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• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Text and Illustration Team
• Preface
• Contents
• 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
• An Introduction to Studying the Human Body
• 1-1 All living things display responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, and metabolism
• 1-2 Anatomy is structure, and physiology is function
• Anatomy
• Physiology
• 1-3 Levels of organization progress from atoms and molecules to a complete organism
• 1-4 The human body consists of 11 organ systems
• 1-5 Homeostasis is the state of internal balance
• 1-6 Negative feedback opposes variations from normal, whereas positive feedback exaggerates them
• Negative Feedback
• Positive Feedback
• 1-7 Anatomical terms describe body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections
• Surface Anatomy
• Sectional Anatomy
• 1-8 Body cavities of the trunk protect internal organs and allow them to change shape
• The Thoracic Cavity
• The Abdominopelvic Cavity
• SPOTLIGHT
• Levels of Organization
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Homeostasis and Disease
• Imaging Techniques
• Chapter Review
• 2 The Chemical Level of Organization
• An Introduction to the Chemical Level of Organization
• 2-1 Atoms are the basic particles of matter
• Atomic Structure
• Isotopes
• Atomic Weight
• Electron Shells
• 2-2 Chemical bonds are forces formed by interactions between atoms
• Ionic Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
• Hydrogen Bonds
• 2-3 Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions are important chemical reactions in physiology
• Basic Energy Concepts
• Types of Reactions
• Reversible Reactions
• 2-4 Enzymes catalyze specific biochemical reactions by lowering a reaction’s activation energy
• 2-5 Inorganic compounds usually lack carbon, and organic compounds always contain carbon
• 2-6 Physiological systems depend on water
• 2-7 Body fluid pH is vital for homeostasis
• 2-8 Acids, bases, and salts have important physiological roles
• Salts
• Buffers and pH
• 2-9 Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
• 2-10 Lipids contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of 1:2
• Fatty Acids
• Fats
• Steroids
• Phospholipids
• 2-11 Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and are formed from amino acids
• Protein Function
• Protein Structure
• Enzyme Function
• 2-12 DNA and RNA are nucleic acids
• Structure of Nucleic Acids
• 2-13 ATP is a high-energy compound used by cells
• 2-14 Chemicals form functional units called cells
• SPOTLIGHT
• Chemical Notation
• CLINICAL NOTE
• Too Sweet on Sugar?
• Chapter Review
• 3 Cell Structure and Function
• An Introduction to Cell Structure and Function
• 3-1 The study of cells provides the foundation for understanding human physiology
• The Study of Cells
• An Overview of Cell Anatomy
• 3-2 The plasma membrane separates the cell from its surrounding environment and performs various fun
• Membrane Lipids
• Membrane Proteins
• Membrane Carbohydrates
• 3-3 Diffusion is a passive transport process that assists membrane passage
• Diffusion
• 3-4 Carrier-mediated and vesicular transport processes assist membrane passage
• Carrier-Mediated Transport
• Vesicular Transport
• 3-5 Organelles within the cytoplasm perform specific functions
• The Cytosol
• The Organelles
• 3-6 The nucleus contains DNA and enzymes essential for controlling cellular activities
• Nuclear Structure and Contents
• Information Storage in the Nucleus
• 3-7 DNA controls protein synthesis, cell structure, and cell function
• Transcription
• Translation
• 3-8 Stages of a cell’s life cycle include interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
• Interphase
• Mitosis
• Cytokinesis
• 3-9 Tumors and cancers are characterized by abnormal cell growth and division
• 3-10 Cellular differentiation is cellular specialization as a result of gene activation or repressio
• SPOTLIGHT
• Anatomy of a Model Cell
• Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Packaging
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Inheritable Mitochondrial Disorders
• DNA Fingerprinting
• Mutations and Mosaicism
• Chapter Review
• 4 The Tissue Level of Organization
• An Introduction to the Tissue Level of Organization
• 4-1 The four tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
• 4-2 Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities and tubular structures, and serves essent
• Functions of Epithelia
• Intercellular Connections
• The Epithelial Surface
• The Basement Membrane
• Epithelial Renewal and Repair
• 4-3 Cell shape and number of layers determine the classification of epithelia
• Cell Layers
• Cell Shapes
• Classification of Epithelia
