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• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Preface
• A Guided Tour for the Student
• Acknowledgments
• Part I: Biochemistry Basics
• Chapter 1. Introduction
• 1.1. Chemical Elements
• 1.2. Chemical Bonds
• 1.3. Molecules
• 1.4. Ions
• 1.5. Radicals
• 1.6. Polarity and Miscibility
• 1.7. Solutions
• 1.8. Chemical Reactions
• 1.9. Chemical Equilibrium
• 1.10. pH
• 1.11. Acid–Base Interconversions
• 1.12. Buffer Systems
• 1.13. Classes of Biological Substances
• 1.14. Classes of Nutrients
• 1.15. Cell Structure
• Chapter 2. Metabolism
• 2.1. Free-Energy Changes of Metabolic Reactions
• 2.2. Determinants of Free-Energy Change
• 2.3. ATP, the Energy Currency of Cells
• 2.4. Phases of Metabolism
• 2.5. Redox Reactions
• 2.6. Overview of Catabolism
• Chapter 3. Proteins
• 3.1. Amino Acids, the Building Blocks of Proteins
• 3.2. The Peptide Bond
• 3.3. Primary Structure of Proteins
• 3.4. Secondary Structure
• 3.5. Tertiary Structure
• 3.6. Denaturation
• 3.7. Quaternary Structure
• 3.8. Protein Function
• 3.9. Oxygen Carriers
• 3.10. Myoglobin
• 3.11. Hemoglobin Structure
• 3.12. The Wondrous Properties of Hemoglobin
• 3.13. Enzymes
• 3.14. The Active Site
• 3.15. How Enzymes Speed Up Metabolic Reactions
• 3.16. Factors Affecting the Rate of Enzyme Reactions
• Chapter 4. Nucleic Acids and Gene Expression
• 4.1. Introducing Nucleic Acids
• 4.2. Flow of Genetic Information
• 4.3. Deoxyribonucleotides, the Building Blocks of DNA
• 4.4. Primary Structure of DNA
• 4.5. The Double Helix of DNA
• 4.6. The Genome of Living Organisms
• 4.7. DNA Replication
• 4.8. Mutations
• 4.9. RNA
• 4.10. Transcription
• 4.11. Delimiting Transcription
• 4.12. Genes and Gene Expression
• 4.13. Messenger RNA
• 4.14. Translation
• 4.15. The Genetic Code
• 4.16. Transfer RNA
• 4.17. Translation Continued
• 4.18. Novel Kinds of RNA
• 4.19. In the Beginning, RNA?
• Chapter 5. Carbohydrates and Lipids
• 5.1. Carbohydrates
• 5.2. Monosaccharides
• 5.3. Oligosaccharides
• 5.4. Polysaccharides
• 5.5. Carbohydrate Categories in Nutrition
• 5.6. Lipids
• 5.7. Fatty Acids
• 5.8. Triacylglycerols
• 5.9. Phospholipids
• 5.10. Steroids
• 5.11. Cell Membranes
• Chapter 6. Vitamins and Minerals
• 6.1. Water-Soluble Vitamins
• 6.2. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
• 6.3. Metal Minerals
• 6.4. Nonmetal Minerals
• 6.5. Elements in the Human Body
• Part II: Biochemistry of the Neural and Muscular Processes of Movement
• Chapter 7. Neural Control of Movement
• 7.1. Two Ways of Transmitting Nerve Signals
• 7.2. The Resting Potential
• 7.3. The Action Potential
• 7.4. Propagation of an Action Potential
• 7.5. Transmission of a Nerve Impulse From One Neuron to Another
• 7.6. Birth of a Nerve Impulse
• 7.7. The Neuromuscular Junction
• 7.8. Changes in Motor Neuron Activity During Exercise
• 7.9. A Lethal Arsenal at the Service of Research
• Chapter 8. Muscle Activity
• 8.1. Structure of a Muscle Cell
• 8.2. The Sliding Filament Theory
• 8.3. The Wondrous Properties of Myosin
• 8.4. Myosin Structure
• 8.5. Actin
• 8.6. Sarcomere Architecture
• 8.7. Mechanism of Force Generation
• 8.8. Types of Muscle Activity
• 8.9. Myosin Isoforms and Muscle Fiber Types
• 8.10. Control of Muscle Activity by Ca^2+
• 8.11. Excitation–Contraction Coupling
• Part III: Exercise Metabolism
• III.1. Defining Exercise and Physical Activity
• III.2. Principles of Exercise Metabolism
• III.3. Exercise Parameters
• III.4. Means of Metabolic Control in Exercise
• III.5. Energy Sources in Exercise
• III.6. How Researchers Study Exercise Metabolism
• III.7. Laboratory Techniques in the Study of Exercise Metabolism
• Chapter 9. Compounds of High Phosphoryl-Transfer Potential
• 9.1. The ATP–ADP Cycle
• 9.2. The ATP–ADP Cycle in Exercise
