Efnisyfirlit

• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Dedication
• Copyright
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Part I. Introduction
• 1. The Radiographic Image
• Introduction
• Nature of the Traditional Two-Dimensional Radiographic Image
• Quality of the Traditional Two-Dimensional Radiographic Image
• Perception of the Radiographic Image
• Types of Traditional Dental Radiographs
• Part II. Radiation Physics, Equipment and Radiation Protection
• 2. The Production, Properties and Interactions of X-rays
• Introduction
• Atomic Structure
• X-Ray Production
• Interaction of X-Rays with Matter
• 3. Dental X-ray Generating Equipment
• Introduction
• Ideal Requirements
• Main Components of the Tubehead
• Other X-Ray Generating Apparatus
• 4. Image Receptors
• Introduction
• Digital Receptors
• Radiographic Film
• Characteristics of Radiographic Film
• Background Fog Density
• Intensifying Screens
• Cassettes
• Important Practical Points to Note
• 5. Image Processing
• Computer Digital Processing
• Chemical Processing
• 6. Radiation Dose, Dosimetry and Dose Limitation
• Dose Units
• Dose Limits
• Dose Rate
• Dose Limitation
• 7. The Biological Effects Associated with X-rays, Risk and Practical Radiation Protection
• Radiation-Induced Tissue Damage
• Classification of the Biological Effects
• Practical Radiation Protection
• Footnote
• Part III. Radiography
• 8. Dental Radiography – General Patient Considerations including Control of Infection
• General Guidelines on Patient Care
• Specific Requirements When X-Raying Children and Patients with Disabilities
• Control of Infection
• Micro-Organisms That May Be Encountered
• Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions
• Infection Control Measures
• Footnote
• 9. Periapical Radiography
• Main Indications
• Ideal Positioning Requirements
• Radiographic Techniques
• Anatomy
• Bisected Angle Technique
• Comparison of The Paralleling and Bisected Angle Techniques
• Conclusion
• Positioning Difficulties Often Encountered in Periapical Radiography
• Assessment of Image Quality
• 10. Bitewing Radiography
• Main Indications
• Ideal Technique Requirements
• Positioning Techniques
• Resultant Radiographs
• Assessment of Image Quality
• 11. Occlusal Radiography
• Introduction
• Terminology and Classification
• Upper Standard (or Anterior) Occlusal
• Upper Oblique Occlusal
• Lower 90° Occlusal
• Lower 45° (or Anterior) Occlusal
• Lower Oblique Occlusal
• 12. Oblique Lateral Radiography
• Introduction
• Terminology
• Main Indications
• Basic Technique Principles
• Positioning Examples For Various Oblique Lateral Radiographs
• Bimolar Technique
• 13. Skull and Maxillofacial Radiography
• Equipment, Patient Positioning and Projections
• 14. Cephalometric Radiography
• Introduction
• Main Indications
• Equipment
• Main Radiographic Projections
• Cephalometric Posteroanterior of the Jaws (PA Jaws)
• 15. Tomography and Panoramic Radiography
• Introduction
• Tomographic Theory
• Panoramic Tomography
• Selection Criteria
• Equipment
• Technique and Positioning
• Normal Anatomy
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Assessment of Image Quality
• Assessment of Not Acceptable Images and Determination of Errors
• Footnote
• 16. Cone Beam Computed Tomography
• Main Indications
• Equipment and Theory
• Technique and Positioning
• Normal Anatomy
• Radiation Dose
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Assessment of Image Quality
• Quality Assurance
• Footnote
• 17. The Quality of Radiographic Images and Quality Assurance
• Introduction
• Quality Assurance (QA)
• Digital Image Quality
• Quality Control Procedures for Digital Receptors, Computer Processing and Monitors
• Film-Based Image Quality
• Quality Control Procedures for Film, Chemical Processing and Light Boxes
• Patient Preparation and Positioning Technique Errors in Both Digital and Film-Based Imaging
