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• Half-title
• Title page
• Copyright information
• Brief contents
• Contents
• Preface
• Publisher’s Acknowledgements
• Figures
• Table
• Text
• Table of Cases
• Table of European Union Treaties
• Table of Equivalences
• Treaty on European Union
• Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
• Table of European Union Regulations
• Table of European Union Directives
• Table of European Union Decisions
• Table of International Legislation
• Table of UK Legislation
• List of Abbreviations
• 1 The History and Development of the European Union
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Post-war Regional Cooperation: From the CEEC to the EEC
• i. The CEEC
• ii. The OEEC
• iii. The ECSC
• iv. The EEC and EFTA
• 3 Enlargement: the EEC and the EU
• i. The Abandonment of EFTA: UK, Ireland and Denmark
• ii. The Escape from Dictatorships: Greece, Spain and Portugal
• iii. The Escape from Soviet Communism: Central and Eastern European Accession
• 4 From the Treaty of Rome to the Rome Declaration
• i. De Gaulle says ‘No’ and the Luxembourg Compromise
• ii. The Single European Act (1986)
• iii. The Treaty of Maastricht (1992) and the Danish ‘No’
• iv. The Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)
• v. The Treaty of Nice (2000) and the Irish ‘No’
• vi. The Constitutional Treaty: France and the Netherlands say ‘No’
• (a) The Constitution for Europe
• b National Responses to the Constitutional Treaty
• vii. The Lisbon Treaty and the Second Irish ‘No’
• viii. The Rome Declaration
• 5 Conclusion: Regional Reconstruction – Why Bother?
• Further Reading
• On Regional Integration
• On the Methods and Process of Regional Integration
• On the Treaty of European Union
• On the Constitutional Treaty
• On the Lisbon Treaty
• 2 Brexit and the EU Withdrawal Act
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Structure of Article 50
• i. Article 50(1): The National Decision to Withdraw from the Union
• ii. Article 50(2): Notification of the Decision to Withdraw from the Union
• iii. Article 50(3): The Timeframe for Negotiation of Withdrawal from the Union
• iv. Article 50(4): Non-participation Rule in Union Meetings
• v. Article 50(5): Rejoining the Union
• 3 Gaps in Article 50 TEU
• i. The Consequence of Triggering Article 50
• ii. The Decision to Withdraw at the National Level
• (a) Miller I
• (b) Miller II/Cherry
• 4 The EU Withdrawal Act – Provisions for Leaving the EU
• i. Repeal and Retention of EU Law
• ii. Parliament and Democracy
• iii. Parliamentary Sovereignty
• iv. Workers’ Rights
• v. Children’s Rights
• vi. Citizens’ Rights
• vii. The CJEU
• viii. The Northern Ireland Protocol
• 5 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• Part I The EU Institutional Setting
• 3 The Central Institutions of the EU
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Key Institutions: Powers, Tasks and Composition
• i. The European Parliament
• (a) Legislative Functions
• (b) Budgetary Control
• (c) Supervisory Powers
• (d) Composition
• ii. The European Council
• (a) Strategic Political Guidance
• (b) Arbitration of Stalemates
• (c) Overseeing Membership of the EU
• (d) Composition
• iii. The Council of Ministers
• (a) Legislative and Budgetary Functions
• (b) Composition
• (c) Policy-Making and Coordinating Functions
• (d) Council Voting Methods
• iv. The European Commission
• (a) Enforcement
• (b) Short- and Long-Term Planning
• (c) Legislative
• (d) Composition
• 3 Senior Leadership in the EU: Presidential Powers
• i. The President of the European Commission
• ii. The Council Presidency
• iii. The European Council President
• iv. The European Parliament President
• 4 A Government for the EU?
• 5 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• On the Institutions and Democracy
• Rule of Law Conditionality
• On the European Parliament
• On the European Commission
• On the Council of Ministers
• On Leadership in the EU
• 4 The Legislative Processes
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Legal Acts of the Union
• 3 The Legislative Procedures in the EU
• i. The Ordinary Legislative Procedure
• ii. The ‘Special’ Legislative Procedures: Consultation and Consent
• 4 Analysis of the Non-legislative Procedures
• i. Delegated Acts
• ii. Implementing Acts
• 5 Understanding the Regulatory Environment in the EU
• i. The ‘Democratic Deficit’
• ii. Electocracy
• iii. Electocracy in the EP
• 6 Thinking beyond Electocracy
• i. Conferred Powers
• ii. The Catalogue of Competences
• iii. The Legal Basis
• iv. Subsidiarity and Proportionality
• v. The European Citizen’s Initiative (ECI)
• vi. The European Parliament Initiative
• 7 Conclusion: Who Makes EU Law?
