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• Spotlight Figures
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Pearson’s Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
• Text and Illustration Team
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Contents
• Unit 1: Levels Of Organization Chapter
• Chapter 1. An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
• An Introduction to Studying the Human Body
• 1-1 To make the most of your learning, read the text and view the art together
• Getting to Know Your Textbook
• Anatomy of a Chapter
• 1-2 Anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) are closely integrated
• Anatomy
• Physiology
• 1-3 Levels of organization progress from chemicals to a complete organism
• 1-4 Medical terminology is important to understanding anatomy and physiology
• 1-5 Anatomical terms describe body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections
• Surface Anatomy
• Sectional Anatomy
• 1-6 Body cavities of the trunk protect internal organs and allow them to change shape
• The Thoracic Cavity
• The Abdominopelvic Cavity
• 1-7 Physiological processes continuously regulate homeostasis
• Mechanisms of Homeostatic Regulation
• An Overview of Homeostatic Regulation
• 1-8 Negative feedback opposes variations from normal, whereas positive feedback enhances them
• The Role of Negative Feedback in Homeostasis
• The Role of Positive Feedback in Homeostasis
• Systems Integration, Equilibrium, and Homeostasis
• Chapter Review
• SmartArt Videos
• Figure 1–10 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting
• Spotlights
• Levels of Organization
• Clinical Case
• Using A&P to Save a Life
• Clinical Notes
• Habeas Corpus (“You Shall Have the Body”)
• The Sounds of the Body
• Diagnostic Imaging Techniques
• Chapter 2. The Chemical Level of Organization
• An Introduction to the Chemical Level of Organization
• 2-1 Atoms are the basic particles of matter
• Atomic Structure
• Elements and Isotopes
• Atomic Weights
• Electrons and Energy Levels
• 2-2 Chemical bonds are forces formed by interactions between atoms
• Ionic Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
• Hydrogen Bonds
• States of Matter
• 2-3 Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions are important types of chemical reactions in ph
• Basic Energy Concepts
• Types of Chemical Reactions
• 2-4 Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the energy needed to start them
• 2-5 Inorganic compounds lack carbon, and organic compounds contain carbon
• 2-6 Physiological systems depend on water
• The Properties of Aqueous Solutions
• Colloids and Suspensions
• 2-7 Body fluid pH is vital for homeostasis
• 2-8 Acids, bases, and salts have important physiological roles
• Acids and Bases
• Salts
• Buffers and pH Control
• 2-9 Living things contain organic compounds made up of monomers, polymers, and functional groups
• 2-10 Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
• 2-11 Lipids often contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of 1:2
• Fatty Acids
• Eicosanoids
• Glycerides
• Steroids
• Phospholipids and Glycolipids
• 2-12 Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and are formed from amino acids
• Protein Structure
• Protein Shape
• Enzyme Function
• Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans
• 2-13 DNA and RNA are nucleic acids
• Structure of Nucleic Acids
• Comparison of RNA and DNA
• 2-14 ATP is a high-energy compound used by cells
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• Chemical Notation
• Clinical Case
• What Is Wrong with My Baby?
• Clinical Notes
• Radiation Sickness
• Too Sweet on Sugar?
• Chapter 3. The Cellular Level of Organization
• An Introduction to Cells
• 3-1 The plasma membrane separates the cell from its surrounding environment and performs various fun
• Membrane Lipids
• Membrane Proteins
• Membrane Carbohydrates
• 3-2 Organelles within the cytoplasm perform particular functions
• The Cytosol
• Nonmembranous Organelles
• Membranous Organelles
• 3-3 The nucleus contains DNA and enzymes essential for controlling cellular activities
• Structure of the Nucleus
• Information Storage in the Nucleus
• 3-4 DNA controls protein synthesis, cell structure, and cell function
• Regulation of Transcription by Gene Activation
• Transcription of DNA into mRNA
• Translation from mRNA into a Polypeptide
• How DNA Controls Cell Structure and Function
• 3-5 Diffusion is a passive transport mechanism that assists membrane passage of solutes and water
• Diffusion
• Osmosis: Diffusion of Water across Selectively Permeable Membranes
• 3-6 Carrier-mediated and vesicular transport assist membrane passage of specific substances
• Carrier-Mediated Transport
• Vesicular Transport
• 3-7 The membrane potential of a cell results from the unequal distribution of positive and negative
• 3-8 Stages of the cell life cycle include interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
• The Cell Life Cycle
• The Mitotic Rate and Energy Use
• 3-9 Several factors regulate the cell life cycle
• 3-10 Abnormal cell growth and division characterize tumors and cancers
• 3-11 Cellular differentiation is cellular specialization as a result of gene activation or repressio
• Chapter Review
• SmartArt Videos
• Figure 3–12 mRNA Transcription
• Figure 3–13 The Process of Translation
• Spotlights
• Anatomy of a Model Cell
• Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Packaging
• Overview of Membrane Transport
• Stages of a Cell’s Life Cycle
• DNA Replication
• Clinical Case
• Mohan Gets the Runs
