Efnisyfirlit

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Table of Contents
• Acknowledgements
• Glossary
• Preface
• 1 What is a translation theory?
• 1.1 From theorizing to theories
• 1.2 Why people do not understand other theories
• 1.3 What kind of translation is this book about?
• 1.4 How this book is organized
• 1.5 Why study translation theories?
• 1.6 How should translation theories be studied?
• Summary
• 2 Equivalence
• 2.1 Equivalence as transformation, aim, and promise
• 2.2 Dynamic equivalence as naturalness
• 2.3 Equivalence vs structuralism
• 2.4 Relevance theory
• 2.5 Where did equivalence come from?
• 2.6 Some virtues of equivalence-based theories
• 2.7 Frequently had arguments
• 2.7.1 Equivalence presupposes symmetry between languages
• 2.7.2 Theories of equivalence make the start text superior
• 2.7.3 The tests of equivalence have no psychological basis
• 2.7.4 New information cannot be ‘natural’
• 2.7.5 Equivalence hides imperialism
• 2.7.6 Naturalness promotes parochialism
• Summary
• Sources and further reading
• Suggested projects and activities
• 3 Solutions
• 3.1 Only two kinds of translation?
• 3.2 Three text types so three kinds of translation?
• 3.3 Four or five kinds of language?
• 3.4 Only one aim for translation?
• 3.5 Seven or so solution types?
• 3.6 Solution types for many languages?
• 3.7 Some virtues of solution types
• 3.8 Frequently had arguments
• 3.8.1 The translator should be on one side or the other
• 3.8.2 Translation solutions should protect the target language
• 3.8.3 The selection of translation solutions depends on the directionality
• 3.8.4 All binarisms stem from the ‘regime of the sign’
• 3.8.5 The categories do not work in the space of reception
• 3.8.6 Text tailoring is not translation
• 3.8.7 Translating is more than problem solving
• Summary
• Sources and further reading
• Suggested projects and activities
• 4 Purposes
• 4.1 Skopos as the key to a new kind of theory
• 4.2 Origins of the Skopos approach
• 4.3 Justa Holz-Mänttäri and the theory of the translator’s expertise
• 4.4 Purpose-based ‘good enough’ theory
• 4.5 Who really decides?
• 4.6 An extension into project analysis
• 4.7 Some virtues of purpose-based theories
• 4.8 Frequently had arguments
• 4.8.1 We translate words, not functions
• 4.8.2 Purposes are identified in the start text
• 4.8.3 The concept of purpose (or Skopos) is essentialist
• 4.8.4 The Skopos theory is unfalsifiable
• 4.8.5 The theory does not address invariance as an underlying default norm
• 4.8.6 Purpose analysis is mostly not cost-effective
• 4.8.7 The well-trained translator is a self-serving notion
• 4.8.8 The theory cannot resolve cases of conflicting purposes
• 4.8.9 The theory contradicts the ethics of truth and accuracy
• 4.8.10 Translators should only translate
• Summary
• Sources and further reading
• Suggested projects and activities
• 5 Science
• 5.1 What happened to equivalence?
• 5.2 Main theoretical concepts
• 5.3 Translation shifts (big and small)
• 5.4 Systems and polysystems
• 5.5 Norms
• 5.6 ‘Assumed’ translations
• 5.7 Target-side priority
• 5.8 Translation tendencies or ‘universals’
• 5.8.1 Lexical simplification
• 5.8.2 Explicitation
• 5.8.3 Equalizing
• 5.8.4 Unique items
• 5.9 Laws
• 5.10 Reports of science in Russian
• 5.11 Systems and laws in translation process studies?
• 5.12 Some virtues of attempting science
• 5.13 Frequently had arguments
• 5.13.1 Scientific descriptions do not help train translators
• 5.13.2 The target side cannot explain all relations
• 5.13.3 The theories all concern texts and systems, not people
• 5.13.4 The focus on norms and universal tendencies promotes conservative positions
• 5.13.5 Descriptive theory cannot say how norms emerge
• 5.13.6 The definition of ‘assumed translations’ is circular
• 5.13.7 Scientific theory is unaware of its historical position
• 5.13.8 Scientific descriptions create an illusion of causation
• 5.14 The future of science-based theories
• Summary
• Sources and further reading
• Suggested projects and activities
• 6 Uncertainty
• 6.1 Why uncertainty?
