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• Contents
• Foreword
• Preface
• About the Authors
• Part I: The American Counseling Association Code of Ethics
• The ACA Code of Ethics Preamble
• Section A: The Counseling Relationship
• Introduction
• A.1. Client Welfare
• A.1.a. Primary Responsibility
• A.1.b. Records and Documentation
• A.1.c. Counseling Plans
• A.1.d. Support Network Involvement
• A.2. Informed Consent in the Counseling Relationship
• A.2.a. Informed Consent
• A.2.b. Types of Information Needed
• A.2.c. Developmental and Cultural Sensitivity
• A.2.d. Inability to Give Consent
• A.2.e. Mandated Clients
• A.3. Clients Served by Others
• A.4. Avoiding Harm and Imposing Values
• A.4.a. Avoiding Harm
• A.4.b. Personal Values
• A.5. Prohibited Noncounseling Roles and Relationships
• A.5.a. Sexual and/or Romantic Relationships Prohibited
• A.5.b. Previous Sexual and/or Romantic Relationships
• A.5.c. Sexual and/or Romantic Relationships With Former Clients
• A.5.d. Friends or Family Members
• A.5.e. Personal Virtual Relationships With Current Clients
• A.6. Managing and Maintaining Boundaries and Professional Relationships
• A.6.a. Previous Relationships
• A.6.b. Extending Counseling Boundaries
• A.6.c. Documenting Boundary Extensions
• A.6.d. Role Changes in the Professional Relationship
• A.6.e. Nonprofessional Interactions or Relationships (Other Than Sexual or Romantic Interactions or
• A.7. Roles and Relationships at Individual, Group, Institutional, and Societal Levels
• A.7.a. Advocacy
• A.7.b. Confidentiality and Advocacy
• A.8. Multiple Clients
• A.9. Group Work
• A.9.a. Screening
• A.9.b. Protecting Clients
• A.10. Fees and Business Practices
• A.10.a. Self-Referral
• A.10.b. Unacceptable Business Practices
• A.10.c. Establishing Fees
• A.10.d. Nonpayment of Fees
• A.10.e. Bartering
• A.10.f. Receiving Gifts
• A.11. Termination and Referral
• A.11.a. Competence Within Termination and Referral
• A.11.b. Values Within Termination and Referral
• A.11.c. Appropriate Termination
• A.11.d. Appropriate Transfer of Services
• A.12. Abandonment and Client Neglect
• Section B: Confidentiality and Privacy
• Introduction
• B.1. Respecting Client Rights
• B.1.a. Multicultural/Diversity Considerations
• B.1.b. Respect for Privacy
• B.1.c. Respect for Confidentiality
• B.1.d. Explanation of Limitations
• B.2. Exceptions
• B.2.a. Serious and Foreseeable Harm and Legal Requirements
• B.2.b. Confidentiality Regarding End-of-Life Decisions
• B.2.c. Contagious, Life-Threatening Diseases
• B.2.d. Court-Ordered Disclosure
• B.2.e. Minimal Disclosure
• B.3. Information Shared With Others
• B.3.a. Subordinates
• B.3.b. Interdisciplinary Teams
• B.3.c. Confidential Settings
• B.3.d. Third-Party Payers
• B.3.e. Transmitting Confidential Information
• B.3.f. Deceased Clients
• B.4. Groups and Families
• B.4.a. Group Work
• B.4.b. Couples and Family Counseling
• B.5. Clients Lacking Capacity to Give Informed Consent
• B.5.a. Responsibility to Clients
• B.5.b. Responsibility to Parents and Legal Guardians
• B.5.c. Release of Confidential Information
• B.6. Records and Documentation
• B.6.a. Creating and Maintaining Records and Documentation
• B.6.b. Confidentiality of Records and Documentation
• B.6.c. Permission to Record
• B.6.d. Permission to Observe
• B.6.e. Client Access
• B.6.f. Assistance With Records
• B.6.g. Disclosure or Transfer
• B.6.h. Storage and Disposal After Termination
• B.6.i. Reasonable Precautions
• B.7. Case Consultation
• B.7.a. Respect for Privacy
• B.7.b. Disclosure of Confidential Information
• Section C: Professional Responsibility
• Introduction
• C.1. Knowledge of and Compliance With Standards
• C.2. Professional Competence
• C.2.a. Boundaries of Competence
• C.2.b. New Specialty Areas of Practice
• C.2.c. Qualified for Employment
• C.2.d. Monitor Effectiveness
• C.2.e. Consultations on Ethical Obligations
• C.2.f. Continuing Education
• C.2.g. Impairment
• C.2.h. Counselor Incapacitation, Death, Retirement, or Termination of Practice
