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• About this Book
• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• About the Authors
• Brief Contents
• Contents
• Preface
• Chapter 1 Psychology and Law: A Cautious Alliance
• A Brief History of Psychology and Law
• A Clash of Cultures
• Goals: Approximate Truth Versus Approximate Justice
• Methods: Rulings Versus Data
• Style of Inquiry: Advocacy Versus Objectivity
• The Importance of Bridging the Two Cultures
• Roles Played by Psychologists Interested in Law
• Psychologists as Advisors
• Psychologists as Evaluators
• Scientific American Spotlight 1.1: Does Tough Treatment of Troubled Teens Work? by Scott O. Lilienfeld and Hal Arkowitz
• Psychologists as Reformers
• Five Pathways for Influencing the Legal System
• Expert Testimony
• Scientific American Spotlight 1.2: Neuroscience in the Courtroom by Michael S. Gazzaniga
• Cross-Disciplinary Education
• Amicus Curiae Briefs
• Broad Dissemination of Research Findings
• Influencing Legislatures and Public Policy
• Has Psychology Influenced the Legal System?
• The Criminal Justice System: A Flow Chart
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 2 Lie Detection
• The Complexity and Pervasiveness of Deception
• Can We Tell When Others Are Lying?
• The Polygraph
• Development of the Polygraph
• Focus on Careers: Police and Forensic Psychologist Gregory DeClue PhD, ABPP (forensic)
• The Process of Polygraphing
• Research on the Polygraph
• The Polygraph as Coercion Device
• Legal Status of the Polygraph
• Hot Topic 2.1: Postconviction Polygraphing of Sex Offenders
• How Jurors Respond to Polygraph Evidence
• An Alternative Technique: The Guilty Knowledge Test
• Consider This 2.1: Lower-Tech Lie Detection: Words and Wizards
• From Physiological Arousal to Cognitive Load
• Some Emerging Technologies for Lie Detection
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 3 Interrogations and Confessions
• The Power of a Confession
• The Evolution of Interrogation Techniques
• Inside the Modern Interrogation Room
• Consider This 3.1: Core Principles of Social Influence
• The Problem of False Confessions
• The Prevalence of False Confessions
• Types of False Confessions
• Hot Topic 3.1: Ethics, the American Psychological Association, and the Use of Torture as an Interrogation Device
• Should Interrogators Be Allowed to Lie?
• From Accusatorial Interrogations to Information Gathering: HUMINT, SUE, and PEACE
• Potential Solutions to the Problem of False Confessions
• Video Recording of Interrogations
• Requiring Probable Cause for Interrogation
• Time Limits on Interrogations
• The “Appropriate Adult” Safeguard for Vulnerable Suspects
• Instructions to the Jury
• Expert Testimony
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 4 The Psychology of Forensic Identification: DNA, Fingerprints, and Other Types of Physical Trace Evidence
• Trace Evidence in Context
• Hot Topic 4.1: Modern Biometrics: Beyond Fingerprints and DNA
• When Does a Trace “Match” a Source?
• Basic Principles of Scientific Measurement: Reliability and Validity
• The Scientific Foundation of Forensic Identification
• DNA Evidence
• Consider This 4.1: Forensic Genetic Genealogy: Using Familial DNA Matches to Identify Criminal Suspects
• Fingerprint Evidence
• Techniques of Weak or Unknown Validity
• Legal Spotlight 4.1: “Changed Science” Laws
• Communicating the Similarity of a Trace and a Source
• Hot Topic 4.2: Is There Really a “CSI Effect”?
• Reducing Error and Bias
• Science as the Solution to the Problem of Identification Bias
• How Jurors Think About Trace Evidence
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 5 Criminal Profiling and Psychological Autopsies
• The Process of Profiling
• Three Famous Profiles
• Jack the Ripper
• The Olympic Bomber
• The Mad Bomber
• Characteristics of Serial Killers
• Scientific American Spotlight 5.1: What “Psychopath” Means by Scott O. Lilienfeld and Hal Arkowitz
• Research on Profiling
• Scientific American Spotlight 5.2: Implicit Racial Bias and Police Shootings by Rachel Nuwer
• Profiling Problems and Promise
• Assumptions
• Cross-Situational Consistency
• The Utility of Inferences
• Persistent Problems
• Geographic Profiling: An Alternative to Intuition
• Precise Profiles or Sloppy Stereotypes?
