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• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• Preface
• Contributors
• Reviewers
• Acknowledgments
• About the Author
• How to Use This Book
• Contents
• Online Supplements
• PART 1 Foundations of Research and Evidence
• 1 Frameworks for Generating and Applying Evidence
• The Research Imperative
• The Research Process
• Frameworks for Clinical Research
• Types of Research
• 2 On the Road to Translational Research
• The Translation Gap
• The Translation Continuum
• Effectiveness Research
• Outcomes Research
• Implementation Studies
• 3 Defining the Research Question
• Selecting a Topic
• The Research Problem
• The Research Rationale
• Types of Research
• Framing the Research Question
• Independent and Dependent Variables
• Research Objectives and Hypotheses
• What Makes a Good Research Question?
• 4 The Role of Theory in Research and Practice
• Defining Theory
• Purposes of Theories
• Components of Theories
• Models
• Theory Development and Testing
• Characteristics of Theories
• Theory, Research, and Practice
• Scope of Theories
• 5 Understanding Evidence-Based Practice
• Why Is Evidence-Based Practice Important?
• How Do We Know Things?
• What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
• The Process of Evidence-Based Practice
• Levels of Evidence
• Implementing Evidence-Based Practice
• 6 Searching the Literature
• Where We Find Evidence
• Databases
• The Search Process
• Keyword Searching
• Getting Results
• Medical Subject Headings
• Refining the Search
• Expanding Search Strategies
• Choosing What to Read
• Accessing Full Text
• Staying Current and Organized
• When Is the Search Done?
• 7 Ethical Issues in Clinical Research
• The Protection of Human Rights
• The Institutional Review Board
• Informed Consent
• Research Integrity
• PART 2 Concepts of Measurement
• 8 Principles of Measurement
• Why We Take Measurements
• Quantification and Measurement
• The Indirect Nature of Measurement
• Rules of Measurement
• Levels of Measurement
• 9 Concepts of Measurement Reliability
• Concepts of Reliability
• Measuring Reliability
• Understanding Reliability
• Types of Reliability
• Reliability and Change
• Methodological Studies: Reliability
• 10 Concepts of Measurement Validity
• Defining Validity
• Types of Evidence for Validity
• Construct Validity
• Norm and Criterion Referencing
• Interpreting Change
• Methodological Studies: Validity
• 11 Designing Surveys and Questionnaires
• Purposes of Surveys
• Survey Formats
• Planning the Survey
• Designing the Survey
• Types of Survey Questions
• Writing Good Questions
• Formatting the Survey
• Selecting a Sample
• Contacting Respondents
• Analysis of Questionnaire Data
• Ethics of Survey Administration
• 12 Understanding Health Measurement Scales
• Understanding the Construct
• Summative Scales
• Visual Analog Scale
• Cumulative Scales
• Rasch Analysis
• PART 3 Designing Clinical Research
• 13 Choosing a Sample
• Populations and Samples
• Sampling
• Probability Sampling
• Nonprobability Sampling
• 14 Principles of Clinical Trials
• Types of Clinical Trials
• Manipulation of Variables
• Random Assignment
• Control Groups
• Blinding
• Ideal Versus Pragmatic
• Phases of Clinical Trials
• Comparing Treatments: Better or No Worse?