• C.3. Advertising and Soliciting Clients
• C.3.a. Accurate Advertising
• C.3.b. Testimonials
• C.3.c. Statements by Others
• C.3.d. Recruiting Through Employment
• C.3.e. Products and Training Advertisements
• C.3.f. Promoting to Those Served
• C.4. Professional Qualifications
• C.4.a. Accurate Representation
• C.4.b. Credentials
• C.4.c. Educational Degrees
• C.4.d. Implying Doctoral-Level Competence
• C.4.e. Accreditation Status
• C.4.f. Professional Membership
• C.5. Nondiscrimination
• C.6. Public Responsibility
• C.6.a. Sexual Harassment
• C.6.b. Reports to Third Parties
• C.6.c. Media Presentations
• C.6.d. Exploitation of Others
• C.6.e. Contributing to the Public Good (Pro Bono Publico)
• C.7. Treatment Modalities
• C.7.a. Scientific Basis for Treatment
• C.7.b. Development and Innovation
• C.7.c. Harmful Practices
• C.8. Responsibility to Other Professionals
• C.8.a. Personal Public Statements
• Section D: Relationships With Other Professionals
• Introduction
• D.1. Relationships with Colleagues, Employers, and Employees
• D.1.a. Different Approaches
• D.1.b. Forming Relationships
• D.1.c. Interdisciplinary Teamwork
• D.1.d. Establishing Professional and Ethical Obligations
• D.1.e. Confidentiality
• D.1.f. Personnel Selection and Assignment
• D.1.g. Employer Policies
• D.1.h. Negative Conditions
• D.1.i. Protection From Punitive Action
• D.2. Provision of Consultation Services
• D.2.a. Consultant Competency
• D.2.b. Informed Consent in Formal Consultation
• Section E: Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation
• Introduction
• E.1. General
• E.1.a. Assessment
• E.1.b. Client Welfare
• E.2. Competence to Use and Interpret Assessment Instruments
• E.2.a. Limits of Competence
• E.2.b. Appropriate Use
• E.2.c. Decisions Based on Results
• E.3. Informed Consent in Assessment
• E.3.a. Explanation to Clients
• E.3.b. Recipients of Results
• E.4. Release of Data to Qualified Personnel
• E.5. Diagnosis of Mental Disorders
• E.5.a. Proper Diagnosis
• E.5.b. Cultural Sensitivity
• E.5.c. Historical and Social Prejudices in the Diagnosis of Pathology
• E.5.d. Refraining From Diagnosis
• E.6. Instrument Selection
• E.6.a. Appropriateness of Instruments
• E.6.b. Referral Information
• E.7. Conditions of Assessment Administration
• E.7.a. Administration Conditions
• E.7.b. Provision of Favorable Conditions
• E.7.c. Technological Administration
• E.7.d. Unsupervised Assessments
• E.8. Multicultural Issues/Diversity in Assessment
• E.9. Scoring and Interpretation of Assessments
• E.9.a. Reporting
• E.9.b. Instruments With Insufficient Empirical Data
• E.9.c. Assessment Services
• E.10. Assessment Security
• E.11. Obsolete Assessment and Outdated Results
• E.12. Assessment Construction
• E.13. Forensic Evaluation: Evaluation for Legal Proceedings
• E.13.a. Primary Obligations
• E.13.b. Consent for Evaluation
• E.13.c. Client Evaluation Prohibited
• E.13.d. Avoid Potentially Harmful Relationships
• Section F: Supervision, Training, and Teaching
• Introduction
• F.1. Counselor Supervision and Client Welfare
• F.1.a. Client Welfare
• F.1.b. Counselor Credentials
• F.1.c. Informed Consent and Client Rights
• F.2. Counselor Supervision Competence
• F.2.a. Supervisor Preparation
• F.2.b. Multicultural Issues/Diversity in Supervision
• F.2.c. Online Supervision
• F.3. Supervisory Relationship
• F.3.a. Extending Conventional Supervisory Relationships
• F.3.b. Sexual Relationships
• F.3.c. Sexual Harassment
• F.3.d. Friends or Family Members
• F.4. Supervisor Responsibilities
• F.4.a. Informed Consent for Supervision
• F.4.b. Emergencies and Absences
• F.4.c. Standards for Supervisees
• F.4.d. Termination of the Supervisory Relationship
• F.5. Student and Supervisee Responsibilities
• F.5.a. Ethical Responsibilities
• F.5.b. Impairment
• F.5.c. Professional Disclosure
• F.6. Counseling Supervision Evaluation, Remediation, and Endorsement
• F.6.a. Evaluation
• F.6.b. Gatekeeping and Remediation
• F.6.c. Counseling for Supervisees