• Glandular Epithelia
• 4-4 Connective tissue provides a protective structural framework for other tissue types
• Connective Tissue Proper
• Types of Connective Tissue Proper
• Fluid Connective Tissues
• Supporting Connective Tissues
• 4-5 Tissue membranes are physical barriers of four types: mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial
• Mucous Membranes
• Serous Membranes
• The Cutaneous Membrane
• Synovial Membranes
• 4-6 The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
• Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Smooth Muscle Tissue
• 4-7 Nervous tissue responds to stimuli and propagates electrical impulses throughout the body
• 4-8 The response to tissue injury involves inflammation and regeneration
• 4-9 With advancing age, tissue repair declines and cancer rates increase
• Aging and Tissue Structure
• Aging and Cancer Rates
• SPOTLIGHT
• Inflammation and Regeneration
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Exfoliative Cytology
• Marfan Syndrome
• Adipose Tissue and Weight Control
• Cartilages and Joint Injuries
• Chapter Review
• 5 The Integumentary System
• An Introduction to the Integumentary System
• 5-1 The epidermis is composed of strata (layers) with various functions
• Stratum Basale
• Intermediate Strata
• Stratum Corneum
• 5-2 Epidermal pigmentation and dermal circulation influence skin color
• The Role of Pigmentation
• The Role of Dermal Circulation
• 5-3 Sunlight has beneficial and detrimental effects on the skin
• The Epidermis and Vitamin D3
• Skin Cancers
• 5-4 The dermis is the tissue layer that supports the epidermis
• 5-5 The subcutaneous layer connects the dermis to underlying tissues
• 5-6 Hair is composed of dead, keratinized cells that have been pushed to the skin surface
• The Structure of Hair and Hair Follicles
• Functions of Hair
• Hair Color
• 5-7 Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are exocrine glands found in the skin
• Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
• Sweat Glands
• 5-8 Nails are keratinized epidermal cells that protect the tips of fingers and toes
• 5-9 After an injury, the integument is repaired in several phases
• Repair of Skin Injuries
• Effects of Burns
• 5-10 Effects of aging include dermal thinning, wrinkling, and reduced melanocyte activity
• SPOTLIGHT
• The Epidermis
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Drug Administration through the Skin
• Disorders of Keratin Production
• Dermatitis
• Hair Loss
• Burns
• Chapter Review
• 6 The Skeletal System
• An Introduction to the Skeletal System
• 6-1 The skeletal system has five major functions
• 6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure
• Macroscopic Features of Bone
• Microscopic Features of Bone
• 6-3 Ossification and appositional growth are processes of bone formation and enlargement
• Intramembranous Ossification
• Endochondral Ossification
• Bone Growth and Body Proportions
• Requirements for Normal Bone Growth
• 6-4 Bone growth and development depend on a balance between bone formation and resorption, and on ca
• The Role of Remodeling in Support
• The Skeleton as a Calcium Reserve
• Repair of Fractures
• 6-5 Osteopenia has a widespread effect on aging skeletal tissue
• 6-6 The bones of the skeleton are distinguished by bone markings and grouped into two skeletal divis
• Bone Markings (Surface Features)
• Skeletal Divisions
• 6-7 The bones of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage make up the axial skeleton
• The Skull
• The Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage
• 6-8 The pectoral girdles and upper limb bones, and the pelvic girdle and lower limb bones, make up t
• The Pectoral Girdles
• The Upper Limb
• The Pelvic Girdle
• The Lower Limb
• 6-9 Joints are categorized according to their range of motion or anatomical organization
• Immovable Joints (Synarthroses)
• Slightly Movable Joints (Amphiarthroses)
• Freely Movable Joints (Diarthroses)
• 6-10 The structure and functions of synovial joints enable various skeletal movements
• Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
• Types of Synovial Joints
• 6-11 Intervertebral joints and appendicular joints demonstrate functional differences in support and
• Intervertebral Joints
• Joints of the Upper Limb
• Joints of the Lower Limb
• 6-12 The skeletal system supports and stores energy and minerals for other body systems
• SPOTLIGHT
• Synovial Joints
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Types of Fractures and Steps in Repair
• Osteoporosis
• Rheumatism and Arthritis
• Hip Fractures
• Chapter Review
• 7 The Muscular System
• An Introduction to Muscle Tissue
• 7-1 Skeletal muscle performs five primary functions
• 7-2 A skeletal muscle contains muscle tissue, connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves
