Efnisyfirlit

• Brief Contents
• Title Page
• Copyright
• About the Authors
• New to the Thirteenth Edition
• Acknowledgments
• Acknowledgments for the Global Edition
• Contents
• 1. The Human Body: An Orientation
• 1.1 An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• 1.1a Anatomy
• 1.1b Physiology
• 1.1c Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology
• 1.2 Levels of Structural Organization
• 1.2a From Atoms to Organisms
• 1.2b Organ System Overview
• Integumentary System
• Skeletal System
• Muscular System
• Nervous System
• Endocrine System
• Cardiovascular System
• Lymphatic System
• Respiratory System
• Digestive System
• Urinary System
• Reproductive System
• 1.3 Maintaining Life
• 1.3a Necessary Life Functions
• Maintaining Boundaries
• Movement
• Responsiveness
• Digestion
• Metabolism
• Excretion
• Reproduction
• Growth
• 1.3b Survival Needs
• 1.4 The Language of Anatomy
• 1.4a Anatomical Position
• 1.4b Directional Terms
• 1.4c Regional Terms
• Anterior Body Landmarks
• Posterior Body Landmarks
• 1.4d Body Planes and Sections
• 1.4e Body Cavities
• Dorsal Body Cavity
• Ventral Body Cavity
• Other Body Cavities
• 1.5 Homeostasis
• 1.5a Components of Homeostatic Control Systems
• 1.5b Feedback Mechanisms
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• A Closer Look Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body
• 2. Basic Chemistry
• 2.1 Concepts of Matter and Energy
• 2.1a Matter
• 2.1b Energy
• Forms of Energy
• Energy Form Conversions
• 2.2 Composition of Matter
• 2.2a Elements and Atoms
• 2.2b Atomic Structure
• The Basic Atomic Subparticles
• Planetary and Orbital Models of an Atom
• 2.2c Identifying Elements
• Atomic Number
• Atomic Mass Number
• Atomic Weight and Isotopes
• 2.3 Molecules and Compounds
• 2.4 Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions
• 2.4a Bond Formation
• Role of Electrons
• Types of Chemical Bonds
• 2.4b Patterns of Chemical Reactions
• Synthesis Reactions
• Decomposition Reactions
• Exchange Reactions
• Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions
• 2.5 Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter
• 2.5a Inorganic Compounds
• Water
• Salts
• Acids and Bases
• 2.5b Organic Compounds
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• Focus on Careers Pharmacy Technician
• 3. Cells and Tissues
• Part I: Cells
• 3.1 Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life
• 3.2 Anatomy of a Generalized Cell
• 3.2a The Plasma Membrane
• The Fluid Mosaic Model
• Cell Membrane Junctions
• 3.2b The Nucleus
• Nuclear Envelope
• Nucleolus
• Chromatin
• 3.2c The Cytoplasm
• Cytosol and Inclusions
• Organelles
• 3.2d Cell Extensions
• Cilia and Flagella
• Microvilli
• 3.2e Cell Diversity
• 3.3 Cell Physiology
• 3.3a Membrane Transport
• Passive Processes: Diffusion and Filtration
• Active Processes
• 3.3b Cell Division
• Preparations: DNA Replication
• Events of Cell Division
• 3.3c Protein Synthesis
• Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure
• The Role of RNA
• The Process of Protein Synthesis
• Part II: Body Tissues
• 3.4 Epithelial Tissue
• 3.4a Hallmarks of Epithelium
• 3.4b Classification of Epithelia
• Simple Epithelia
• Stratified Epithelia
• Glandular Epithelium
• 3.5 Connective Tissue
• 3.5a Hallmarks of Connective Tissue
• 3.5b Extracellular Matrix
• 3.5c Types of Connective Tissue
• Bone
• Cartilage
• Dense Connective Tissue
• Loose Connective Tissue
• Blood
• 3.6 Muscle Tissue
• 3.6a Skeletal Muscle
• 3.6b Cardiac Muscle
• 3.6c Smooth Muscle
• 3.7 Nervous Tissue
• 3.8 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• A Closer Look IV Therapy and Cellular “Tonics”
• A Closer Look Cancer—An Intimate Enemy
• 4. Skin and Body Membranes
• 4.1 Classification of Body Membranes
• 4.1a Epithelial Membranes
• Cutaneous Membrane
• Mucous Membranes
• Serous Membranes
• 4.1b Connective Tissue Membranes
• 4.2 The Integumentary System (Skin)
• 4.2a Functions of the Integumentary System
• 4.2b Structure of the Skin
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• 4.2c Skin Color
• 4.2d Appendages of the Skin
• Cutaneous Glands
• Hair and Hair Follicles
• Nails
• 4.2e Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin
• Infections and Allergies
• Burns
• Skin Cancer
• 4.3 Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• A Closer Look A Wrinkle Out of Time
• Focus on Careers Medical Transcriptionist
• Systems in Sync
• 5. The Skeletal System
• 5.1 Bones: An Overview
• 5.1a Functions of the Bones
• 5.1b Classification of Bones
• 5.1c Structure of Bone
• Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
• Microscopic Anatomy
• 5.1d Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling
• Bone Formation and Growth
• Bone Remodeling