• Further Reading
• On Forms of Acts
• On the Democratic Deficit
• On Trilogues, Committees and Law-Making
• On Representation and Legislative Initiative
• On Competence and Subsidiarity
• 5 The Court of Justice of the European Union: Direct and Indirect Access
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Organisation of the CJEU
• i. The Structure of Judicial Deliberation
• (a) The Advocates General (AGs) – Beyond the Delibere
• ii. Recruitment of CJEU Members
• 3 Access to the CJEU
• i. Judicial Review: Direct Access under Article 263 TFEU
• (a) The Tests of Direct and Individual Concern
• ii. Preliminary Rulings: Indirect Access under Article 267 TFEU
• 4 Improving Access and the Quality of Dialogue
• i. Underuse by Courts of Last Instance
• ii. Overuse by Lower National Courts
• (a) The Procedure Préjudicielle d’Urgence
• (b) A Court that Protects Individuals?
• 5 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• On Judicial Appointments
• On the Role of Judges and Courts
• On Direct Access under Article 263 TFEU
• On Article 267 TFEU
• 6 Addressing Infringements of EU Law: Who Enforces EU Law?
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Treaty Rules
• i. Articles 258 and 259 TFEU: Centralised Enforcement
• (a) Infringement Proceedings under the Brexit Withdrawal Agreement
• ii. Article 260 TFEU – Centralised Treaty-Based Financial Sanctions
• (a) Non-compliance under Article 260(2)
• (b) Late Transposition Infringements under Article 260(3)
• (c) Application of the Financial Sanctions
• 3 Non-treaty, Non-judicial Decentralised Enforcement
• i. EU Pilot: Vertical Co-administration
• ii. SOLVIT: Horizontal Co-administration
• 4 Assessing Administrative Accountability and the Right to Good Administration
• 5 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• On Non-compliance with EU Law
• On Article 259 TFEU
• On Article 260 TFEU
• On Good Administration
• Part II EU Law: Principles and Values
• 7 The Supremacy of EU Law
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Claims of Supremacy
• i. Novelty – ‘A New Legal Order of International Law’
• ii. Independence
• iii. Autonomy
• iv. Primacy
• (a) Factortame
• (b) Declarations of Invalidity?
• 3 The Response of the Member States to Supremacy
• i. Hostility
• ii. Conditional Constitutionality
• iii. Acceptance
• 4 Explaining the Success of Supremacy
• 5 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• On EU Law and National Law
• On the Relationship between the EU and the Member States
• On a European Constitution
• On Pluralism
• 8 Direct Effect, Indirect Effect and State Liability
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Direct Effect of EU Law
• i. Treaty Provisions
• ii. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (CFR)
• iii. Regulations
• iv. Decisions
• v. Directives
• (a) Horizontal Direct Effect of Directives
• 3 Managing the Boundaries of Direct Effect
• i. Indirect Effect
• ii. State Liability
• iii. Direct Applicability of General Principles of EU Law
• 4 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• On Direct Effect
• On Horizontal Direct Effect
• On State Liability
• 9 Fundamental Rights in EU Law
• 1 Introduction
• 2 A Brief History of Fundamental Human Rights
• i. The UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
• ii. The European Convention on Human Rights (1950)
• iii. The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000) (CFR)
• (a) The EU institutional Response to the CFR
• 3 The Court of Justice and the Development of Fundamental Rights as General Principles of EU Law
• i. Non-discrimination as a General Principle in the Treaty
• ii. The CJEU and Fundamental Rights as General Principles
• iii. Sources of General Principles
• iv. Protection of Fundamental Freedoms and Protection of Fundamental Rights
• 4 The Scope of Judicial Protection of Fundamental Rights in the Union
• 5 Towards a Coherent System for the Protection of Fundamental Rights in EU Law
• i. The Lisbon Treaty
• ii. The EU, the CFR and the ECHR
• 6 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• On Protection of Human Rights in the EU in General
• On the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