• Connective Tissue Organization
• Blood Vessels and Nerves
• 7-3 Skeletal muscle fibers have distinctive features
• The Sarcolemma and Transverse Tubules
• Myofibrils
• The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
• Sarcomeres
• 7-4 The nervous system and skeletal muscles communicate at neuromuscular junctions
• The Neuromuscular Junction
• The Contraction Cycle
• 7-5 Sarcomere shortening and muscle fiber stimulation produce tension
• Frequency of Muscle Fiber Stimulation
• Number of Muscle Fibers Activated
• Isotonic and Isometric Contractions
• Muscle Elongation Following Contraction
• 7-6 ATP is the energy source for muscle contraction
• ATP and CP Reserves
• ATP Generation
• Energy Use and the Level of Muscle Activity
• Muscle Fatigue
• The Recovery Period
• 7-7 Muscle performance depends on muscle fiber type and physical conditioning
• Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• Physical Conditioning
• 7-8 Cardiac and smooth muscle tissues differ in structure and function from skeletal muscle tissue
• Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Smooth Muscle Tissue
• 7-9 Descriptive terms are used to name skeletal muscles
• Origins, Insertions, and Actions
• Names of Skeletal Muscles
• 7-10 Axial muscles are muscles of the head and neck, vertebral column, trunk, and pelvic floor
• Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of the Spine
• The Axial Muscles of the Trunk
• Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
• 7-11 Appendicular muscles are muscles of the shoulders, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs
• Muscles of the Shoulders and Upper Limbs
• Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
• 7-12 The size and power of muscle tissue decrease with advancing age
• 7-13 Exercise produces responses in multiple body systems
• SPOTLIGHTS
• Events at the Neuromuscular Junction
• The Contraction Cycle
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Interference at the NMJ and Muscular Paralysis
• Rigor Mortis
• Tetanus
• Hernias
• Intramuscular Injections
• Chapter Review
• 8 The Nervous System
• An Introduction to the Nervous System
• 8-1 The nervous system has anatomical and functional divisions
• 8-2 Neurons are specialized for intercellular communication and are supported by cells called neurog
• Neurons
• Neuroglia
• Organization of Neurons in the Nervous System
• 8-3 In neurons, a change in the plasma membrane’s electrical potential may result in an action poten
• The Membrane Potential
• Propagation of an Action Potential
• 8-4 At synapses, communication takes place among neurons or between neurons and other cells
• Structure of a Synapse
• Synaptic Function and Neurotransmitters
• Neuronal Pools
• 8-5 The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three layers of membranes called the meninges
• The Dura Mater
• The Arachnoid
• The Pia Mater
• 8-6 The spinal cord contains gray matter surrounded by white matter and connects to 31 pairs of spin
• Gross Anatomy
• Sectional Anatomy
• 8-7 The brain has several principal structures, each with specific functions
• The Major Regions of the Brain
• The Ventricles of the Brain
• The Cerebrum
• The Diencephalon
• The Midbrain
• The Pons
• The Cerebellum
• The Medulla Oblongata
• 8-8 The PNS connects the CNS with the body’s external and internal environments
• The Cranial Nerves
• The Spinal Nerves
• Nerve Plexuses
• 8-9 Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli
• Simple Reflexes
• Complex Reflexes
• Integration and Control of Spinal Reflexes
• 8-10 Separate pathways carry sensory information and motor commands
• Sensory Pathways
• Motor Pathways
• 8-11 The autonomic nervous system, composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, is inv
• The Sympathetic Division
• The Parasympathetic Division
• Relationships between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
• 8-12 Aging produces various structural and functional changes in the nervous system
• 8-13 The nervous system is closely integrated with other body systems
• SPOTLIGHTS
• The Generation of an Action Potential
• Propagation of an Action Potential
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Demyelination Disorders
• Epidural and Subdural Hemorrhages
• Spinal Cord Injuries
• Aphasia and Dyslexia
• Seizures
• Cerebral Palsy
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• Chapter Review
• 9 The General and Special Senses
• An Introduction to General and Special Senses
• 9-1 Sensory receptors connect our internal and external environments with the nervous system
• 9-2 General sensory receptors are classified by the type of stimulus that excites them
• Pain
• Temperature
• Touch, Pressure, and Position
