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• Cover Page
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• List of Figures
• Acknowledgements
• Preface to the Fourth Edition
• 1 What is Ethnography?
• What Ethnographers do
• Positivism Versus Naturalism
• Constructionist and Political Critiques of Naturalism
• Reflexivity
• Conclusion
• 2 Research Design: Problems, Cases, and Samples
• Foreshadowed Problems
• The Development of Research Problems
• Selecting Settings and Cases
• Settings and Cases
• Cases and Generalization
• Sampling Within the Case
• Conclusion
• 3 Access
• Approaching the Field
• Gatekeepers
• Covert or Open?
• Conclusion
• 4 Field Relations
• Initial Responses
• Impression Management
• Providing Goods and Services
• Building Relationships
• The Personal Characteristics of the Researcher
• Field Roles
• Managing Marginality
• The Strains and Stresses of Fieldwork
• Leaving the Field
• Conclusion
• 5 Oral Accounts and the Role of Interviewing
• The Value of Accounts as Data
• Unsolicited and Solicited Oral Accounts
• Ethnographic Interviewing: Selecting Informants
• Interviews as Participant Observation
• The Interview as Process
• Types of Question
• Conclusion
• 6 Documents and Artefacts, Real and Virtual
• Documents
• The Social Life of documents
• Artefacts
• Conclusion
• 7 Ethnography in the Digital World
• Ethnography’s Multimodal Character
• Ethnography in Digital Spaces
• Managing Data in a Digital Environment
• Conclusion
• 8 Recording and Organizing Data
• Documents and Other Materials
• Recording Observations and Interviews: Fieldnotes
• Digitally Recording Observations and Interviews
• Analytic Notes and Fieldwork Journals
• Data Storage, Indexing, and Retrieval
• Conclusion
• 9 The Process of Analysis
• Progressive Focusing: Problems, Descriptions, Explanations, Theory
• An Emphasis on Action
• Generating Ideas and ‘Coding the Data’
• Constant Comparative Method: Developing the Central Categories
• Developing Typologies and Models
• Theories and the Comparative Method
• Types of Theory
• Concepts and Indicators
• ‘Respondent Validation’ or ‘Member Checking’
• Triangulation
• Conclusion
• 10 Writing Ethnography
• Styles of Reconstruction
• Types and Instances
• Ethnographic Tropes
• Scenes, Dialogue, and Narrative
• Tragic and Analytic Irony
• Audiences, Styles, and Genres
• Writing and Representations
• Writing, Reflexivity and Responsibility
• 11 Ethics
• Informed Consent
• Consequences for Future Research
• The Issue of Ethical Regulation
• Conclusion
• Epilogue: A Distinctive Analytic Sensibility
• Getting the View from Inside and from Outside
• The Particular Versus the General
• Process Versus Structure
• Discovery Versus Construction
• Conclusion
• References
• Index