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• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents
• Editor Title
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• ‘Focus On …’ Boxes
• ‘Where Do You Stand?’ Boxes
• Preface
• Tour of the Book
• Online Resources
• About the Authors
• Authors’ Acknowledgements
• Publisher’s Acknowledgements
• Abbreviations
• Part 1 Forensic Psychology: Concepts, Methods and Theory
• 1. Forensic Psychology
• Chapter objectives
• Forensic psychology: in search of a definition
• Forensic psychology in practice
• Law and psychology
• Personal violence and harm
• Interconnectedness of forensic psychology
• Psychology as a science
• Psychology’s first court appearance
• James McKeen Cattell
• Louis William Stern
• Hugo Münsterberg
• William Marston and Karl Marbe
• Criminological psychology
• The basis of criminality
• Research and treatment
• Psychology as a profession
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 2. Defining and Surveying Crime
• Chapter objectives
• Defining crime: the legal approach
• The elements of a crime
• Acts of commission and acts of omission
• Defining offences
• Measuring and recording crime
• Defining ‘crime’
• Seeking a consensus definition
• Sources of information
• Official crime reports and statistics
• Self-report surveys
• Victim surveys
• Methods of presenting statistics
• Individual criminal records
• Crime, news media and public perceptions
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 3. Researching Crime: Methods and Correlates
• Chapter objectives
• Primary studies: research methods
• Longitudinal research
• Experimental studies
• Group comparisons
• Correlational research
• Qualitative research
• Treatment-outcome research
• Research synthesis: evidence review and meta-analysis
• Key features and correlates of crime
• Associated factors
• Pathways over time
• From correlation to temporal sequencing: longitudinal research
• Risk and protective factors
• Conclusion
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 4. Explaining Crime: Theories and Perspectives
• Chapter objectives
• Science and values
• The scientific study of crime
• Explanations of crime
• Surveying theories of criminal behaviour
• Level 1: Why is there crime at all?
• Level 2: Why is there more crime in some places than others?
• Level 3: Why is crime concentrated in some groups?
• Level 4: Do criminal acts follow patterns?
• Level 5: What psychological factors or individual differences influence offending?
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 5. Understanding Criminal Acts and Actors
• Chapter objectives
• Heredity and crime
• Heritability and genes
• Temperament
• Socialisation
• Family and upbringing
• Maltreatment and neglect
• Peer influence
• Correlates of crime
• Culture
• Situational and contextual influences
• Internal (cognitive-emotional) processes
• Hostile beliefs
• Moral reasoning and disengagement
• Automatic and controlled thoughts
• Neutralisations
• Integrative models: transactions and interactions
• Transactional model of development
• Person–situation interactionism
• Cognitive-Affective Personality System
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• Part 2 Offences: Types of Crime and Influencing Factors
• 6. Assault and Hate Crimes
• Chapter objectives
• Crime seriousness
• Crimes of personal violence
• Aggression and criminal violence
• Differing patterns of aggressiveness
• Personal variables
• Violence and cognition
• Situational factors in confrontations and assaults
• Drinking environments
• Hate crime
• Factors linked to hate crimes
• Conclusion
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 7. Single-Victim Homicide
• Chapter objectives
• Homicide motives and dynamics
• Structural factors and homicide
• Developmental patterns and crime careers
• Homicide within families
• Parricide
• Eldercide
• Filicide
• Neonaticide and infanticide
• Homicide by a partner
• Motives for partner homicide
• Homicide by a same-sex partner
• Homicide followed by suicide
• Homicide recidivism
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 8. Multiple Homicide
• Chapter objectives
• Familicide
• Massacres
• Mass killings in schools
• Serial murder
• Classification of serial killing
• Factors involved in sexual homicide
• Multiple perpetrators
• Terrorism
• Genocide
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 9. Sexual Offences and Partner Assault
• Chapter objectives
• Sexual offences
• Sexual offences against adults
• Sexual offences against children
• Specialisation, versatility and crossover
• Risk factors for sexual offending
• Theories of sexual offending
• Sexual offence recidivism
• Intimate partner violence
• Prevalence
• Explaining domestic abuse and partner violence
• Responding to partner violence
• Harassment and stalking
• Sexual harassment
• Stalking
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 10. Other Serious Crimes
• Chapter objectives
• Alcohol- and substance-related offending
• Alcohol and crime
• Does alcohol cause violent offending?
• Other substance misuse
• Factors influencing substance use
• Substance use and dependence
• Robbery
• Patterns and motives in robbery
• Arson
• Prevalence of arson
• Risk factors and motives
• Theories of firesetting
• Kidnapping and abduction
• Tiger kidnapping
• Hijacking and piracy
• Serious acquisitive or economic crime
• White-collar crime
• Corporate crime
• Organised crime
• Corporate violence
• The junction of economic and violent crime
• Conclusion
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 11. Mental Disorder and Crime
• Chapter objectives
• Mental health problems and disorders: some key distinctions
• Estimating prevalence
• Psychiatric diagnosis
• Biopsychosocial model
• The limitations of diagnosis
• Surveys of mental health problems in prisons
• Adults
• Youth
• Mental disorder and the risk of violence
• Psychosis
• Personality disorder
• Psychopathy
• Explaining psychopathic features
• Disputes on the assessment and structure of psychopathy
• Psychopathy and the category–dimension debate
• Do some clusters of personality features predispose individuals to violence?