• Chemical Detection
• 9-3 Olfaction, the sense of smell, involves olfactory receptors responding to chemical stimuli
• The Olfactory Pathways
• 9-4 Gustation, the sense of taste, involves taste receptors responding to chemical stimuli
• The Taste Pathways
• 9-5 Internal eye structures contribute to vision, while accessory eye structures provide protection
• The Accessory Structures of the Eye
• The Eye
• 9-6 Photoreceptors respond to light and change it into electrical signals essential to visual physio
• Rods and Cones
• Photoreceptor Structure
• Photoreception
• The Visual Pathways
• 9-7 Equilibrium sensations originate within the internal ear, while hearing involves the detection a
• Anatomy of the Ear
• Equilibrium
• Hearing
• 9-8 Aging is accompanied by a noticeable decline in the special senses
• Smell and Aging
• Taste and Aging
• Vision and Aging
• Equilibrium and Aging
• Hearing and Aging
• SPOTLIGHT
• Refractive Problems
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Cataracts
• Visual Acuity
• Night Blindness
• Hearing Deficits
• Chapter Review
• 10 The Endocrine System
• An Introduction to the Endocrine System
• 10-1 Homeostasis is preserved through intercellular communication
• 10-2 The endocrine system regulates physiological processes through the binding of hormones to recep
• The Structure of Hormones
• Hormone Action
• The Secretion and Distribution of Hormones
• The Control of Endocrine Activity
• 10-3 The bilobed pituitary gland is an endocrine organ that releases nine peptide hormones
• The Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
• The Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
• 10-4 The thyroid gland synthesizes thyroid hormones that affect the rate of metabolism
• Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid Hormones
• The C Cells of the Thyroid Gland and Calcitonin
• 10-5 The four parathyroid glands, embedded in the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland, secrete p
• 10-6 The adrenal glands, consisting of a cortex and a medulla, cap each kidney and secrete several h
• The Adrenal Cortex
• The Adrenal Medulla
• 10-7 The pineal gland, attached to the third ventricle, secretes melatonin
• 10-8 The endocrine pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, hormones that regulate blood glucose leve
• Diabetes Mellitus
• 10-9 Many organs have secondary endocrine functions
• The Intestines
• The Kidneys
• The Heart
• The Thymus
• The Gonads
• Adipose Tissue
• 10-10 Hormones interact to produce coordinated physiological responses
• Hormones and Growth
• Hormones and Stress
• Hormones and Behavior
• Hormones and Aging
• 10-11 Extensive integration occurs between the endocrine system and other body systems
• SPOTLIGHT
• The General Adaptation Syndrome
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Diabetes Insipidus
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Hormones and Athletic Performance
• Endocrine Disorders
• Chapter Review
• 11 The Cardiovascular System: Blood
• An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System
• 11-1 Blood has several important functions and unique physical characteristics
• Composition of Blood
• Blood Collection and Analysis
• 11-2 Plasma, the fluid portion of blood, contains significant quantities of plasma proteins
• Plasma Proteins
• 11-3 Red blood cells, formed by erythropoiesis, contain hemoglobin that can be recycled
• Abundance of Red Blood Cells
• Structure of RBCs
• Hemoglobin Structure and Function
• RBC Life Span and Circulation
• RBC Formation
• 11-4 The ABO blood types and Rh system are based on antigen–antibody responses
• Cross-Reactions in Transfusions
• Testing for Blood Compatibility
• 11-5 The various types of white blood cells contribute to the body’s defenses
• WBC Circulation and Movement
• Types of WBCs
• The Differential Count and Changes in WBC Abundance
• WBC Formation
• 11-6 Platelets, disc-shaped structures formed from megakaryocytes, function in the clotting process
• 11-7 Hemostasis involves vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation
• Phases of Hemostasis
• The Clotting Process
• Clot Retraction and Removal
• SPOTLIGHT
• The Composition of Whole Blood
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Abnormal Hemoglobin
• Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
• Abnormal Hemostasis
• Chapter Review
• 12 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
• The Heart’s Role in the Cardiovascular System
• 12-1 The heart is a four-chambered organ, supplied by coronary circulation, that pumps oxygen-poor b
• The Surface Anatomy of the Heart
• The Heart Wall
• Internal Anatomy and Organization
• 12-2 Contractile cells and the conducting system produce each heartbeat, and an electrocardiogram re