• 9.3. Phosphocreatine
• 9.4. Watching Exercise Metabolism
• 9.5. Loss of AMP by Deamination
• 9.6. Purine Degradation
• Chapter 10. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Exercise
• 10.1. Carbohydrate Digestion, Absorption, and Distribution
• 10.2. Glycogen Content of the Human Body
• 10.3. Glycogenesis
• 10.4. Glycogenolysis
• 10.5. Exercise Speeds Up Glycogenolysis in Muscle
• 10.6. The Cyclic-AMP Cascade
• 10.7. Recapping the Effect of Exercise on Muscle Glycogen Metabolism
• 10.8. Glycolysis
• 10.9. Exercise Speeds Up Glycolysis in Muscle
• 10.10. Pyruvate Oxidation
• 10.11. Exercise Speeds Up Pyruvate Oxidation in Muscle
• 10.12. The Citric Acid Cycle
• 10.13. Exercise Speeds Up the Citric Acid Cycle in Muscle
• 10.14. The Electron-Transport Chain
• 10.15. Oxidative Phosphorylation
• 10.16. Energy Yield of the Electron-Transport Chain
• 10.17. Energy Yield of Carbohydrate Oxidation
• 10.18. Exercise Speeds Up Oxidative Phosphorylation in Muscle
• 10.19. Lactate Production in Muscle During Exercise
• 10.20. Lactate Production Is Probably Not a Cause of Fatigue
• 10.21. Lactate Production Is Not Due to a Lack of Oxygen
• 10.22. Features of Anaerobic Carbohydrate Catabolism
• 10.23. Using Lactate
• 10.24. Gluconeogenesis
• 10.25. A Shortcut in Gluconeogenesis
• 10.26. Exercise Speeds Up Gluconeogenesis and Slows Down Glycolysis in the Liver
• 10.27. The Cori Cycle
• 10.28. Exercise Speeds Up Glycogenolysis and Slows Down Glycogenesis in the Liver
• 10.29. Control of the Plasma Glucose Concentration
• 10.30. Control of the Plasma Glucose Concentration in Exercise
• 10.31. Blood Lactate Accumulation
• 10.32. Blood Lactate Decline
• 10.33. “Thresholds”
• Chapter 11. Lipid Metabolism in Exercise
• 11.1. Triacylglycerol Digestion, Absorption, and Distribution
• 11.2. Digestion, Absorption, and Distribution of Other Lipids
• 11.3. Fat Content of the Human Body
• 11.4. Triacylglycerol Synthesis in Adipose Tissue
• 11.5. Lipolysis
• 11.6. Exercise Speeds Up Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue
• 11.7. Exercise Speeds Up Lipolysis in Muscle
• 11.8. Fate of the Lipolytic Products During Exercise
• 11.9. Fatty Acid Degradation
• 11.10. Energy Yield of Fatty Acid Oxidation
• 11.11. Degradation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
• 11.12. Degradation of Odd-Number Fatty Acids
• 11.13. Fatty Acid Synthesis
• 11.14. Synthesis of Fatty Acids Other Than Palmitate
• 11.15. Exercise Speeds Up Fatty Acid Oxidation in Muscle
• 11.16. Changes in the Plasma Fatty Acid Concentration and Profile During Exercise
• 11.17. Interconversion of Lipids and Carbohydrates
• 11.18. Brown Adipose Tissue
• 11.19. Plasma Lipoproteins
• 11.20. A Lipoprotein Odyssey
• 11.21. Effects of Exercise on the Plasma Triacylglycerol Concentration
• 11.22. Effects of Exercise on the Plasma Cholesterol Concentration
• 11.23. Exercise Speeds Up Ketone Body Metabolism
• Chapter 12. Protein Metabolism in Exercise
• 12.1. Processing of Dietary Proteins
• 12.2. Protein Content of the Human Body
• 12.3. Protein Turnover
• 12.4. Effects of Exercise on Protein Turnover
• 12.5. Amino Acid Degradation
• 12.6. Amino Acid Synthesis
• 12.7. Effects of Exercise on Amino Acid Metabolism in Muscle
• 12.8. Effects of Exercise on Amino Acid Metabolism in the Liver
• 12.9. The Urea Cycle
• 12.10. Plasma Amino Acid, Ammonia, and Urea Concentrations During Exercise
• 12.11. Contribution of Proteins to the Energy Expenditure of Exercise
• 12.12. Effects of Training on Protein Turnover
• Chapter 13. Effects of Exercise on Gene Expression
• 13.1. Stages in the Control of Gene Expression
• 13.2. Stages in the Control of Gene Expression Affected by Exercise
• 13.3. Kinetics of a Gene Product After Exercise
• 13.4. Exercise-Induced Changes That May Modify Gene Expression