• On EU Accession to the ECHR
• On the Application of the EU Charter
• Part III Rights of Movement and Residence in the EU
• 10 European Union Citizenship
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The Citizenship Directive
• i. The ‘Family’ Belonging in EU Law
• ii. Rights of Residence for Union Citizens and Their Family Members
• iii. The Right to Permanent Residence
• 3 The Treaty Rules on EU Citizenship
• i. TFEU: Articles 20-4
• ii. Mainstreaming Union Citizenship
• 4 The Right to Equal Treatment of EU Citizens
• i. Application of the Principle of Non-discrimination to EU Citizenship
• ii. Restrictions on the Right to Equal Treatment – Article 24 of the Citizenship Directive
• 5 Decommodification of Union Citizenship
• i. Grzelczyk and the Declaration of Union Citizenship as a ‘Fundamental Status’
• ii. Bidar and the Principle of Social Integration
• iii. Förster and the Contours of a ‘Genuine Link’
• iv. Zambrano and Genuine Enjoyment of Citizenship Rights
• 5 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• On Citizenship Law in General
• On the EU Citizenship Directive
• On EU Citizens and Social Welfare
• On EU Citizenship Law and Children
• On Third-Country Nationals and EU Citizenship Law
• On the Human Rights of EU Citizens
• 11 Migrant Union Workers
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Article 45 TFEU
• i. Secondary Legislation
• 3 The Definition of a ‘Worker’ in EU Law
• i. Trainees and Students
• ii. Non-discrimination on Grounds of Nationality – Article 45(2)
• 4 The Reach of Transnational Solidarity in the EU
• 5 Beyond the Scope of Free Movement of Workers
• i. Restrictions Justified by ‘Public Policy, Public Security or Public Health’ – Article 45(3)
• ii. Derogations in the Citizenship Directive
• iii. Employment in the ‘Public Service’ – Article 45(4)
• iv. Non-migrant Workers
• 6 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• On Free Movement in General
• On EU Labour Market Law
• On Free Movement Rights of TCNs
• On Free Movement Rights of Students
• On Reverse Discrimination
• Part IV EU Internal Market Law
• 12 Free Movement of Goods
• 1 Introduction
• i. Levels of Integration
• 2 Fiscal Rules: Customs Duties and CEEs
• i. Discriminatory Border Taxes – Articles 28-30 TFEU
• ii. Taxes on Goods in General Circulation – Article 110 TFEU
• 3 Non-fiscal Rules: Quantitative Restrictions and MEQRs
• i. The ‘Economic Constitution’
• 4 The Shifting Target of Article 34 TFEU
• i. Scope of Application
• ii. Omission to Act
• 5 Derogations
• i. Article 36 TFEU
• ii. The Mandatory/Imperative/Overriding Requirements
• 6 Market Access
• i. Mutual Recognition
• ii. Selling Arrangements
• iii. Operationalising ‘Selling Arrangements’
• iv. Consumer Dissuasion
• 7 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• On Trade and Economic Theory
• On Country of Origin Labelling
• On the Precautionary Principle
• On Mutual Recognition
• On Public Opinion and Food Law
• 13 Freedom of Establishment and Free Movement of Services
• 1 Introduction
• 2 The EU Rules
• i. Article 49 TFEU
• ii. Article 56 TFEU
• iii. The Derogations
• (a) Article 51 TFEU
• (b) Article 52 (7) TFEU
• (c) The ‘Rule of Reason’/’Overriding Reasons in the Public Interest’
• iv. Secondary Legislation
• 3 The Hindrance of Cross-Border Supply
• i. Broadcasting and Content Regulation
• ii. Gambling and State Monopolies
• (a) The Tripartite ‘Overriding Public Interest’ Justification in Schindler
• (b) From ‘Overriding’ to ‘Imperative’
• (c) ‘Controlled Expansion’
• (d) ‘Consistency’
• (e) The Ten-Point Test
• 4 The Hindrance of Consumption Abroad
• i. Tourism and the Receipt of Services
• ii. Receipt of Healthcare Services
• (a) ‘Overriding Reason in the General Interest’
• (b) Reimbursement of Hospital Costs
• (c) ‘Undue Delay’ in Hospital Care
• (d) Scheduled vs Unscheduled Hospital Treatment
• 5 Commercial Presence
• 6 Presence of Natural Persons
• i. Recognition of Qualifications
• ii. Membership of Professional Bodies
• 7 Conclusion
• Further Reading
• On Free Movement of Services in General
• On Free Movement of Services and Fundamental Rights
• On the Harmonisation of Services in the EU
• On the Regulation of Online Gambling
• Index