• Contractile Cells
• The Conducting System
• The Electrocardiogram
• 12-3 Events during a complete heartbeat make up a cardiac cycle
• Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
• Heart Sounds
• 12-4 Heart dynamics examines the factors that affect cardiac output
• Blood Volume Reflexes
• Autonomic Innervation
• Hormones
• SPOTLIGHT
• The Heart: Internal Anatomy and Blood Flow
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Heart Valve Disorders
• Abnormal Conditions Affecting Cardiac Output
• Chapter Review
• 13 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
• An Introduction to Blood Vessels and Circulation
• 13-1 Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins differ in size, structure, and function
• The Structure of Vessel Walls
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
• 13-2 Pressure and resistance determine blood flow and affect rates of capillary exchange
• Factors Affecting Blood Flow
• Cardiovascular Pressures within the Systemic Circuit
• 13-3 Cardiovascular regulation involves autoregulation, neural processes, and endocrine responses
• Autoregulation of Blood Flow within Tissues
• Neural Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow
• Hormones and Cardiovascular Regulation
• 13-4 The cardiovascular system adapts to physiological stress
• Exercise and the Cardiovascular System
• The Cardiovascular Response to Hemorrhage
• 13-5 The pulmonary and systemic circuits of the cardiovascular system exhibit three general function
• 13-6 In the pulmonary circuit, deoxygenated blood enters the lungs in arteries, and oxygenated blood
• 13-7 The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to tissues other than the
• Systemic Arteries
• Systemic Veins
• 13-8 Modifications of fetal and maternal cardiovascular systems promote the exchange of materials un
• Placental Blood Supply
• Fetal Circulation in the Heart and Great Vessels
• Circulatory Changes at Birth
• 13-9 Aging affects the blood, heart, and blood vessels
• 13-10 The cardiovascular system is both structurally and functionally linked to all other systems
• SPOTLIGHT
• Major Vessels of the Systemic Circuit
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Arteriosclerosis
• Capillary Dynamics and Blood Volume and Pressure
• Checking the Pulse and Blood Pressure
• Exercise, Cardiovascular Fitness, and Health
• Shock
• Chapter Review
• 14 The Lymphatic System and Immunity
• An Introduction to the Lymphatic System and Immunity
• 14-1 Anatomical barriers and defense processes make up nonspecific defense, and lymphocytes provide
• 14-2 Lymphatic vessels, lymphocytes, lymphoid tissues, and lymphoid organs function in body defenses
• Functions of the Lymphatic System
• Lymphatic Vessels
• Lymphocytes
• Lymphoid Tissues
• Lymphoid Organs
• 14-3 Innate (nonspecific) defenses respond in a characteristic way regardless of the potential threa
• Physical Barriers
• Phagocytes
• Immune Surveillance
• Interferons
• The Complement System
• Inflammation
• Fever
• 14-4 Adaptive (specific) defenses respond to specific threats and are either cell mediated or antibo
• Forms of Immunity
• An Overview of Adaptive Immunity
• 14-5 T cells play a role in starting and controlling adaptive immunity
• Antigen Presentation
• T Cell Activation
• 14-6 B cells respond to antigens by producing specific antibodies
• B Cell Sensitization and Activation
• Antibody Structure
• Antibody Function
• Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigen Exposure
• Summary of the Immune Response
• Hormones of the Immune System
• 14-7 Abnormal immune responses result in immune disorders
• Autoimmune Disorders
• Immunodeficiency Diseases
• Allergies
• 14-8 The immune response diminishes as we age
• 14-9 For all body systems, the lymphatic system provides defenses against infection and returns tiss
• SPOTLIGHT
• Origin and Distribution of Lymphocytes
• CLINICAL NOTES
• “Swollen Glands”
• Injury to the Spleen
• AIDS
• Stress and the Immune Response
• Manipulating the Immune Response
• Chapter Review
• 15 The Respiratory System
• An Introduction to the Respiratory System
• 15-1 The respiratory system, composed of air-conducting and respiratory portions, has several basic
• Functions of the Respiratory System
• Structures of the Respiratory System
• 15-2 The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and larger bronchioles conduct air into the lungs
• The Nose
• The Pharynx
• The Larynx
• The Trachea
• The Bronchi
• 15-3 The smallest bronchioles and the alveoli within the lungs make up the respiratory portion of th
• The Bronchioles
• The Blood Air Barrier
• The Lungs
• The Pleural Cavities
• 15-4 External respiration and internal respiration allow gas exchange within the body