• F.6.d. Endorsements
• F.7. Responsibilities of Counselor Educators
• F.7.a. Counselor Educators
• F.7.b. Counselor Educator Competence
• F.7.c. Infusing Multicultural Issues/Diversity
• F.7.d. Integration of Study and Practice
• F.7.e. Teaching Ethics
• F.7.f. Use of Case Examples
• F.7.g. Student-to-Student Supervision and Instruction
• F.7.h. Innovative Theories and Techniques
• F.7.i. Field Placements
• F.8. Student Welfare
• F.8.a. Program Information and Orientation
• F.8.b. Student Career Advising
• F.8.c. Self-Growth Experiences
• F.8.d. Addressing Personal Concerns
• F.9. Evaluation and Remediation
• F.9.a. Evaluation of Students
• F.9.b. Limitations
• F.9.c. Counseling for Students
• F.10. Roles and Relationships Between Counselor Educators and Students
• F.10.a. Sexual or Romantic Relationships
• F.10.b. Sexual Harassment
• F.10.c. Relationships With Former Students
• F.10.d. Nonacademic Relationships
• F.10.e. Counseling Services
• F.10.f. Extending Educator–Student Boundaries
• F.11. Multicultural/Diversity Competence in Counselor Education and Training Programs
• F.11.a. Faculty Diversity
• F.11.b. Student Diversity
• F.11.c. Multicultural/Diversity Competence
• Section G: Research and Publication
• Introduction
• G.1. Research Responsibilities
• G.1.a. Conducting Research
• G.1.b. Confidentiality in Research
• G.1.c. Independent Researchers
• G.1.d. Deviation From Standard Practice
• G.1.e. Precautions to Avoid Injury
• G.1.f. Principal Researcher Responsibility
• G.2. Rights of Research Participants
• G.2.a. Informed Consent in Research
• G.2.b. Student/Supervisee Participation
• G.2.c. Client Participation
• G.2.d. Confidentiality of Information
• G.2.e. Persons Not Capable of Giving Informed Consent
• G.2.f. Commitments to Participants
• G.2.g. Explanations After Data Collection
• G.2.h. Informing Sponsors
• G.2.i. Research Records Custodian
• G.3. Managing and Maintaining Boundaries
• G.3.a. Extending Researcher–Participant Boundaries
• G.3.b. Relationships With Research Participants
• G.3.c. Sexual Harassment and Research Participants
• G.4. Reporting Results
• G.4.a. Accurate Results
• G.4.b. Obligation to Report Unfavorable Results
• G.4.c. Reporting Errors
• G.4.d. Identity of Participants
• G.4.e. Replication Studies
• G.5. Publications and Presentations
• G.5.a. Use of Case Examples
• G.5.b. Plagiarism
• G.5.c. Acknowledging Previous Work
• G.5.d. Contributors
• G.5.e. Agreement of Contributors
• G.5.f. Student Research
• G.5.g. Duplicate Submissions
• G.5.h. Professional Review
• Section H: Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
• Introduction
• H.1. Knowledge and Legal Considerations
• H.1.a. Knowledge and Competency
• H.1.b. Laws and Statutes
• H.2. Informed Consent and Security
• H.2.a. Informed Consent and Disclosure
• H.2.b. Confidentiality Maintained by the Counselor
• H.2.c. Acknowledgment of Limitations
• H.2.d. Security
• H.3. Client Verification
• H.4. Distance Counseling Relationship
• H.4.a. Benefits and Limitations
• H.4.b. Professional Boundaries in Distance Counseling
• H.4.c. Technology-Assisted Services
• H.4.d. Effectiveness of Services
• H.4.e. Access
• H.4.f. Communication Differences in Electronic Media
• H.5. Records and Web Maintenance
• H.5.a. Records
• H.5.b. Client Rights
• H.5.c. Electronic Links
• H.5.d. Multicultural and Disability Considerations
• H.6. Social Media
• H.6.a. Virtual Professional Presence
• H.6.b. Social Media as Part of Informed Consent
• H.6.c. Client Virtual Presence
• H.6.d. Use of Public Social Media
• Section I: Resolving Ethical Issues
• Introduction
• I.1. Standards and the Law
• I.1.a. Knowledge
• I.1.b. Ethical Decision Making
• I.1.c. Conflicts Between Ethics and Laws
• I.2. Suspected Violations
• I.2.a. Informal Resolution
• I.2.b. Reporting Ethical Violations
• I.2.c. Consultation
• I.2.d. Organizational Conflicts
• I.2.e. Unwarranted Complaints
• I.2.f. Unfair Discrimination Against Complainants and Respondents
• I.3. Cooperation With Ethics Committees