• 5.1e Bone Fractures
• 5.2 Axial Skeleton
• 5.2a Skull
• Cranium
• Facial Bones
• The Hyoid Bone
• 5.2b Vertebral Column (Spine)
• Cervical Vertebrae
• Thoracic Vertebrae
• Lumbar Vertebrae
• Sacrum
• Coccyx
• 5.2c Thoracic Cage
• Sternum
• Ribs
• 5.3 Appendicular Skeleton
• 5.3a Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
• 5.3b Bones of the Upper Limbs
• Arm
• Forearm
• Hand
• 5.3c Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
• 5.3d Bones of the Lower Limbs
• Thigh
• Leg
• Foot
• 5.4 Joints
• 5.4a Fibrous Joints
• 5.4b Cartilaginous Joints
• 5.4c Synovial Joints
• 5.4d Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
• 5.5 Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton
• 5.5a Birth to Adulthood
• 5.5b Older Adults
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• Focus on Careers Radiologic Technologist
• A Closer Look Joint Ventures
• Systems in Sync
• 6. The Muscular System
• 6.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
• 6.1a Muscle Types
• Skeletal Muscle
• Smooth Muscle
• Cardiac Muscle
• 6.1b Muscle Functions
• Produce Movement
• Maintain Posture and Body Position
• Stabilize Joints
• Generate Heat
• Additional Functions
• 6.2 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
• 6.3 Skeletal Muscle Activity
• 6.3a Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential
• Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory
• 6.3b Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
• Graded Responses
• Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction
• Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit
• Types of Muscle Contractions—Isotonic and Isometric
• Muscle Tone
• Effect of Exercise on Muscles
• 6.4 Muscle Movements, Roles, and Names
• 6.4a Types of Body Movements
• Special Movements
• 6.4b Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body
• 6.4c Naming Skeletal Muscles
• 6.4d Arrangement of Fascicles
• 6.5 Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles
• 6.5a Head and Neck Muscles
• Facial Muscles
• Neck Muscles
• 6.5b Trunk Muscles
• Anterior Muscles
• Posterior Muscles
• 6.5c Muscles of the Upper Limb
• Muscles Causing Movement at the Elbow Joint
• 6.5d Muscles of the Lower Limb
• Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint
• Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint
• Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot
• 6.6 Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• A Closer Look Anabolic Steroids: Dying to Win?
• Systems in Sync
• 7. The Nervous System
• 7.1 Organization of the Nervous System
• 7.1a Structural Classification
• 7.1b Functional Classification
• 7.2 Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function
• 7.2a Supporting Cells
• 7.2b Neurons
• Anatomy
• Classification
• 7.2c Physiology: Nerve Impulses
• 7.2d Physiology: Reflexes
• 7.3 Central Nervous System
• 7.3a Functional Anatomy of the Brain
• Cerebral Hemispheres
• Diencephalon
• Brain Stem
• Cerebellum
• 7.3b Protection of the Central Nervous System
• Meninges
• Cerebrospinal Fluid
• The Blood-Brain Barrier
• 7.3c Brain Dysfunctions
• 7.3d Spinal Cord
• Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
• White Matter of the Spinal Cord
• 7.4 Peripheral Nervous System
• 7.4a Structure of a Nerve
• 7.4b Cranial Nerves
• 7.4c Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses
• 7.4d Autonomic Nervous System
• Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Compared
• Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division
• Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division
• Autonomic Functioning
• 7.5 Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• A Closer Look The “Terrible Three”
• A Closer Look Tracking Down CNS Problems
• Systems in Sync
• 8. Special Senses
• Part I: The Eye and Vision
• 8.1 Anatomy of the Eye
• 8.1a External and Accessory Structures
• 8.1b Internal Structures: The Eyeball
• Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball
• Lens
• 8.2 Physiology of Vision
• 8.2a Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction
• 8.2b Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain
• 8.2c Eye Reflexes
• Part II: The Ear: Hearing and Balance
• 8.3 Anatomy of the Ear
• 8.3a External (Outer) Ear
• 8.3b Middle Ear
• 8.3c Internal (Inner) Ear
• 8.4 Hearing
• 8.5 Equilibrium
• 8.5a Static Equilibrium
• 8.5b Dynamic Equilibrium
• 8.5c Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits
• Part III: Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
• 8.6 Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell
• 8.7 Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste
• Part IV: Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• A Closer Look Visual Pigments—The Actual Photoreceptors
