12.8 Immediate management of head injury.
• MICRO-facts
• Complications
• FACIAL INJURY
• Definition
• MICRO-facts
• Aetiology
• Associated injuries
• MICRO-facts
• Clinical features
• Table 12.3 Assessment of facial injuries
• Investigations
• Management
• Complications
• MAXILLOFACIAL FRACTURES
• Nasal fracture
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• Zygomatic (malar) fracture
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• Maxillary fracture
• Aetiology
• Grading
• Table 12.4 Classification of maxillary fractures using the Le Fort classification
• Clinical features
• Management
• Orbital fracture
• Aetiology
• MICRO-facts
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• Mandibular fracture
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• 12.9 BITES
• Aetiology
• Investigations
• Management
• 13 Orthopaedics
• 13.1 FRACTURES
• Definition
• Describing a fracture
• Table 13.1 Describing a fracture
• Investigations
• Fig. 13.1 X-rays of different fractures.
• Management
• 13.2 OPEN FRACTURE
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• 13.3 UPPER LIMB FRACTURES
• Fig. 13.2 Colles’ fracture.
• Fig. 13.3 Scaphoid fracture.
• Fig. 13.4 Smith’s fracture.
• Table 13.2 Upper limb fractures: mechanism of injury, clinical features and management
• 13.4 LOWER LIMB FRACTURES
• HIP FRACTURE
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Fig. 13.5 X-ray showing a neck of femur fracture.
• Investigations
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURE
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• ANKLE FRACTURE
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• MICRO-print
• Management
• 13.5 FRACTURE COMPLICATIONS
• Table 13.3 Complications of a fracture
• COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
• Definition
• Causes
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Investigations
• Management
• Complications
• COMMON NERVE INJURIES
• Table 13.4 Common nerve injuries
• 13.6 OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES
• Definition
• Fracture sites
• Table 13.5 Common sites of osteoporotic fractures
• Management
• 13.7 DISLOCATIONS
• Definition
• SHOULDER
• Types
• Fig. 13.6 Plain radiograph of posterior shoulder dislocation.
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• ANKLE
• MICRO-facts
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• SOFT TISSUE INJURY
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Management
• 13.8 KNEE INJURIES
• MICRO-facts
• RUPTURED ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• MENISCAL TEAR
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• 13.9 ACUTE BACK PAIN
• Aetiology
• Red flag symptoms
• Table 13.6 Red flag symptoms for back pain
• Investigations
• CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• CORD COMPRESSION
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• Complications
• MECHANICAL BACK PAIN
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Management
• 13.10 ACUTE JOINT PAIN
• AETIOLOGY
• SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• ACUTE GOUT
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• 14 Paediatrics
• 14.1 ASSESSING THE PAEDIATRIC PATIENT
• Principles
• Paediatric history taking
• Table 14.1 Assessment of paediatric patients
• Normal values
• MICRO-facts
• Table 14.2 Normal values in paediatric patients
• MICRO-facts
• Pain management
• Basic life support
• MICRO-reference
• Fig. 14.1 Paediatric Basic Life Support (BLS) algorithm.
• Choking management
• Fig. 14.2 Choking management algorithm.
• 14.2 RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
• BRONCHIOLITIS
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Severity assessment
• Table 14.3 Assessing bronchiolitis severity
• Management
• MICRO-case
• ASTHMA
• Clinical features
• Table 14.4 Assessment of asthma severity
• Management
• MICRO-reference
• CROUP
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Management
• Table 14.5 Westley modified croup score
• WHOOPING COUGH
• Clinical features
• Management
• INHALED FOREIGN BODY
• Key points
• Clinical features
• Investigations and management
• Aetiology and epidemiology
• Table 14.6 Causative organisms of LRTI ordered by age group and prevalence, with most common cause first
• MICRO-reference
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Fig. 14.3 CXR: Right upper lobe consolidation.
• Management
• 14.3 GASTROINTESTINAL AND RENAL TRACT CONDITIONS
• ABDOMINAL PAIN
• Aetiology
• Table 14.7 Causes of abdominal pain in paediatric patients
• Diagnosis and management
• MICRO-facts
• Investigation
• Management
• MICRO-case
• Fig. 14.4 Testicular torsion showing necrotic right testis.
