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• Cover
• Seriespage
• Titlepage
• Copyright
• Brife Contents
• Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• List of Features
• About the Author
• Tour of the Book
• Digital Resources
• Preface
• Author’s Acknowledgements
• PART I:WHAT IS FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY?
• 1 What is Forensic Psychology?
• What is forensic psychology?
• Why do we need forensic psychology?
• Defining forensic psychology
• The origins of forensic psychology
• The roots of forensic psychology
• Psychological perspectives
• Applying psychological perspectives
• Thinking like a scientist
• The need for scientific reasoning
• Characteristics of scientific thinking
• Becoming better consumers of research
• Roles and responsibilities of a forensic psychologist
• The roles of the forensic psychologist
• Chapter review
• Names to know
• PART II:GETTING ACCURATE INFORMATION
• 2 Techniques for Interviewing Eyewitnesses
• Why are eyewitness reports so persuasive?
• How memories are made
• The reconstructive nature of memory
• Interviewing eyewitnesses (information generation)
• The standard interview
• Problems with the standard interview
• The cognitive interview
• The psychology behind the cognitive interview
• The seven phases of the cognitive interview
• Is the cognitive interview effective?
• Criticisms of the cognitive interview
• Is the live line-up dead? Improving eyewitness identification procedures
• Typical identification procedures
• System and estimator variables
• System variables
• Estimator variables
• The role of the forensic psychologist
• Chapter review
• Names to know
• 3 Techniques for Interviewing Children
• Are children good witnesses?
• What does it mean to be a vulnerable witness?
• Exposure to adverse childhood experiences
• How is a child determined ‘competent’ and ‘credible’ to stand trial?
• Are children good observers?
• Childhood memory and amnesia
• When do we learn to lie?
• Best practices when interviewing children
• The role of the interviewer
• How to conduct a forensic interview
• Origins of the forensic interview
• Application of the NICHD Protocol
• Testing the effectiveness of the NICHD Protocol
• Remaining controversies and challenges
• Managing the challenges of compassion fatigue
• Balancing forensic and therapeutic perspectives
• Psychological risks of compassion fatigue and secondary traumatisation
• Chapter review
• Names to know
• 4 Techniques for Interviewing Vulnerable People
• Recognising vulnerable people
• Defining vulnerability
• Why is it important for police to recognise vulnerable persons?
• Legal competency to take part in the criminal process
• Persons with cognitive impairments
• Older adults as witnesses
• Interviewing strategies for people with cognitive impairment
• People with social communication impairments
• Identifying the signs and symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• Interviewing strategies for people with social communication challenges
• The roles of the forensic psychologist
• Chapter review
• Names to know
• 5 Interviewing Suspects: From Interrogation to Investigation
• A brief history of getting information from uncooperative suspects
• The power of confession evidence
• Why are juries persuaded by confession evidence?
• The origins of psychological interrogation
• Can torture produce forensically useful information?
• The ticking bomb scenario
• The ineffectiveness of enhanced interrogation techniques
• Adversarial versus inquisitorial approaches
• Deception in the interrogation room
• How does an interrogation differ from an interview?
• Rights against self-incrimination
• The Reid technique: an adversarial approach
• The next stage in the evolution of interrogations: the PEACE model
• Military use of rapport and persuasion strategies
• Strategies of rapport building
• False confessions and the paradox of innocence
• The psychology of false confessions
• Why do innocent people confess?
• Laboratory evidence
• Types of false confessions
• False confessions and mandatory recording of interrogations
• Why confessions overrule innocence and evidence
• Innocence as a vulnerability
• The corruptive power of confessions
• Redefining the role of the interrogator
• Chapter review
• Names to know
• PART III:GETTING TRUTHFUL INFORMATION
• 6 Detecting Concealed Information and Deception
• The behaviour of lies: decoding behavioural deception
• What makes a good liar?
• What are lies?
• The search for nonverbal cues of deception
• Mental process theories: emotion and cognition
• Why do we believe in nonverbal indicators of deception?
• The tools of the trade: the polygraph
• What the polygraph measures and how
• Use of countermeasures
• Do countermeasures work?
• Admissibility in courts
• The language of lies: decoding verbal deception
• The Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE) framework
• Support for the SUE method
• The quest for a truth machine
• Can we measure intention?
• Exploring the next generation of truth machines
• Will these new lie detection technologies ever be legally admissible?
• Vulnerability to countermeasures
• The right to private thoughts
• Chapter review
• Names to know
• 7 The Art and Science of Offender Profiling
• Background and goals of offender profiling
• History and goals of psychological profiling
• The five ‘Ws’ of profiling
• The profile creation process
• The current status of offender profiling
• Criminal investigative analysis (CIA)
• Generating an offender profile using CIA
• Limitations of criminal investigative analysis
• Investigative psychology, geographic profiling and crime linkage analysis
• Origins of investigative psychology
• Five approaches of investigative psychology
• Crime linkage analysis
• Comparing criminal investigative analysis and investigative psychology
• Offender Profiling: valuable insights, common sense or pseudoscience?