• A Closer Look Bringing Things into Focus
• Focus on Careers Physical Therapy Assistant
• 9. The Endocrine System
• 9.1 The Endocrine System and Hormone Function—An Overview
• 9.1a The Chemistry of Hormones
• 9.1b Hormone Action
• Direct Gene Activation
• Second-Messenger System
• 9.1c Stimuli for Control of Hormone Release
• Hormonal Stimuli
• Humoral Stimuli
• Neural Stimuli
• 9.2 The Major Endocrine Organs
• 9.2a Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
• Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationships
• 9.2b Pineal Gland
• 9.2c Thyroid Gland
• 9.2d Parathyroid Glands
• 9.2e Thymus
• 9.2f Adrenal Glands
• Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
• Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
• 9.2g Pancreatic Islets
• 9.2h Gonads
• Hormones of the Ovaries
• Hormones of the Testes
• 9.3 Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs
• 9.4 Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• A Closer Look Potential Uses for Growth Hormone
• Systems in Sync
• 10. Blood
• 10.1 Composition and Functions of Blood
• 10.1a Components
• 10.1b Physical Characteristics and Volume
• 10.1c Plasma
• 10.1d Formed Elements
• Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Platelets
• 10.1e Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation)
• Formation of Red Blood Cells
• Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets
• 10.2 Hemostasis
• 10.2a Phases of Hemostasis
• 10.2b Disorders of Hemostasis
• 10.3 Blood Groups and Transfusions
• 10.3a Human Blood Groups
• 10.3b Blood Typing
• 10.4 Developmental Aspects of Blood
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• Focus on Careers Phlebotomy Technician
• 11. The Cardiovascular System
• 11.1 The Heart
• 11.1a Anatomy of the Heart
• Size, Location, and Orientation
• Coverings and Walls of the Heart
• 11.1b Chambers and Associated Great Vessels
• 11.1c Heart Valves
• Cardiac Circulation
• 11.1d Physiology of the Heart
• Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythm
• Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
• Cardiac Output
• 11.2 Blood Vessels
• 11.2a Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels
• Tunics
• Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
• 11.2b Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels
• Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
• Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation
• Special Circulations
• 11.2c Physiology of Circulation
• Arterial Pulse
• Blood Pressure
• Capillary Exchange of Gases and Nutrients
• Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds
• 11.3 Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• A Closer Look Electrocardiography: (Don’t) Be Still My Heart
• A Closer Look Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Plumber’s Snake!
• Systems in Sync
• 12. The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
• Part I: The Lymphatic System
• 12.1 Lymphatic Vessels
• 12.2 Lymph Nodes
• 12.3 Other Lymphoid Organs
• Part II: Body Defenses
• 12.4 Innate Body Defenses
• 12.4a Surface Membrane Barriers: First Line of Defense
• 12.4b Cells and Chemicals: Second Line of Defense
• Natural Killer Cells
• Inflammatory Response
• Phagocytes
• Antimicrobial Proteins
• Fever
• 12.5 Adaptive Body Defenses
• 12.5a Antigens
• 12.5b Cells of the Adaptive Defense System: An Overview
• Lymphocytes
• Antigen-Presenting Cells
• 12.5c Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response
• Active and Passive Humoral Immunity
• Antibodies
• 12.5d Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response
• 12.5e Organ Transplants and Rejection
• 12.5f Disorders of Immunity
• Part III: Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• A Closer Look COVID-19: A Global Pandemic
• A Closer Look AIDS: An Ongoing Pandemic
• Systems in Sync
• 13. The Respiratory System
• 13.1 Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
• 13.1a The Nose
• 13.1b The Pharynx
• 13.1c The Larynx
• 13.1d The Trachea
• 13.1e The Main Bronchi
• 13.1f The Lungs
• The Bronchial Tree
• Respiratory Zone Structures and the Respiratory Membrane
• 13.2 Respiratory Physiology
• 13.2a Mechanics of Breathing
• Inspiration
• Expiration
• 13.2b Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
• Nonrespiratory Air Movements
• Respiratory Sounds
• 13.2c External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration
• External Respiration
• Gas Transport in the Blood
• Internal Respiration
• 13.2d Control of Respiration
• Neural Regulation: Setting the Basic Rhythm
• Nonneural Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
• 13.3 Respiratory Disorders
• 13.4 Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• A Closer Look Too Clean for Our Own Good?