• ACUTE APPENDICITIS
• MESENTERIC ADENITIS
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• INTUSSUSCEPTION
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Management
• 14.4 DIARRHOEA AND VOMITING
• Aetiology
• Table 14.8 Causes of diarrhoea and vomiting in paediatric patients
• MICRO-facts
• MICRO-facts
• Investigations
• Management
• 14.5 DEHYDRATION
• Clinical features and severity assessment
• Table 14.9 Assessing severity of dehydration
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• Table 14.10 Calculating fluid maintenance
• Fig. 14.5 Calculating fluid rehydration.
• 14.6 THE FEBRILE CHILD
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Table 14.11 Causes of a febrile child
• Investigations: Septic screen
• Management
• 14.7 FEBRILE CONVULSIONS
• Definition
• Epidemiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• Table 14.12 Management of febrile convulsions
• 14.8 MENINGITIS AND MENINGOCOCCAL SEPTICAEMIA
• MICRO-facts
• Aetiology
• Key points
• Table 14.13 Causative organisms in meningitis
• History
• Examination
• MICRO-facts
• Investigations
• Fig. 14.6 Petechial rash.
• Management
• Fig. 14.7 Emergency management of meningococcal septicaemia.
• MICRO-reference
• 14.9 SKIN CONDITIONS
• RASHES
• ATOPIC ECZEMA
• Clinical features
• Management
• Table 14.14 Skin rashes and causes
• Fig. 14.8 Flexural eczema.
• URTICARIA
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Management
• HENOCH-SCHÖNLEIN PURPURA (HSP)
• Definition
• Fig. 14.9 Urticaria wheals.
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Fig. 14.10 Henoch-Schönlein purpura.
• Investigation
• Management
• SCABIES
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Management
• HAND-FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Management
• Fig. 14.11 Scabies.
• Fig. 14.12 Molluscum contagiosum.
• VARICELLA ZOSTER (CHICKEN POX)
• Aetiology
• Management
• Complications
• MICRO-facts
• MEASLES
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Complications
• Fig. 14.13 Measles rash.
• Management
• MUMPS
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Complications
• Management
• RUBELLA
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Complications
• Management
• 14.10 EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
• TONSILLITIS AND PHARYNGITIS
• MICRO-facts
• OTITIS MEDIA
• EPIGLOTTITIS
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Epidemiology
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• Acute epiglottitis vs. croup
• Table 14.15 Acute epiglottitis vs. croup
• 14.11 URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)
• Definition
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Diagnosis
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• MICRO-references
• 14.12 THE LIMPING CHILD
• Aetiology
• 14.13 THE HYPOGLYCAEMIC (NON-DIABETIC) CHILD
• Definition
• Management
• 14.14 NON-ACCIDENTAL INJURY AND ABUSE
• Definition
• Recognition
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• 15 Obstetrics and gynaecology
• 15.1 THE PREGNANT PATIENT
• Definitions
• Management
• 15.2 EMERGENCY DELIVERY
• Clinical features
• Assessment
• Management
• 15.3 VAGINAL BLEEDING IN PREGNANCY
• Aetiology
• Table 15.1 Causes of vaginal bleeding in pregnancy
• Clinical features according to aetiology
• Table 15.2 Clinical features and causes of vaginal bleeding
• 15.4 ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
• Definition
• Risk factors
• MICRO-facts
• Investigations
• Management
• 15.5 MISCARRIAGE
• Clinical features
• Management
• 15.6 PLACENTAL ABRUPTION
• Definition
• Risk factors
• Investigations
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• 15.7 PLACENTA PRAEVIA
• Definition
• Risk factors
• Management
• 15.8 VASA PRAEVIA
• Definition
• Clinical features
• MICRO-case
• 15.9 HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
• Definition
• Risk factors
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• 15.10 PRE-ECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA
• Definition
• Risk factors
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Complications
• Management
• 15.11 MENORRHAGIA
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Management
• MICRO-case
• 15.12 GYNAECOLOGICAL PAIN
• PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• ENDOMETRIOSIS
• Definition
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• 15.13 EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION
• Medications used
• Contraindications
• Advice
• 16 Ear, nose and throat
• 16.1 THE EAR
• OTITIS EXTERNA
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Risk factors
• Clinical features
• Management
• ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA (AOM)
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Table 16.1 Stages of acute otitis media
• Fig. 16.1 Otitis media.