• 15-5 Pulmonary ventilation—the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs—involves pre
• Pressure and Airflow to the Lungs
• Compliance
• Modes of Breathing
• Lung Volumes and Capacities
• 15-6 Gas exchange depends on the partial pressures of gases and the diffusion of molecules
• Mixed Gases and Partial Pressures
• Partial Pressures in the Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
• 15-7 In gas transport, most oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin, whereas carbon dioxide is tra
• Oxygen Transport
• Carbon Dioxide Transport
• 15-8 Neurons in the medulla oblongata and pons, along with respiratory reflexes, control respiration
• The Local Control of Respiration
• Control by the Respiratory Centers of the Brain
• The Reflex Control of Respiration
• Control by Higher Centers
• Respiratory Changes at Birth
• 15-9 Respiratory performance declines with age
• 15-10 The respiratory system provides oxygen to, and removes carbon dioxide from, other organ syste
• SPOTLIGHTS
• Pulmonary Ventilation
• The Control of Respiration
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Tracheal Blockage
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis
• Decompression Sickness
• Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
• Emphysema and Lung Cancer
• Chapter Review
• 16 The Digestive System
• An Introduction to the Digestive System
• 16-1 The digestive system—the digestive tract and accessory organs—performs various food-process
• Functions of the Digestive System
• Histological Organization of the Digestive Tract
• The Movement of Digestive Materials
• 16-2 The oral cavity contains the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth, each with specific functions
• The Tongue
• Salivary Glands
• Teeth
• 16-3 The pharynx is a passageway between the oral cavity and the esophagus
• The Pharynx
• The Esophagus
• Swallowing
• 16-4 The J-shaped stomach receives food from the esophagus and aids in chemical and mechanical diges
• The Gastric Wall
• The Regulation of Gastric Activity
• Digestion in the Stomach
• 16-5 The small intestine chemically digests and absorbs nutrients
• The Intestinal Wall
• Intestinal Movements
• Intestinal Secretions
• Intestinal Hormones
• Digestion in the Small Intestine
• 16-6 The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are accessory organs that assist with chemical digestion i
• The Pancreas
• The Liver
• The Gallbladder
• 16-7 The large intestine is divided into three parts with regional specialization
• The Cecum
• The Colon
• The Rectum
• The Functions of the Large Intestine
• 16-8 Chemical digestion is the alteration of food that allows the absorption and use of nutrients
• The Processing and Absorption of Nutrients
• Water and Electrolyte Absorption
• Absorption of Vitamins
• 16-9 Many age-related changes affect digestion and absorption
• 16-10 The digestive system is extensively integrated with other body systems
• SPOTLIGHTS
• Regulation of Gastric Activity
• Chemical Events in Digestion
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers
• Stomach Cancer
• Vomiting
• Pancreatitis
• Liver Disease
• Colorectal Cancer
• Diverticulosis
• Diarrhea and Constipation
• Lactose Intolerance
• Chapter Review
• 17 Metabolism and Energetics
• An Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism
• 17-1 Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions in the body, and energetics refers to the flow
• 17-2 Carbohydrate metabolism involves glycolysis, ATP production, and gluconeogenesis
• Glycolysis
• Energy Production Within Mitochondria
• Energy Yield of Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration
• Gluconeogenesis (Glucose Synthesis)
• Alternate Catabolic Pathways
• 17-3 Lipid metabolism involves lipolysis, beta-oxidation, and the transport and distribution of lipi
• Lipid Catabolism
• Lipids and Energy Production
• Lipid Synthesis
• Lipid Transport and Distribution
• 17-4 Protein catabolism involves transamination and deamination, and protein synthesis involves amin
• Amino Acid Catabolism
• Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis
• 17-5 Nucleic acid catabolism involves RNA, but not DNA
• RNA Catabolism
• Nucleic Acid Synthesis
• 17-6 Adequate nutrition is necessary to prevent deficiency disorders and maintain homeostasis
• Food Groups and a Balanced Diet
• Minerals, Vitamins, and Water
• Diet and Disease
• 17-7 Metabolic rate is the average caloric expenditure, and thermoregulation involves balancing heat
• The Energy Content of Food
• Energy Expenditure: Metabolic Rate
• Thermoregulation
• 17-8 Caloric needs decline with advancing age
• SPOTLIGHT
• Electron Transport Chain and ATP Formation
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Carbohydrate Loading
• Dietary Fats and Cholesterol