• Hot Topic 5.1: Racial Profiling
• Psychological Autopsies
• Legal Status of Psychological Autopsies
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 6 Eyewitness Identification and Testimony
• Eyewitness Testimony and the Legal System
• The Manson Criteria
• How the Legal System Attempts to Expose Eyewitness Error
• Legal Spotlight 6.1: Post-Manson Court Decisions on Eyewitness Identification
• The Construction, Reconstruction, and Evaluation of Eyewitness Memories
• Cross-Racial Identifications
• Stress and Weapons Focus
• Unconscious Transference
• Preexisting Expectations
• Leading or Suggestive Comments
• Witness Confidence
• When the Eyewitness Is a Child
• Hot Topic 6.1: Cameras and Computers as “Eyewitnesses”
• Using Research Findings to Improve Eyewitness Accuracy
• Consider This 6.1: Translating Science Into Practice
• 1. Prelineup Interviews
• 2. Evidence-Based Grounds for Putting Suspects in Lineups
• 3. Double-Blind Lineups
• 4. Appropriate Lineup Fillers
• 5. Prelineup Instructions to Eyewitnesses
• 6. Obtaining an Immediate Postlineup Confidence Statement
• 7. Video Recording
• 8. Avoiding Repeated Identification Procedures With the Same Witness and Suspect
• 9. Avoiding the Use of Showups
• Expert Testimony
• Techniques for Refreshing the Memories of Witnesses
• Hypnosis
• The Cognitive Interview
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 7 Child Sexual Abuse: Interviewing Children and Assessing the Recovered Memories of Adults
• The Reported Memories of Young Children
• The Day Care Center Cases
• Hot Topic 7.1: The Use of Child Interviewing Props: Dolls and Diagrams
• Effective Interviewing of Children
• Hot Topic 7.2: Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome
• Testimony by Children at Trial
• Adults’ Recovered Memories of Sexual Abuse
• Were the Memories Created or Recovered?
• Focus on Careers: Social Science Analyst, Carrie Mulford, PhD, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice
• The Ingram Case
• Research on Implanting False Memories in Adults
• Scientific American Spotlight 7.1: Recovered Memories: An Interview with Elizabeth Loftus by Andrea Krauss
• Scientific American Spotlight 7.2: Traumatic Therapies Can Have Long-Lasting Effects on Mental Health by Kelly Lambert and Scott O. Lilienfeld
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 8 Competency to Stand Trial
• The Meaning of Competency to Stand Trial
• The Dusky Standard
• Functional Elements of CST
• CST Versus Competency to Plead Guilty and Competency to Waive an Attorney
• How the Criminal Justice System Deals With Incompetent Defendants
• Methods for Evaluating CST
• CST Assessment Instruments
• Malingering
• CST Evaluations and Ultimate Issue Testimony by Experts
• Legal Spotlight 8.1: Legal Issues in Competency for Execution
• Restoration of CST
• Treatment of Defendants Judged Incompetent
• Right to Refuse Treatment and CST
• Adolescents and CST
• Consider This 8.1: Juvenile Transfer to Adult Court
• Hot Topic 8.1: Juvenile Competency to Waive Miranda Rights
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 9 Plea Bargaining, Jury Selection, and Trial Procedure
• The Hidden, Consequential World of Plea Bargaining
• Plea Bargaining in Theory and Practice
• Plea Bargaining and Vulnerable Defendants
• Jury Selection
• Assembling a Jury: Pools, Venires, and Voir Dire
• From Jury Pool to Venire
• Voir Dire
• Cognizable Groups
• Using Stereotypes and Science to Select Jurors
• Legal Spotlight 9.1: Using Social Media to Select Jurors
• The Use of Trial Consultants
• Hot Topic 9.1: Jury Consulting and the Role of Money at Trial
• Focus on Careers: Trial Consultant
• Scientific Jury Selection
• Juror Characteristics and Attitudes as Predictors of Verdict
• General Personality Tendencies
• Attitudes About the Legal System
• Defendant–Juror Similarity
• Pretrial Publicity as a Source of Bias
• An Overview of Trial Procedure
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 10 The Insanity Defense
• The Trial of Andrea Yates
• The Evolution of Insanity Law
• Three Important Cases and Their Consequences
• The M’Naghten Case
• The Durham Case
• The Hinckley Case
• Hot Topic 10.1: Brain Scans as Evidence
• Common Misconceptions About the Insanity Defense
• Post-Hinckley Developments in Insanity Law
• Legal Spotlight 10.1: Is It Constitutional to Prohibit an Insanity Defense and Instead Allow a Mens Rea Defense?
• Guilty but Mentally Ill
• Mens Rea Defenses and Diminished Capacity
• How Jurors Define Insanity
• Clinical Evaluations of Insanity
• Methods for Assessing Insanity
• MSE and R-CRAS
• Malingering
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 11 Intimate Partner Violence, Battered Woman Syndrome, Rape Trauma Syndrome, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Intimate Partner Violence
• Syndromes in Court
• Battered Woman Syndrome
• The Historical Development of BWS
• Characteristics of Battered Women
• Characteristics of Batterers
• BWS and the Legal System
• The Scientific Validity of BWS
• Rape Trauma Syndrome
• The Historical Development of RTS
• Recovery From Rape and Characteristics of RTS
• RTS and the Legal System
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Scientific American Spotlight 11.1: Trapped in a Cycle of Sexual Abuse by Sushma Subramanian
• PTSD Versus BWS
• PTSD Versus RTS
• Scientific American Spotlight 11.2: How to Find Meaning in Suffering by Kasley Killam
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 12 Juries and Judges as Decision Makers
• The Process of Jury Decision Making
• Models of Decision Making
• The Impact of Evidence
• The Effects of Biasing Information
• Defendant Characteristics
• Inadmissible Evidence
• Impeachment Evidence
• Complex Evidence
• The Group Dynamics of Jury Deliberations
• Hot Topic 12.1: The Effects of Technology in and out of the Courtroom
• Diversity and Deliberation
• Strong Jurors and the Power of the Majority
• Stages in the Deliberation Process
• Other Characteristics of Deliberations
• Size of the Jury
• Decision Rules (Unanimous or Majority Rule)
• Jury Nullification
• Jury Reform
• Hot Topic 12.2: Should We Use Professional Jurors?