• ACUTE HEARING LOSS
• Aetiology
• Management
• 16.2 THE NOSE
• EPISTAXIS
• Aetiology
• Risk factors
• Management
• Table 16.2 Management of epistaxis
• MICRO-case
• NASAL FRACTURE
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Management
• 16.3 THROAT
• PHARYNGITIS AND TONSILLITIS
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Complications
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Management
• INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
• Aetiology
• MICRO-facts
• Clinical features
• MICRO-print
• Investigations
• Management
• 16.4 FOREIGN BODIES
• EAR
• NOSE
• MICRO-print
• THROAT
• 16.5 FACIAL NERVE PALSY
• Clinical features
• Table 16.3 Features of facial nerve palsy
• BELL’s PALSY
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Management
• RAMSAY HUNT SYNDROME
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Management
• MICRO-print
• 16.6 VERTIGO
• Clinical features
• Table 16.4 Causes of vertigo
• 17 Ophthalmology
• 17.1 THE ACUTELY RED EYE
• Causes
• Table 17.1 Causes of red eye
• 17.2 ACUTE VISUAL LOSS
• Causes
• Table 17.2 Causes of vision loss
• 17.3 ORBITAL CELLULITIS
• Aetiology
• Clinical features (Table 17.3 and Fig. 17.1)
• Table 17.3 Differences between pre-septal and post-septal cellulitis
• Fig. 17.1 Pre-septal cellulitis and orbital cellulitis.
• Management
• 17.4 FOREIGN BODY (FB)
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Examination
• Management
• 18 Infectious diseases
• 18.1 NOTIFIABLE DISEASES
• Definition
• MICRO-facts
• 18.2 EMPIRICAL ANTIBIOTIC DOSES
• Table 18.1 Empirical antibiotic doses for common infections
• MICRO-reference
• 18.3 GASTROENTERITIS
• Definition
• MICRO-facts
• Risk factors
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Investigations
• Management
• Fig. 18.1 Management of gastroenteritis.
• Transmission avoidance
• Complications
• Fig. 18.2 Haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
• 18.4 CELLULITIS
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Risk factors
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• 18.5 ERYSIPELAS
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• Fig. 18.3 Antibiotic treatment of cellulitis and erysipelas.
• 18.6 NECROTIZING FASCIITIS
• Definition
• MICRO-facts
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• MICRO-print
• Investigations
• Management
• MICRO-case
• 18.7 MENINGITIS AND MENINGOCOCCAL SEPTICAEMIA
• Definitions
• Risk factors
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Table 18.2 Clinical features of adult meningitis
• Management
• Fig. 18.4 Management of adult meningitis.
• Investigations
• Further management
• Table 18.3 Differential lumbar puncture results for infective meningitis
• MICRO-print
• 18.8 INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
• Definition
• Risk factors
• MICRO-facts
• Clinical features
• Table 18.4 Features of infective endocarditis
• MICRO-print
• Investigations
• Diagnosis
• Management
• Further investigation
• Fig. 18.5 Diagnostic criteria for infective endocarditis.
• Aetiology
• Table 18.5 Causative organisms of infective endocarditis
• MICRO-print
• Treatment
• Table 18.6 Treatment of infective endocarditis
• 19 Psychiatry
• 19.1 DELIBERATE SELF-HARM
• Causes
• Methods of self-harm
• MICRO-facts
• Assessing suicidal intent
• Table 19.1 SAD Persons scoring system to assess suicide risk
• Investigations
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• 19.2 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR
• Causes
• Management
• MICRO-facts
• 19.3 SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS
• Clinical features
• ACUTE DYSTONIA
• Clinical features
• Management
• NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME
• Definition
• Aetiology
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• MICRO-print
• 19.4 LITHIUM TOXICITY
• Clinical features
• MICRO-facts
• Table 19.2 Clinical features of lithium toxicity according to blood levels
• 19.5 ALCOHOL ABUSE
• CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL ABUSE
• Fig. 19.1 Consequences of alcohol abuse.