• Clinical Notes
• Lysosomal Storage Diseases
• Free Radicals
• DNA Fingerprinting
• Mutations
• Drugs and the Plasma Membrane
• Telomerase, Aging, and Cancer
• Breakthroughs with Stem Cells
• Chapter 4. The Tissue Level of Organization
• An Introduction to the Tissue Level of Organization
• 4-1 The four tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
• 4-2 Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines internal surfaces, and serves other essential func
• Functions of Epithelial Tissue
• Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
• Specializations of Epithelial Cells
• Maintaining the Integrity of Epithelia
• 4-3 Cell shape and number of layers determine the classification of epithelia
• Classification of Epithelia
• Glandular Epithelia
• 4-4 Connective tissue has varied roles in the body that reflect the physical properties of its three
• 4-5 Connective tissue proper includes loose connective tissues that fill internal spaces and dense c
• Structure of Connective Tissue Proper
• Loose Connective Tissues
• Dense Connective Tissues
• Fascia: Layers of Connective Tissue Proper
• 4-6 Blood and lymph are fluid connective tissues that transport cells and dissolved materials
• 4-7 The supporting connective tissues cartilage and bone provide a strong framework
• Cartilage
• Bone
• 4-8 Tissue membranes made from epithelia and connective tissue make up four types of physical barrie
• Mucous Membranes
• Serous Membranes
• The Cutaneous Membrane
• Synovial Membranes
• 4-9 The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
• Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Smooth Muscle Tissue
• 4-10 Nervous tissue responds to stimuli and propagates electrical impulses throughout the body
• 4-11 The response to tissue injury involves inflammation and regeneration
• Inflammation
• Regeneration
• 4-12 With advancing age, tissue regeneration decreases and cancer rates increase
• Aging and Tissue Structure
• Aging and Cancer Incidence
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• Inflammation and Regeneration
• Clinical Case
• Rubber Joints
• Clinical Notes
• Exfoliative Cytology
• Marfan Syndrome
• Unit 2: Support And Movement
• Chapter 5. The Integumentary System
• An Introduction to the Integumentary System
• 5-1 The epidermis is a protective covering composed of layers with various functions
• Cells of the Epidermis: Keratinocytes
• Layers of the Epidermis
• Epidermal Growth Factor
• 5-2 The dermis is the tissue layer that supports the epidermis
• Layers of the Dermis
• Dermal Strength and Elasticity
• Tension Lines
• The Dermal Blood Supply
• Innervation of the Skin
• 5-3 The subcutaneous layer connects the dermis to underlying tissues
• 5-4 Epidermal pigmentation and dermal circulation influence skin color
• The Role of Epidermal Pigmentation
• The Role of Dermal Circulation: Hemoglobin
• Disease-Related Changes in Skin Color
• 5-5 Sunlight causes epidermal cells to convert a steroid into vitamin D3
• 5-6 Hair is made of keratinized dead cells pushed to the skin surface, where it has protecting and i
• Hair and Hair Follicle Structure
• Hair Production
• The Hair Growth Cycle
• Types of Hairs
• Hair Color
• 5-7 Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are exocrine glands found in the skin
• Sebaceous Glands
• Sweat Glands
• Other Integumentary Glands
• Control of Glandular Secretions and Thermoregulation
• 5-8 Nails are keratinized epidermal cells that protect the tips of fingers and toes
• 5-9 After an injury, the integument is repaired in several phases
• 5-10 Effects of aging on the skin include thinning, wrinkling, and reduced melanocyte activity
• Build Your Knowledge Integration of the INTEGUMENTARY system with the other body systems presented s
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• The Epidermis
• Clinical Case
• He Has Fish Skin!
• Clinical Notes
• Nips, Tucks, and Shots
• Skin Cancer
• Decubitus Ulcers
• The Skin, Mirror of Health
• Burns and Grafts
• Chapter 6. Bones and Bone Structure
• An Introduction to Bones and Bone Tissue
• 6-1 The skeletal system has several major functions
• 6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and they have a variety of bone markings
• Bone Shapes
• Bone Markings
• Bone Structure
• 6-3 Bone is composed of matrix and several types of cells: osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes
• Bone Matrix
• Bone Cells
• 6-4 Compact bone contains parallel osteons, and spongy bone contains trabeculae
• Compact Bone Structure
• Spongy Bone Structure
• Coordinated Functions of Compact and Spongy Bone
• Surface Coverings of Bone
• 6-5 Bones form through ossification and enlarge through interstitial and appositional growth
• Endochondral Ossification
• Intramembranous Ossification
• Blood and Nerve Supplies to Bone
• 6-6 Bone growth and development depend on bone remodeling, which is a balance between bone formation
• 6-7 Exercise, nutrition, and hormones affect bone development and the skeletal system
• The Effects of Exercise on Bone
• Nutritional and Hormonal Effects on Bone
• 6-8 Calcium plays a critical role in bone physiology
• The Skeleton as a Calcium Reserve
• Hormones and Calcium Ion Balance
• 6-9 A fracture is a crack or break in a bone
• 6-10 Osteopenia has widespread effects on aging bones
• Chapter Review
• SmartArt Videos
• Figure 6–11 Endochondral Ossification
• Figure 6–16 Homeostasis of Blood Calcium Ion Level
• Spotlights
• Endochondral Ossification
• Types of Fractures and Steps in Repair
• Clinical Case
• A Case of Child Abuse?