• Systems in Sync
• 14. The Digestive System and Body Metabolism
• Part I: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
• 14.1 Anatomy of the Digestive System
• 14.1a Organs of the Alimentary Canal
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Large Intestine
• 14.1b Accessory Digestive Organs
• Teeth
• Salivary Glands
• Pancreas
• Liver and Gallbladder
• 14.2 Functions of the Digestive System
• 14.2a Overview of Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls
• 14.2b Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
• Food Ingestion and Breakdown
• Food Propulsion—Swallowing and Peristalsis
• 14.2c Activities of the Stomach
• Food Breakdown
• Food Propulsion
• 14.2d Activities of the Small Intestine
• Chyme Breakdown and Absorption
• Chyme Propulsion
• 14.2e Activities of the Large Intestine
• Nutrient Breakdown and Absorption
• Propulsion of Food Residue and Defecation
• 14.2f The Microbiota
• Part II: Nutrition and Metabolism
• 14.3 Nutrition
• 14.3a Dietary Recommendations
• 14.3b Dietary Sources of the Major Nutrients
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• 14.4 Metabolism
• 14.4a Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells
• Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Fat Metabolism
• Protein Metabolism
• 14.4b The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism
• General Metabolic Functions
• Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport
• 14.4c Body Energy Balance
• Regulation of Food Intake
• Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production
• Body Temperature Regulation
• Part III: Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System and Metabolism
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• A Closer Look Peptic Ulcers: “Something Is Eating at Me”
• A Closer Look Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted
• Systems in Sync
• 15. The Urinary System
• 15.1 Kidneys
• 15.1a Location and Structure
• Kidney Structure
• Blood Supply
• 15.1b Nephrons
• 15.1c Urine Formation and Characteristics
• Glomerular Filtration
• Tubular Reabsorption
• Tubular Secretion
• Nitrogenous Wastes
• Characteristics of Urine
• 15.2 Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
• 15.2a Ureters
• 15.2b Urinary Bladder
• 15.2c Urethra
• 15.2d Micturition
• 15.3 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
• 15.3a Maintaining Water Balance of Blood
• Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
• The Link between Water and Electrolytes
• Regulation of Water Intake and Output
• 15.3b Maintaining Electrolyte Balance
• 15.3c Maintaining Acid-Base Balance of Blood
• Blood Buffers
• Respiratory Mechanisms
• Renal Mechanisms
• 15.4 Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• A Closer Look Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney
• Focus on Careers Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)
• Systems in Sync
• 16. The Reproductive System
• 16.1 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
• 16.1a Testes
• 16.1b Duct System
• Epididymis
• Ductus Deferens
• Urethra
• 16.1c Accessory Glands and Semen
• Seminal Vesicles
• Prostate
• Bulbourethral Glands
• Semen
• 16.1d External Genitalia
• 16.2 Male Reproductive Functions
• 16.2a Spermatogenesis
• 16.2b Testosterone Production
• 16.3 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
• 16.3a Ovaries
• 16.3b Duct System
• Uterine Tubes
• Uterus
• Vagina
• 16.3c External Genitalia and Female Perineum
• 16.4 Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles
• 16.4a Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle
• 16.4b Hormone Production by the Ovaries
• 16.4c Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
• 16.5 Mammary Glands
• 16.6 Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
• 16.6a Accomplishing Fertilization
• 16.6b Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development
• 16.6c Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother
• Anatomical Changes
• Physiological Changes
• 16.6d Childbirth
• Initiation of Labor
• Stages of Labor
• 16.7 Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System
• Summary
• Review Questions
• Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
• A Closer Look Contraception: Preventing Pregnancy
• Systems in Sync
• Appendixes
• Appendix A. Answers to Did You Get It? Questions and Multiple Choice Review Questions
• Appendix B. Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes
• Appendix C. Periodic Table of the Elements
• Appendix D. Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index
• Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes by Chapter