• Simplifying Instructions to the Jury
• Allowing Jury Discussion During Trial
• Judges Compared to Juries
• Judges as Decision Makers
• Agreement and Disagreement Between Juries and Judges
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 13 Child Custody Disputes
• Varieties of Custody Arrangements
• Consider This 13.1: Parental Alienation Syndrome and Parent Alienation
• Best Interest of the Child Standard
• The Tender Years Doctrine
• Primary Caretaker Rule
• The Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act of 1976
• Weaknesses of the BICS
• Legal Spotlight 13.1: Same-Sex Unions and Child Custody
• Approximation Rule
• Children’s Responses to Divorce
• The Psychologist’s Contribution to Custody Decisions
• The Role of the Psychological Expert
• Psychological Tests and Their Problems
• Scientific American Spotlight 13.1: What’s Wrong With This Picture? by Scott O. Lilienfeld, James M. Wood, and Howard N. Garb
• Judges’ Views of Experts
• Custody Mediation as an Alternative to Litigation
• Parent Coordination and Collaborative Divorce
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 14 Workplace Law: Harassment, Discrimination, and Fairness
• The Evolution of Sexual Discrimination Law
• Sexual Harassment: Prevalence and Perceptions
• The Legal Boundaries of Sexual Harassment
• Current Status of Harassment Law
• Sexual Harassment Lawsuits
• The Psychology of Sexual Harassment
• Some Causes
• Some Effects
• Prevention
• Scientific American Spotlight 14.1: Who Should Be a Cop? Selecting and Training Police Officers by Rachel Nuwer
• A Broader Look at Workplace Discrimination
• Scientific American Spotlight 14.2: Detecting Implicit Bias by Siri Carpenter
• Racial Discrimination in the Workplace
• The Changing Nature of Racial Prejudice
• Reducing Racial Bias
• Scientific American Spotlight 14.3: Technology, Psychology, and the Search for the Best Employees by Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic and Christopher Steinmetz
• Angelina Fellini: Entrepreneur; Artist; Beekeeper, Four years of sales experience
• The Psychology of Perceived Fairness
• Three Models for Allocating Rewards
• Research on Perceptions of Fairness
• Consider this 14.1: The Gender Gap in Salaries
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 15 Predicting Violent Behavior: The Psychology of Risk Assessment
• Sexually Violent Predators and the Law
• Consider This 15.1: Sexual Offender Community Notification and Registration Laws
• Risk Assessment and the Law
• Scientific American Spotlight 15.1: Deranged and Dangerous? by Hal Arkowitz and Scott O. Lilienfeld
• Future Dangerousness and the Death Penalty
• Civil Commitment
• Consider This 15.2: The Tarasoff and Ewing Cases
• Sexually Violent Predator Civil Commitment
• Methods and Outcomes of Risk Assessment
• Unstructured Clinical Judgment and Ways to Improve it
• Actuarial Prediction
• Hot Topic 15.1: Pretrial Detention and the Use of Risk Algorithms: Are They Biased?
• Types of Risk Factors
• Focus on Careers: Violence Risk Expert
• Structured Professional Judgment Instruments
• Jurors’ Reactions to Risk-Assessment Evidence
• Treatments to Reduce the Risk of Violence
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 16 Corrections: Sentencing, Imprisonment, and Alternatives
• Sentencing Decisions
• Consider This 16.1: Free Will and the Purpose of Prisons
• Disparities
• Guidelines
• Types of Imprisonment
• Hot Topic 16.1: Modern Solitary Confinement in Supermax Prisons
• The Goals of Imprisonment
• The Evolution of Prisons in the United States
• The 1800s
• The 1900s
• Scientific American Spotlight 16.1: Victim–Offender Mediation by Cara Tabachnick
• Prisoner Rights and the Role of the Courts
• Basic Statistics on Prisons and Prisoners
• The Distinctive Culture of Prison
• The Power of the Prison Situation
• The Harshness of Prison Life
• Focus on Careers: Correctional Psychologist
• Does Prison Work?
• Alternatives to Prison
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Chapter 17 The Death Penalty
• Capital Punishment in Context
• Supreme Court Decisions
• Hot Topic 17.1: Should We Execute the Elderly?
• Research on Capital Murder Trials
• Consider This 17.1: Victim Impact Statements and Execution Impact Statements
• Hot Topic 17.2: Ethical Issues in Competency for Execution
• Racial Disparities and the Death Penalty
• Is the Death Penalty a Deterrent to Murder?
• Errors and Mistakes in Death Penalty Cases
• In Conclusion
• Chapter Review
• Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions
• Key Terms
• Glossary
• References
• Name Index
• Subject Index
• Index of Cases and Acts
• Notes
• Back Cover Page