• ACUTE ALCOHOL TOXICITY
• Clinical features
• Differential diagnosis
• Investigations
• Management
• Assessment of alcohol dependence
• MICRO-facts
• ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL
• Definition
• Management
• DELIRIUM TREMENS
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• WERNICKE’s ENCEPHALOPATHY
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Management
• KORSAKOFF’s PSYCHOSIS
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Management
• MICRO-case
• 19.6 SUBSTANCE ABUSE
• Common drugs
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• 19.7 PSYCHOSIS
• Definition
• Aetiology
• MICRO-facts
• Clinical features
• Investigations
• Management
• Complications
• 19.8 DELIRIUM
• Definition
• Clinical features
• Aetiology
• Investigations
• MICRO-facts
• Management
• Part II Self-assessment
• 20 Cardiology
• Questions
• EMQs
• Diagnostic options
• Question 1
• SBAs
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Question 4
• Answers
• EMQ ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• SBA ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• Answer 4
• 21 Respiratory
• Questions
• EMQs
• Stem 1 Diagnostic options
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Stem 2 Diagnostic options
• Question 4
• Question 5
• Question 6
• SBAs
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Answers
• EMQ answers
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• Answer 4
• Answer 5
• Answer 6
• SBA answers
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• 22 Gastroenterology
• Questions
• EMQs
• Diagnostic options
• Question 1
• SBAs
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Answers
• EMQ ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• SBA ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• 23 Neurology
• Questions
• EMQs
• Stem 1 Diagnostic options
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Stem 2 Diagnostic options
• Question 4
• Question 5
• Question 6
• SBAs
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Answers
• EMQ ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• Answer 4
• Answer 5
• Answer 6
• SBA ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• 24 Endocrinology and electrolyte abnormalities
• Questions
• EMQs
• Diagnostic options
• Question 1
• SBAs
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Question 4
• Question 5
• Question 6
• Answers
• EMQ ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• SBA ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• Answer 4
• Answer 5
• Answer 6
• 25 Renal emergencies
• Questions
• EMQs
• Diagnostic options
• Question 1
• SBAs
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Question 4
• Answers
• EMQ ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• SBA ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• Answer 4
• 26 Haematology
• Questions
• SBAs
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Answers
• SBA ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• 27 General surgery
• Questions
• EMQs
• Diagnostic options
• Question 1
• Diagnostic options
• Question 2
• SBAs
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Question 4
• Answers
• EMQ ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• SBA ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• Answer 4
• 28 Trauma and orthopaedics
• Questions
• EMQs
• Diagnostic options
• Question 1
• SBAs
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Question 4
• Question 5
• Answers
• EMQ ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• SBA ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• Answer 4
• Answer 5
• 29 Paediatrics
• Questions
• EMQs
• Diagnostic options
• Question 1
• Diagnostic options
• Question 2
• Diagnostic options
• Question 3
• SBAs
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Question 4
• Answers
• EMQ ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• SBA ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• Answer 4
• 30 Obstetrics and gynaecology
• Questions
• EMQs
• Diagnostic options
• Question 1
• Diagnostic options
• Question 2
• SBAs
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Question 4
• Answers
• EMQ ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• SBA ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• Answer 4
• 31 ENT and ophthalmology
• Questions
• EMQs
• Diagnostic options
• Question 1
• Diagnostic options
• Question 2
• SBAs
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Question 4
• Answers
• EMQ ANSWERS
• Question 1
• Question 2
• SBA ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• Answer 4
• 32 Infectious diseases
• Questions
• EMQs
• Stem 1 Diagnostic options
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Stem 2 Diagnostic options
• Question 4
• Question 5
• Question 6
• SBAs
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Answers
• EMQ ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• Answer 4
• Answer 5
• Answer 6
• SBA ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• 33 Psychiatry
• Questions
• EMQs
• Diagnostic options
• Question 1
• SBAs
• Question 1
• Question 2
• Question 3
• Question 4
• Answers
• EMQ ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• SBA ANSWERS
• Answer 1
• Answer 2
• Answer 3
• Answer 4
• Back Matter
• Index