Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Half Title Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• Contents
• Preface
• Website Support Materials
• Acknowledgements
• About the Author
• Section One an Introduction to Evolution
• 1 Approaching Evolution
• Perspectives
• Evolutionary research today
• Systems biology
• Further readings
• Websites
• 2 A Potted History of Evolutionary Science
• The pre-Darwinian Era
• The Darwinian Era
• The era of evolutionary genetics
• The molecular era
• Further readings
• Website
• 3 The Ancient World
• The evolving earth
• Extinctions
• Four billion years of life
• Prokaryotes
• Unicellular eukaryotes
• Early large eukaryotes
• Further readings
• Websites
• 4 Life Today: Species, Diversity, and Classification
• The diversity of life today
• Defining a species
• Variation within a species
• The numbers of species today
• Taxonomies: Organising diversity
• Phylogenies and evolutionary history
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• Section two the Evidence for Evolution
• 5 Analysing Evolutionary Change
• Descent with modification is the identifier for evolution
• Cladistic links organisms by anatomical inheritance
• Linnaean and cladistic taxonomies are different
• Apparent anomalies
• Homoplasies
• Lost plesiomorphies
• Exaptations
• The broader importance of Darwin’s ideas
• Key points
• Further reading
• Websites
• 6 The Anatomical Evidence for Evolutionary Change
• The evolution of the pentadactyl limb
• The evolution of the mammalian skull
• The evolution of middle-ear bones and the reorganization of the jaw
• The evolution of the zygomatic arch
• The evolution of the secondary palate
• The evolution of mammalian teeth
• The evolution of the equidae
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 7 The Genomic Evidence
• Phylograms and cladograms are subtly different
• Constructing sequence-based phylogenetic trees
• Ancestral sequences
• Choosing sequences for phylogenetic analysis
• Three examples of molecular phylogenies
• The evolutionary status of the Amphillim 1/5 Gene
• Phylogenetic relationships among a group of anemone fish
• Phylogenetic relationships across the family of hox genes
• Gene trees, species trees, and phylogenomics
• Adding timings to phylograms
• Molecular phylogenetics today
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 8 The Evo-Devo Evidence
• The molecular basis of evo-devo homologies
• Signal and receptor homologies
• Transcription factor homologies
• Protein network homologies
• Implications of protein homologies
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• Section Three the History of Life
• 9 The First Two Billion Years
• The origin of life
• FUCA, the first universal common ancestor
• LUCA, the last universal common ancestor
• The prokaryotic seas: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Archaebacteria
• FECA, the first eukaryote common ancestor
• LECA, the last eukaryote common ancestor
• Mitochondria
• Membranes and cytoskeleton
• Timings
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 10 The Roots of the Eukaryotic Tree of Life
• The diversification of the leca
• Flagella, centrioles, and basal bodies
• Cell walls
• Sexual reproduction and diploidy
• Plastids
• Protist systematics
• The origins of social behaviour
• The acquisition of multicellularity
• Fungal evolution
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• Fungi
• 11 The Evolution of Algae and Plants
• Algae
• Algal fossil record
• Evolution of algae
• Plants
• Plant evolution
• Plant systematics
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 12 The Ediacaran Period and the Early Evolution of the Metazoa
• The Ediacaran biota
• The evolution of diploblastic and triploblastic embryos
• Protostomes
• Deuterostomes
• The evolution of Urbilateria
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 13 The Cambrian Explosion and the Evolution of Protostomes
• The Cambrian fossil record
• The protostome world
• Porifera
• Coelenterata
• The Bilateria and protostome diversity
• Protostome systematics
• The major protostome phyla
• Molluscs
• Arthropods
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 14 Deuterostome Evolution: From the Beginnings to the Amphibians
• Modern deuterostome anamniotes
• Ambulacraria
• The minor chordate clades
• Craniata
• The early deuterostome fossil record
• The fish fossil record
• From water to land
• Limb evolution
• Girdle evolution
• Breathing
• Metamorphosis
• Amphibians
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 15 Vertebrate Evolution: Stem Mammals, Reptiles, and Birds
• Anatomical innovations in stem amniotes
• The evolution of the amniote egg
• The evolution of the early amniote skeleton
• The fossil record of mesozoic reptiles
• The Paleozoic Era
• The Mesozoic Era (252–66 Mya)
• The K-T extinction and the beginnings of the Cenozoic Era (66 Mya)
• The origin of flight
• Pterosaurs
• Birds
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 16 Vertebrate Evolution: Mammals
• The mammalian fossil record from the Mesozoic
• The evolution of some key mammalian features
• Changes to the skull
• Changes to soft tissues
• The evolution of the Cetacea
• Defensive adaptations
• Probosces with a second function
• Flight
• Back to the sea and the evolution of whales
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• Section Four the Mechanisms of Evolution
• 17 Variation 1: Mutations and Phenotypes
• Phenotypic variation
• Unusual variation: Sports and anomalies
• Variation leading to human disease
• Secondary variation
• Genotypic variation
• Mutation
• The effects of mutation on the genotype
• The effect of mutation on individual genes