• Patient Dose and X-Ray Generating Equipment
• Working Procedures
• Staff Training and Updating
• Audits
• Footnote
• 18. Alternative and Specialized Imaging Modalities
• Introduction
• Contrast Studies
• Radioisotope Imaging
• Computed Tomography (CT)
• Ultrasound Examinations
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Part IV. Radiology
• 19. Introduction to Radiological Interpretation
• Essential Requirements for Interpretation
• Conclusion
• 20. Dental Caries and the Assessment of Restorations
• Introduction
• Classification of Caries
• Diagnosis and Detection of Caries
• Other Important Radiographic Appearances
• Limitations Of Radiographic Detection of Caries
• Radiographic Assessment of Restorations
• Limitations of the Radiographic Image
• Suggested Guidelines for Interpreting Bitewing Images
• Cone Beam Computed Tomography
• 21. The Periapical Tissues
• Introduction
• Normal Radiographic Appearances
• The Effects of Normal Superimposed Shadows
• Radiographic Appearances of Periapical Inflammatory Changes
• Treatment and Imaging in Endodontics
• Other Important Causes of Periapical Radiolucency
• Suggested Guidelines for Interpreting Periapical Images
• 22. The Periodontal Tissues and Periodontal Disease
• Introduction
• Selection Criteria
• Radiographic Features of Healthy Periodontium
• Classification of Periodontal Diseases
• Radiographic Features of Periodontal Disease and the Assessment of Bone Loss and Furcation Involvement
• Evaluation of Treatment Measures
• Limitations of Radiographic Diagnosis
• 23. Implant Assessment
• Introduction
• Main Indications
• Main Contraindications
• Treatment Planning Considerations
• Radiographic Examination
• Peri-operative Imaging
• Post-operative Evaluation and Follow-Up
• Footnote
• 24. Developmental Abnormalities
• Introduction
• Classification of Developmental Abnormalities
• Typical Radiographic Appearances of The More Common and Important Developmental Abnormalities
• Radiographic Assessment of Mandibular Third Molars
• Radiographic Assessment of Unerupted Maxillary Canines
• 25. Radiological Differential Diagnosis – Describing a Lesion
• Introduction
• Detailed Description of a Lesion
• Footnote
• 26. Differential Diagnosis of Radiolucent Lesions of the Jaws
• Introduction
• Step-By-Step Guide
• Typical Radiographic Features of Radiolucent Cysts and Tumours
• Typical Radiographic Features of Tumours
• Typical Radiographic Features of Allied Lesions
• Footnote
• 27. Differential Diagnosis of Lesions of Variable Radiopacity in the Jaws
• STEP I
• STEP II
• STEP III
• STEP IV
• STEP V
• Typical Radiographic Features of Abnormalities of the Teeth
• Typical Radiographic Features of Conditions of Variable Opacity Affecting Bone
• Summary
• Typical Radiographic Features of Soft Tissue Calcifications
• Typical Radiographic Features of Foreign Bodies
• 28. Bone Diseases of Radiological Importance
• Introduction
• Developmental or Genetic Disorders
• Infective or Inflammatory Conditions
• Hormone-Related Diseases
• Blood Dyscrasias
• Diseases of Unknown Cause
• 29. Trauma to the Teeth and Facial Skeleton
• Introduction
• Injuries to the Teeth and Their Supporting Structures
• Skeletal Fractures
• Fractures of the Mandible
• Fractures of the Middle Third of the Facial Skeleton
• Other Fractures and Injuries
• 30. The Temporomandibular Joint
• Introduction
• Normal Anatomy
• Investigations
• Main Pathological Conditions Affecting the TMJ
• Footnote
• 31. The Maxillary Antra
• Introduction
• Normal Anatomy
• Normal Appearance of the Antra on Conventional Radiographs
• Antral Disease
• Investigation and Appearance of Disease Within the Antra
• Infection and Inflammation
• Other Paranasal Air Sinuses
• 32. The Salivary Glands
• Salivary Gland Disorders
• Investigations
• Bibliography and Suggested Reading
• Index