• When will offender profiling become an accepted science?
• How effective is offender profiling?
• Why is there still a belief in offender profiling?
• Future directions of training and research in offender profiling
• Chapter review
• Names to know
• 8 Assessing Fitness to Stand Trial and Criminal Responsibility
• Assessing fitness to stand trial
• Fitness to stand trial across jurisdictions
• Why mental fitness matters
• How do forensic psychologists determine fitness to stand trial?
• Assessing criminal responsibility
• Mental states and criminal responsibility
• Evaluation of criminal responsibility and sanity
• Who is exempt from criminal responsibility?
• From determining criminal responsibility to determining ‘sanity’
• Insanity defence legislation
• Not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI)
• Malingering and its detection
• When does malingering occur?
• Clinical versus forensic settings
• The problem with labels
• Ways of detecting malingering
• The forensic interview
• Psychiatric malingering detection strategies
• Tests to detect cognitive malingering detection strategies
• Neuroscience and the insanity defense: do bad brains cause bad behaviour?
• Diagnosing mental illness
• How will advances in neuroscience affect the insanity defence?
• Three examples of brain changes that led to behavioural changes
• Ways that neuroscience can improve and inform the concept of legal sanity
• Chapter review
• Names to know
• PART IV:APPLYING PSYCHOLOGY TO FORENSIC TECHNIQUES
• 9 Correctional Psychology: Risk Assessment, Threat and Recidivism
• What are the purposes of punishment?
• Punishment and behaviour change
• Theories of punishment
• Psychological effects of imprisonment and institutionalisation
• American jails as modern-day asylums
• Adaptation and change in the prison environment
• The effects of sensory and social isolation
• Suicide prevention and alternatives to solitary confinement
• Ineffectiveness of solitary confinement
• The psychology behind effective prison rehabilitation programmes
• Rehabilitation programmes
• The ABC of rehabilitation programmes
• Reducing recidivism: the risk-needs-responsivity model
• Assessing recidivism
• Assessing risk and needs factors
• The risk-needs-responsivity (RNR) model
• Chapter review
• Names to know
• 10 Police Psychology
• Police use of force
• Reasonable versus excessive use of force
• Racial explanations for the use of force
• The social dynamics of police-civilian interactions
• When lethal force is unavoidable
• The art of crisis negotiation
• The role of the police negotiator
• The Behavioural Influence Stairway Model (BISM)
• Hostage taker categories
• Psychological effects of acute stress on performance
• Acute stress and police performance
• Acute stress and perceptual distortions
• Psychological effects of chronic stress on performance
• Sources of chronic stress
• Mental health symptoms following critical incident exposures
• Trauma intervention strategies
• Chapter review
• Names to know
• 11 The Psychology Behind Jury Decision Making
• Investigating the secret lives of juries
• Why do we have juries?
• The vanishing jury trial: a global phenomenon
• A brief history of trial by jury
• The secret lives of juries
• The Chicago Jury Project: the beginning (and end) of jury research
• How is data collected about juries?
• Predicting verdicts from juror characteristics
• Sources of jury bias
• Difference in social cognition
• How individual jurors interpret evidence
• Differences between judges and juries
• Strength of evidence
• The liberation hypothesis
• The problems of pretrial publicity (PTP)
• Juror comprehension of instructions
• Juror comprehension of scientific evidence
• The story behind jury deliberations
• Understanding evidence and decision alternatives
• Cognitive aspects of deliberation
• The role of personality injury deliberation
• Chapter review
• Names to know
• 12 Psychological Aspects of Violence and Aggression
• In search of violent patterns
• Defining violence and aggression
• The problem with ‘random’ acts of violence
• Violence risk assessment
• Three generations of risk management tools
• The future of violence risk assessment
• Intimate partner violence
• Psychological and physical consequences of intimate partner violence
• Why don’t victims of intimate partner violence leave?
• Tactics of abuse
• Predictors of intimate partner violence
• Mass murder and risk assessment
• What is a mass murder?
• Leakage of threat intention
• Prevention by public reporting
• The psychological impact of terrorism
• The hidden world of Islamic State brides
• What is terrorism and violent extremism?
• What is radicalisation?
• A model of radicalisation
• Current approaches and future directions
• Chapter review
• Names to know
• 13 Forensic Victimology
• Forensic victimology
• What is forensic victimology?
• A brief history of victimology
• Victim precipitation
• Predicting crime risk: the seven-factor model
• The psychology behind victim blaming
• How do we assign blame?
• Explanations of victim blaming
• Can we reduce victim blaming?
• The effects of social media on victimisation
• Cyberstalking
• Is cyberstalking different than offline stalking?
• Theories explaining cyberstalking
• The cyberstalking process
• Cyberstalking interventions
• Searching for psychological closure
• The Need for Closure Scale (NFCS)
• The false promise of closure
• The ultimate closure: the death penalty
• Chapter review
• Names to know
• Glossary
• References
• Index