• Glossary of Terms
• Part II: Decision Making and Ethical Practice in Counseling
• An Ethical Decision-Making Process for Counselors
• Introduction
• The Nine Stages of Ethical Decision Making
• Stage 1: Define the Situation Clearly
• Stage 2: Determine Who Will Be Affected
• Stage 3: Refer to Both Underlying Ethical Principles1 and the Standards of the ACA Code of Ethics
• Stage 4: Refer to Relevant Laws/Regulations and Professional Guidelines
• Stage 5: Reflect Honestly on Personal Feelings and Competence
• Stage 6: Consult With Trusted Colleagues
• Stage 7: Formulate Alternative Courses of Action
• Stage 8: Consider Possible Outcomes for All Parties Involved
• Stage 9: Make a Decision and Monitor the Outcome
• References
• Ethical Issues Regarding Culture and Diversity
• Actively Seek Cultural Competence
• Pursue Awareness of Your Own Cultural Values and Biases
• Do Not Condone or Engage in Discrimination
• Understand and Respect Clients’ Attitudes and Values Regarding Counseling
• Take Time With Informed Consent
• Be Especially Careful to Provide Informed Consent for Assessment
• Use Caution When Selecting Assessment Instruments and Techniques
• Think Twice Before Rendering a Diagnosis
• Support Clients’ Cultural Networks
• Demonstrate Flexibility With Respect to Bartering and Receiving Gifts
• Make Appropriate Referrals When You Lack Cultural Competence
• Be Alert to the Role of Diversity in the Supervisory Relationship
• Infuse Counselor Training Programs With Multiculturalism
• Design and Implement Culturally Appropriate Research Studies
• References
• Confidentiality
• Provide Clear Informed Consent
• Inform Couples, Families, and Groups About the Unique Risks to Confidentiality Generated by These Co
• Pay Special Attention to Office Design
• Clarify Office Practices and Procedures
• Take Responsibility for Staff Training
• Be Cautious When Responding to Requests for Information
• Monitor Record Storage and Disposal
• Inform Clients About Consultation and Supervision
• Be Thoughtful About Using Technology
• References
• Exceptions to Confidentiality
• Limits to Confidentiality When Counseling Minors
• Reporting Requirements With Minors
• Reporting Requirements With Elderly or Other Vulnerable Adults
• Dangerousness and the Duty to Warn and Protect
• Third-Party Requests for Services
• Court-Ordered Services
• References
• Counseling Suicidal Clients
• References
• Boundaries and Multiple Relationships in Counseling
• Key Multiple Relationship Questions
• Be Cautious About Bartering
• Think Carefully About Accepting Gifts
• Do Not Solicit Client Testimonials
• Romantic and Sexual Relationships With Clients Are Always Off Limits
• References
• Competence
• The Competence Continuum
• Scope of Competence
• Competence Over Time
• Changes in the Profession
• Scientific Basis for Decisions
• Multicultural Competence
• Monitoring Competence
• Scope of Counseling Practice
• Specialized Competence
• Limits of Competence
• Self-Care and Competence
• Employment Decisions
• References
• Supervision
• Competence
• Informed Consent
• Assessing Training Needs
• Intensity of Supervision
• Representation to Clients
• Attention to Ethical and Legal Issues
• Attention to Diversity Issues
• Boundaries and Multiple Relationships
• Supervisor as Gatekeeper
• Supervisor as Role Model
• References
• Managed Care
• Informed Consent
• Confidentiality and Its Limits
• Competence
• Contracts
• Utilization Review
• Termination and Abandonment
• References
• Integrating Technology Into Counseling Practice
• Conclusions
• References
• Termination and Abandonment
• Client-Motivated Reasons for Termination
• Counselor-Motivated Reasons for Termination
• Recommendations for Terminating the Counseling Relationship
• References
• Responding to Subpoenas and Court Orders, Lawsuits, and Ethics Complaints
• Subpoenas and Court Orders
• Ethics Complaints and Lawsuits
• References
• Appendix: Resources for Counselors
• Index
• Technical Support
• End User License Agreement