• Disorders of a sexual nature
• Treatment of mental disorders
• Pharmacological therapy
• Psychological therapies
• Forensic mental health services
• Post-discharge follow-up
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• Part 3 Offences: Investigation, Evidence and Sentencing
• 12. Investigating Offences: Gathering Information and Interviewing
• Chapter objectives
• The investigative process
• Torture
• Researching the investigative process
• Investigative interviewing
• The Cognitive Interview
• Conversation Management
• Issues with eliciting information in investigative interviews
• Memory
• Reliability of line-ups (identity parades)
• Issues with interviewing vulnerable people
• Victims of child sexual abuse
• People with an intellectual disability
• Interrogative suggestibility and false confessions
• False confessions through suggestibility
• Credibility of children’s testimony
• Basic principles of interviewing
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 13. Profiling Offenders: Methods and Results
• Chapter objectives
• How is profiling possible?
• A brief history of profiling
• Francis Galton and Cesare Lombroso
• John Snow
• Kinds of profiling
• Deductive profiling
• Inductive profiling
• Geographical profiling
• The value of profiles
• The aims of a profile
• What is the value of a profile and can this be determined?
• Interviewing suspects
• Conclusion
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 14. Going to Court: Processes and Decision-Making
• Chapter objectives
• The structure of the English and Welsh court system
• Courts
• Introduction to the courts
• Types of court
• Before court
• In court
• Legal systems
• Sentencing
• Life sentences
• Other sentences
• Plea bargaining
• Issues of appearing in court
• Expert witnesses
• Conclusion
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 15. Considering Evidence: Witnesses, Experts and Juries
• Chapter objectives
• Cross-examination in criminal trials
• The role of language
• Expert witness evidence
• Standards of evidence
• Admissibility of psychological evidence
• How is forensic psychologists’ work used in court?
• Ethical issues in court
• Jury decision-making
• Trauma in jury members
• The judge’s summing-up and directions
• Sentencing
• Life sentences
• The ‘tariff’
• Therapeutic jurisprudence
• Areas of forensic psychology assessment
• Assessment for the legal process
• Injury compensation
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 16. Sentencing: Principles and Procedures
• Chapter objectives
• A brief history of penal law
• Criminal law concepts
• Routes through the criminal justice process
• The sentence of the court
• Retribution
• Denunciation
• Incapacitation
• Deterrence
• Rehabilitation
• Restoration
• The effectiveness of sentencing
• Penal policy and practice
• Do deterrent sentences work?
• Specific deterrence
• General deterrence: capital punishment
• Criminal responsibility and culpability
• Criminal liability
• Mental health legislation
• Conclusion
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 17. After Sentencing: Follow-up Services
• Chapter objectives
• The purposes of sentencing
• Factors that impact on sentencing
• Parole Boards
• Parole Board hearings
• Sentences assessed by Parole Boards
• Mental Health Review Tribunals Criminal Cases Review Commission
• Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements
• Community sentences
• Probation services
• Assessing risk
• Other factors that limit an individual’s freedom
• Conclusion
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• Part 4 Forensic Psychology: Activities, Standards and Skills
• 18. Professional Roles: Assessing Offenders
• Chapter objectives
• The purposes of assessment
• The process of assessment
• Assessment strategies
• Assessment interviews
• Psychometric scales
• Other assessment methods
• Assessing sexual interest: plethysmography
• Polygraphy
• Functional analysis
• Idiographic assessment
• File reviews and reports
• Risk assessment within a forensic context
• Approaches to risk assessment
• A model for the assessment of sex offenders
• The risk of risk assessment
• Base rates
• Mediators and moderators
• Communicating risk estimates
• Further complications
• Case formulation
• Report-writing in forensic psychology
• Theory of report-writing: the Expository Process Model
• Paragraph structure
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 19. Professional Roles: Reducing Reoffending
• Chapter objectives
• Approaches to crime prevention and reduction
• Reviewing outcome research
• Systematic reviews and meta-analyses: coverage
• Challenges of research and review
• General impact of interventions
• Factors influencing differential outcomes
• Ineffective approaches
• Positive outcomes
• Can treatment work for everyone?
• Research influencing practice
• Conclusions
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 20. Professional Roles: Ethical Issues in Practice
• Chapter objectives
• What do we mean by ‘ethics’?
• Ethics and psychology
• Forensic psychology and ethics
• Issues for forensic psychologists
• Assessment
• Appearing in court
• Professional boundaries
• Confidentiality
• Treatment
• Consent
• Conclusion
• Chapter summary
• Further reading
• 21. Professional Training, Competence and Expertise
• Chapter objectives
• Becoming a chartered and registered forensic psychologist
• Undergraduate qualification
• Postgraduate qualification (MSc/Stage 1)
• Stage 2 qualification
• Becoming a practising forensic psychologist
• Professional issues and roles
• Relationship to other professions
• Boundaries of confidentiality with other professions and agencies
• Philosophical issues
• Free will
• Knowledge
• The future of the profession
• Chapter summary
• Further information
• Glossary
• Bibliography
• Author Index
• Subject Index