• 15 Design Validity
• Validity Questions
• Statistical Conclusion Validity
• Internal Validity
• Construct Validity
• External Validity
• Strategies to Control for Subject Variability
• Non-compliance and Missing Data
• Handling Missing Data
• 16 Experimental Designs
• Design Classifications
• Selecting a Design
• Pretest–Posttest Control Group Designs
• Posttest-Only Control Group Design
• Factorial Designs for Independent Groups
• Repeated Measures Designs
• Sequential Clinical Trials
• 17 Quasi-Experimental Designs
• Validity Concerns
• Time Series Designs
• Nonequivalent Group Designs
• 18 Single-Subject Designs
• Focus on the Individual
• Structure of Single-Subject Designs
• Defining the Research Question
• Measuring the Target Behavior
• Limitations of the A–B Design
• Withdrawal Designs
• Multiple Baseline Designs
• Designs With Multiple Treatments
• N-of-1 Trials
• Visual Data Analysis
• Statistical Analysis
• Generalization
• 19 Exploratory Research: Observational Designs
• Exploring Relationships
• Longitudinal Studies
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Cohort Studies
• Case-Control Studies
• 20 Descriptive Research
• Developmental Research
• Normative Studies
• Descriptive Surveys
• Case Reports
• Historical Research
• 21 Qualitative Research
• Human Experience and Evidence
• The Research Question: Beyond “What” to “Why”
• Perspectives in Qualitative Research
• Methods of Qualitative Data Collection
• Sampling
• Data Analysis and Interpretation
• Mixed Methods
• PART 4 Analyzing Data
• 22 Descriptive Statistics
• Frequency Distributions
• Shapes of Distributions
• Measures of Central Tendency
• Measures of Variability
• The Normal Distribution
• 23 Foundations of Statistical Inference
• Probability
• Sampling Error
• Confidence Intervals
• Statistical Hypothesis Testing
• Errors in Hypothesis Testing
• Type I Error and Significance
• Type II Error and Power
• Concepts of Statistical Testing
• Parametric Versus Nonparametric Statistics
• 24 Comparing Two Means: The t-Test
• The Conceptual Basis for Comparing Means
• The Independent Samples t-Test
• Paired Samples t-Test
• Power and Effect Size
• Inappropriate Use of Multiple t-Tests
• 25 Comparing More Than Two Means: Analysis of Variance
• ANOVA Basics
• One-Way Analysis of Variance
• Two-Way Analysis of Variance
• Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
• Mixed Designs
• 26 Multiple Comparison Tests
• Corrections and Adjustments
• Post Hoc Multiple Comparisons
• Post Hoc Tests for Factorial Designs
• Post Hoc Tests for Repeated Measures
• Planned Comparisons
• 27 Nonparametric Tests for Group Comparisons
• Criteria for Choosing Nonparametric Tests
• Procedure for Ranking Scores
• Tests for Independent Samples
• Tests for Related Samples
• 28 Measuring Association for Categorical Variables: Chi-Square
• Testing Proportions
• Goodness of Fit
• Tests of Independence
• Power and Effect Size
• McNemar Test for Correlated Samples
• 29 Correlation
• Concepts of Correlation
• Linear and Curvilinear Relationships
• Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient
• Correlation of Ranked Data
• Correlation of Dichotomies
• Interpreting Correlation Coefficients
• Partial Correlation
• 30 Regression
• The Basics of Regression
• Simple Linear Regression
• Multiple Regression
• Power and Effect Size for Regression
• Stepwise Multiple Regression
• Dummy Variables
• Nonlinear Regression
• Logistic Regression
• Analysis of Covariance
• 31 Multivariate Analysis
• Exploratory Factor Analysis
• Structural Equation Modeling
• Cluster Analysis
• Multivariate Analysis of Variance
• Survival Analysis
• 32 Measurement Revisited: Reliability and Validity Statistics
• Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
• Standard Error of Measurement
• Agreement
• Internal Consistency
• Limits of Agreement
• Measuring Change
• 33 Diagnostic Accuracy
• Validity of Diagnostic Tests
• Pretest and Posttest Probabilities
• Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves
• Clinical Prediction Rules
• 34 Epidemiology: Measuring Risk
• The Scope of Epidemiology
• Descriptive Epidemiology
• Analytic Epidemiology: Measures of Risk
• Analytic Epidemiology: Measures of Treatment Effect
• PART 5 Putting It All Together
• 35 Writing a Research Proposal
• Purposes of the Research Proposal
• The Research Team
• Components of a Proposal
• Plan for Administrative Support
• Writing the Proposal
• Funding
• Submitting the Proposal
• 36 Critical Appraisal: Evaluating Research Reports
• Levels of Evidence
• The Appraisal Process
• Core Questions
• Intervention Studies
• Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy
• Studies of Prognosis
• Qualitative Studies
• Critically Appraised Topics
• 37 Synthesizing Literature: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
• Purpose of Systematic Reviews
• The Research Question
• Methods
• Results
• Discussion and Conclusions
• Meta-Analysis
• Appraisal of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
• Scoping Reviews
• 38 Disseminating Research
• Choosing a Journal
• Authorship
• Standards for Reporting
• Structure of the Written Research Report
• Submitting the Manuscript
• Presentations
• Promoting Your Work
• Appendices
• A Statistical Tables
• B Relating the Research Question to the Choice of Statistical Test
• C Management of Quantitative Data
• Glossary
• Index