• 13.5. Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy
• 13.6. Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Increase in Muscle Mitochondrial Content
• 13.7. Exercise and Epigenetics
• Chapter 14. Integration of Exercise Metabolism
• 14.1. Interconnection of Metabolic Pathways
• 14.2. Energy Systems
• 14.3. Energy Sources in Exercise
• 14.4. Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise
• 14.5. Effect of Exercise Intensity on Choice of Energy Sources
• 14.6. Effect of Exercise Duration on Choice of Energy Sources
• 14.7. Interplay of Duration and Intensity: Energy Sources in Running and Swimming
• 14.8. Effect of Exercise Program on Choice of Energy Sources
• 14.9. Sex Differences in Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise
• 14.10. How Sex Influences Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise
• 14.11. Effect of Age on Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise
• 14.12. Effect of Carbohydrate Intake on Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise
• 14.13. Effect of Fat Intake on Choice of Energy Sources During Exercise
• 14.14. Adaptations to Endurance Training in the Proportion of Energy Sources Used During Exercise
• 14.15. How Endurance Training Modifies the Proportion of Energy Sources Used During Exercise
• 14.16. Adaptations of Exercise Metabolism to Resistance and Sprint Training
• 14.17. Adaptations of Exercise Metabolism to Interval Training
• 14.18. Adaptations of Exercise Metabolism to Concurrent Training
• 14.19. Effect of the Genome on Choice of Energy Sources in Exercise
• 14.20. Muscle Fiber Type Transitions
• 14.21. Effects of Environmental Factors on Choice of Energy Sources in Exercise
• 14.22. The Proportion of Fuels Can Be Measured Bloodlessly
• 14.23. Hormonal Effects on Exercise Metabolism
• 14.24. Redox State and Exercise Metabolism
• 14.25. Causes of Fatigue
• 14.26. Recovery of the Energy State After Exercise
• 14.27. Metabolic Changes in Detraining
• Chapter 15. Exercise to Fight Disease
• 15.1. Health, Disease, and Exercise
• 15.2. Exercise to Fight Cardiovascular Disease
• 15.3. Adaptations of the Heart to Training
• 15.4. Adaptations of the Vasculature to Training
• 15.5. Exercise to Fight Cancer
• 15.6. Diabetes, a Major Metabolic Upset
• 15.7. Exercise to Fight Diabetes
• 15.8. Obesity, a Health-Threatening Condition
• 15.9. Why Obesity Is Harmful
• 15.10. Exercise to Fight Obesity
• 15.11. Exercise to Fight Osteoporosis
• 15.12. Exercise to Fight Mental Dysfunction
• 15.13. Detriments of Physical Inactivity
• 15.14. Exercise for Healthy Aging and Longevity
• 15.15. Benefits From Regular Exercise in Regard to Other Diseases
• 15.16. A Final Word on the Value of Exercise
• Part IV: Biochemical Assessment of Exercisers
• IV.1. Blood
• IV.2. Aims and Scope of the Biochemical Assessment
• IV.3. The Reference Interval
• IV.4. Classes of Biochemical Parameters
• Chapter 16. Iron Status
• 16.1. Hemoglobin
• 16.2. Iron
• 16.3. Total Iron-Binding Capacity
• 16.4. Transferrin Saturation
• 16.5. Soluble Transferrin Receptor
• 16.6. Ferritin
• 16.7. Iron Deficiency
• Chapter 17. Metabolites
• 17.1. Lactate
• 17.2. Estimating Anaerobic Lactic Capacity
• 17.3. Programming Training
• 17.4. Estimating Aerobic Endurance
• 17.5. Glucose
• 17.6. Triacylglycerols
• 17.7. Cholesterol
• 17.8. Recapping the Lipidemic Profile
• 17.9. Glycerol
• 17.10. Urea
• 17.11. Ammonia
• 17.12. Creatinine
• 17.13. Uric Acid
• 17.14. Glutathione
• Chapter 18. Enzymes and Hormones
• 18.1. Enzymes
• 18.2. Creatine Kinase
• 18.3. γ-Glutamyltransferase
• 18.4. Antioxidant Enzymes
• 18.5. Hormones
• 18.6. Cortisol
• 18.7. Testosterone
• 18.8. Overtraining Syndrome
• 18.9. Epilogue
• Answers to Problems and Critical Thinking Questions
• Glossary
• Index
• About the Author