• Larger-scale genomic changes
• Horizontal gene transfer
• The role of the environment in generating variation
• Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (TEI)
• The wider context
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 18 Variation 2: Evolutionary Change
• Some origins of anatomical change
• Organism size
• Timing changes
• Limb variation
• Other evolutionary variants
• The effect of mutation on signaling and network systems
• Signals, receptors, and transcription factors
• Networks
• Developmental constraints on variation
• The mutational basis of trait change—The broader view
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 19 Adaptation, Symbionts, and Holobionts
• Types of adaptation
• Camouflage and mimicry
• Exaptation
• Niche construction
• Parasites
• Facilitating reproduction
• Increasing offspring numbers
• Symbiosis
• Holobiosis
• Developmental plasticity and adaptive change
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 20 Selection
• Natural selection
• The evolution of the camera eye under selection
• Sexual selection
• The advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction
• The sexual phenotype
• The sex ratio
• Kin selection and altruism
• The speed of change under selection
• Controlling selection
• Selective breeding
• Generating anatomical novelties
• Selection pressures imposed by humans
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 21 Evolutionary Population Genetics
• Classical population genetics
• Linkage
• Nonrandom breeding
• Migration
• Genetic drift
• The effects of selection
• Practical considerations
• Neutral theory versus selection
• Small populations and founder groups
• Quantitative and complex traits
• Gene identification
• Selfish genes
• Coalescence approaches
• Conclusion
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 22 Speciation
• Defining a species
• The breeding criterion
• The morphological criterion
• The habitat criterion
• The molecular criterion
• The timing criterion
• How new species form
• Modes of reproductive isolation
• Allopatric separation
• Peripatric speciation
• Parapatric speciation
• Sympatric separation
• The rate of speciation
• Hybrids
• Speciation speeds under allopatric conditions
• Species flocks
• Experimental speciation
• The genetics of speciation
• The key role of chromosomes
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• Section Five Human Evolution
• 23 Human Evolution 1: The Fossil Evidence
• Human fossil material
• The major hominin groups
• Possible early hominins (7–4.5 Mya)
• Archaic hominins 4.5–2.5 Mya)
• Megadont archaic hominins (2.5–1 Mya)
• Transitional hominins (∼2.5–1.4 Mya)
• Pre-modern Homo (1.9 Mya–30 Kya)
• Anatomically modern Homo (from 0.2 Mya onwards).
• Selection and speciation
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 24 Human Evolution 2: Genes and Migrations
• Information from chimpanzee genomes
• Ancient Homo DNA
• Contemporary human genomes
• Mitochondrial DNA
• Migrations within Africa
• Migrations out of Africa
• The wider picture
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 25 Human Evolution 3: The Origins of Modern Humans
• The rise of H. sapiens
• Cultural inheritance
• Tool-making
• Social living
• Speech
• Art
• The modern brain
• The origins of human differences
• Skin pigmentation
• Eye colour
• Genetic disorders
• Body differences
• Are humans still evolving?
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• 26 Conclusions
• The achievements of evolutionary science
• Contemporary challenges
• The history of life
• The mechanisms of speciation
• Is anything missing?
• The speed of evolutionary change and noncanonical heritability
• The origins of novel phenotypes
• Neurobiology and behaviour
• Origin of life
• The evolutionary future of Homo sapiens
• Is the human species still evolving
• The effect of humans on the planet
• Finally
• Websites
• Appendices
• Appendix 1: Systems Biology
• The narrow view
• The broader view
• Events within each level are complex
• There are interactions between levels
• Causality is distributed
• A note on systems terminology
• Further readings
• Websites
• Appendix 2 A History of Evolutionary Thought
• The early days
• The move to evolutionary thinking
• The early 19th century
• Lamarck: The first evolutionary scientist
• The era of Darwin
• The 19th century after Darwin
• The early 20th century
• Taxonomy
• The molecular era
• DNA sequence analysis
• Evo-devo
• Systems biology
• Further readings
• Websites
• Appendix 3 A Brief History of the World
• Appendix 4 Rocks, Dates, and Fossils
• Rock types
• Ageing rocks (geochronology)
• Paleoclimatology
• How fossils form
• Dating ancient organisms
• Further readings
• Appendix 5 Constructing Molecular Phylogenies
• Phylogenies based on shared/absent sequences
• Phylogenies based on distance matrices
• Phylogenies based on tree-searching methods
• Maximum parsimony
• Maximum likelihood
• Bayesian methods
• Phylogeny choices
• Further readings
• Websites
• Appendix 6 Three Key Model Organisms: Mouse, Drosophila, and H. sapiens
• Drosophila development
• Mouse development
• Similarities and differences
• Homo sapiens
• Further readings
• Websites
• Appendix 7 Some Principles of Animal Developmental Biology
• Driving developmental change
• How tissues form
• Tissue modules
• The origins of anatomical differences
• The role of the genome in development
• Key points
• Further readings
• Websites
• Appendix 8 Evolution and Creationism
• Creationism
• The claim
• Evolutionary criticisms of creationism
• Evolution
• The claims
• The creationists’ criticisms of evolution
• Conclusions
• Websites
• Glossary
• References
• Index