• 6.2 The uncertainty principle
• 6.3 Quine’s principle of the indeterminacy of translation
• 6.4 Accepting similarity
• 6.4.1 Semiosis as a forward movement
• 6.4.2 Game theory: open or closed semiosis?
• 6.4.3 The translation as an event: don’t look back
• 6.5 Using indeterminacy as a way of translating
• 6.5.1 Heidegger and productive indeterminacy
• 6.5.2 Walter Benjamin and the fall from certainty
• 6.5.3 Jacques Derrida and the picking apart of essentialism
• 6.6 Hermeneutics and dialogue with the other
• 6.7 Ways of seeking understandings
• 6.7.1 Theories of experience and illumination
• 6.7.2 Constructivism
• 6.7.3 Spirit channelling
• 6.7.4 Theories of consensus
• 6.7.5 Theories of empathy, charity, and passing theories
• 6.8 Cooperation theory
• 6.8.1 Cooperation
• 6.8.2 Risk management
• 6.8.3 Trust as a response to uncertainty
• 6.9 So how should we translate?
• 6.10 Some virtues of indeterminist theories
• 6.11 Frequently had arguments
• 6.11.1 The theories are not useful to translators
• 6.11.2 The theorists are not translators and do not care about translation
• 6.11.3 The theories lead to a lack of rigour
• 6.11.4 Indeterminism is of no consequence
• 6.11.5 These theories are merely oppositional
• 6.11.6 Deconstruction prescribes what translations should be like
• 6.11.7 These theories take us beyond what a translation is expected to be
• Summary
• Sources and further reading
• Suggested projects and activities
• 7 Automation
• 7.1 Automation as a response to uncertainty
• 7.2 What is localization?
• 7.3 What is internationalization?
• 7.4 Standardization and adaptation in localization projects
• 7.5 Is localization new?
• 7.6 Automation and the imposition of the paradigmatic
• 7.6.1 Automatic text generation
• 7.6.2 Translation memories
• 7.6.3 Content management systems
• 7.6.4 Non-linear authoring and reception
• 7.7 Neural machine translation
• 7.8 Do we need to re-define translation?
• 7.9 Some virtues of automation studies
• 7.10 Frequently had arguments
• 7.10.1 Automation kills good jobs
• 7.10.2 Automation disempowers the translator
• 7.10.3 Utterances cannot be recycled
• 7.10.4 Localization is a part of translation
• 7.10.5 There is nothing new in localization
• 7.10.6 Automation reduces the quality of texts and communication
• 7.10.7 Automation creates universal sameness
• 7.10.8 More translation means less language learning
• 7.11 Automation, localization, and the future of languages
• Summary
• Sources and further reading
• Suggested projects and activities
• 8 Cultural translation
• 8.1 A new kind of translation?
• 8.2 Homi Bhabha and ‘non-substantive’ translation
• 8.3 Translation without translations: calls for a wider discipline
• 8.3.1 Jakobson and semiosis, again
• 8.3.2 Even-Zohar’s call for transfer theory
• 8.4 Translation across all sciences and beyond
• 8.4.1 Translation sociology
• 8.4.2 Ethnography as cultural translation
• 8.4.3 Political psychoanalytics as translation
• 8.4.4 Ecology as translation
• 8.5 Generalized translation
• 8.6 Some virtues of cultural translation
• 8.7 Frequently had arguments
• 8.7.1 These theories only use translation as a metaphor
• 8.7.2 Cultural translation is an excuse for intellectual wandering
• 8.7.3 Cultural translation is a space for weak interdisciplinarity
• 8.7.4 Cultural translation can be studied entirely in English
• 8.7.5 Cultural translation is not in touch with the translation profession
• 8.7.6 We need liberation from the ‘reductionist paradigm’
• Summary
• Sources and further reading
• Suggested projects and activities
• Postscript: Where’s the evidence?
• References
• Index