• Ketoacidosis
• Chapter Review
• 18 The Urinary System
• An Introduction to the Urinary System
• 18-1 The urinary system—made up of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra—has three
• 18-2 The kidneys are highly vascular organs containing functional units called nephrons, which perfo
• Superficial and Sectional Anatomy of the Kidneys
• The Blood Supply to the Kidneys
• The Nephron
• 18-3 Different portions of the nephron form urine by filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
• Nephron Processes
• Filtration at the Glomerulus
• Reabsorption and Secretion along the Renal Tubule
• Normal Urine
• 18-4 Normal kidney function depends on a stable GFR
• The Local Regulation of Kidney Function
• The Hormonal Control of Kidney Function
• 18-5 Urine is transported by the ureters, stored in the bladder, and eliminated through the urethra,
• The Ureters
• The Urinary Bladder
• The Urethra
• The Control of Urination
• 18-6 Fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance are interrelated and essential to hom
• The ECF and the ICF
• 18-7 Blood pressure and osmosis are involved in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
• Fluid Balance
• Electrolyte Balance
• 18-8 In acid-base balance, regulation of hydrogen ions in body fluids involves buffer systems and co
• Acids in the Body
• Buffers and Buffer Systems
• Maintaining Acid-Base Balance
• Acid-Base Disorders
• 18-9 Age-related changes affect kidney function and the control of urination
• 18-10 The urinary system is one of several body systems involved in waste excretion
• SPOTLIGHT
• A Summary of Kidney Function
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Kidney Failure
• Urinary Tract Infections
• Incontinence
• Disturbances of Acid-Base Balance
• Chapter Review
• 19 The Reproductive System
• An Introduction to the Reproductive System
• 19-1 Basic reproductive system structures are gonads, ducts, accessory glands and organs, and extern
• 19-2 Sperm formation (spermatogenesis) occurs in the testes, and hormones from the hypothalamus, pit
• The Testes
• Spermatogenesis
• The Male Reproductive Tract
• The Accessory Glands
• The External Genitalia
• Hormones and Male Reproductive Function
• 19-3 Ovum production (oogenesis) occurs in the ovaries, and hormones from the pituitary gland and ov
• The Ovaries
• The Uterine Tubes
• The Uterus
• The Vagina
• The External Genitalia
• The Mammary Glands
• Hormones and the Female Reproductive Cycle
• 19-4 The autonomic nervous system influences male and female sexual function
• Male Sexual Function
• Female Sexual Function
• 19-5 With age, decreasing levels of reproductive hormones cause functional changes
• Menopause
• The Male Climacteric
• 19-6 The reproductive system secretes hormones affecting growth and metabolism of all body systems
• SPOTLIGHTS
• Regulation of Male Reproduction
• Regulation of Female Reproduction
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Cryptorchidism
• Prostatitis
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
• Amenorrhea
• Breast Cancer
• Infertility
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Birth Control Strategies
• Chapter Review
• 20 Development and Inheritance
• An Introduction to Development and Inheritance
• 20-1 Development is a continuous process that occurs from fertilization to maturity
• 20-2 Fertilization—the fusion of a secondary oocyte and a sperm—forms a zygote
• An Overview of Fertilization
• Ovulation and Oocyte Activation
• 20-3 Gestation consists of three stages of prenatal development: the first, second, and third trimes
• 20-4 Critical events of the first trimester are cleavage, implantation, placentation, and embryogene
• Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation
• Implantation
• Placentation
• Embryogenesis
• 20-5 During the second and third trimesters, maternal organ systems support the developing fetus, an
• The Effects of Pregnancy on Maternal Systems
• Structural and Functional Changes in the Uterus
• 20-6 Labor consists of the dilation, expulsion, and placental stages
• The Stages of Labor
• Premature Labor
• Multiple Births
• 20-7 Postnatal stages are the neonatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and maturity, follow
• The Neonatal Period, Infancy, and Childhood
• Adolescence and Maturity
• 20-8 Genes and chromosomes determine patterns of inheritance
• Patterns of Inheritance
• The Human Genome
• SPOTLIGHT
• Extra-Embryonic Membranes and Placenta Formation
• CLINICAL NOTES
• Abortion
• Chromosomal Abnormalities and Genetic Analysis
• Chapter Review
• Answers Answers to Checkpoints and Review Questions
• Appendix Normal Physiological Values
• Glossary/Index
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z
• Credits