• Clinical Notes
• Heterotopic Bone Formation
• Abnormal Bone Development
• Chapter 7. The Axial Skeleton
• An Introduction to the Divisions of the Skeleton
• 7-1 The 80 bones of the head and trunk make up the axial skeleton
• 7-2 The skull’s 8 cranial bones protect the brain, and its 14 facial bones form the mouth, nose, a
• Cranial, Facial, and Associated Bones
• Sutures
• Sinuses, Foramina, and Fissures
• 7-3 Each orbital complex contains and protects an eye, and the nasal complex encloses the nasal cavi
• The Orbital Complexes
• The Nasal Complex
• 7-4 Fontanelles are non-ossified fibrous areas between cranial bones that ease birth and allow for r
• 7-5 The vertebral column has four flexible and supportive spinal curves
• 7-6 The five vertebral regions—cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal—each have chara
• Vertebral Anatomy
• Characteristics of Regional Vertebrae
• 7-7 The thoracic cage protects organs in the chest and provides sites for muscle attachment
• The Ribs
• The Sternum
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• Sectional Anatomy of the Skull
• Clinical Case
• Knocked Out
• Clinical Notes
• Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome
• Sinusitis
• Craniostenosis
• Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis
• Chapter 8. The Appendicular Skeleton
• An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
• 8-1 The pectoral (shoulder) girdles attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
• The Clavicles
• The Scapulae
• 8-2 The bones of the upper limbs are adapted for free movement
• The Humerus
• Bones of the Forearm
• Bones of the Wrist and Hand
• 8-3 The pelvic girdle (hips) attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
• The Pelvic Girdle (Hip Bones)
• The Pelvis (Pelvic Girdle, Sacrum, and Coccyx)
• 8-4 The bones of the lower limbs are adapted for movement and support
• The Femur (Thighbone)
• The Patella (Kneecap)
• Bones of the Leg
• Bones of the Ankle and Foot
• 8-5 Differences in sex and age account for individual skeletal variation
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton
• Clinical Case
• Head Over Heals
• Clinical Notes
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Hip Fracture
• Shin Splints
• Stress Fractures
• Club Foot
• Chapter 9. Joints
• An Introduction to Joints
• 9-1 Joints are categorized according to their structure or range of motion
• 9-2 Diarthroses: Synovial joints contain synovial fluid and are surrounded by a joint capsule and st
• Articular Cartilage
• Synovial Fluid
• Accessory Structures
• Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints
• 9-3 Diarthroses: The different types of synovial joints allow a wide range of skeletal movements
• Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
• Classification of Synovial Joints
• 9-4 Intervertebral joints contain intervertebral discs and ligaments that allow for vertebral moveme
• Structure of Intervertebral Joints
• Vertebral Movements
• 9-5 The elbow and knee are both hinge joints
• The Elbow Joint
• The Knee Joint
• 9-6 The shoulder and hip are both ball-and-socket joints
• The Shoulder Joint
• The Hip Joint
• 9-7 With advancing age, arthritis and other degenerative changes often impair joint mobility
• 9-8 The skeletal system supports and stores energy and minerals for other body systems
• Build Your Knowledge Integration of the SKELETAL system with the other body systems presented so far
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• Joint Movement
• Clinical Case
• What’s the Matter with the Birthday Girl?
• Clinical Notes
• Bursitis and Bunions
• Dislocation
• Damage to Intervertebral Discs
• Knee Injuries
• Chapter 10. Muscle Tissue
• An Introduction to Muscle Tissue
• 10-1 The primary function of muscle tissue is to produce movement
• Common Properties of Muscle Tissue
• Functions of Skeletal Muscle
• 10-2 Skeletal muscle contains muscle tissue, connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves
• Organization of Connective Tissues and Muscle Tissue
• Function of Skeletal Muscle Components
• 10-3 Skeletal muscle fibers are organized into repeating functional units that contain sliding filam
• The Sarcolemma and Transverse Tubules
• The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
• Myofibrils
• Sarcomeres
• The Sliding-Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction
• 10-4 Motor neurons stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract at the neuromuscular junction
• Electrical Impulses and Excitable Membranes
• The Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity
• 10-5 Muscle fibers produce different amounts of tension depending on sarcomere length and frequency
• Length–Tension Relationships
• Frequency of Stimulation
• 10-6 Skeletal muscles produce increased tension by recruiting additional motor units
• Motor Units
• Types of Muscle Contractions
• Load and Speed of Contraction
• Muscle Relaxation and the Return to Resting Length
• 10-7 To maintain regular muscle fiber activity, energy and recovery are required
• ATP Generation and Muscle Fiber Contraction
• Muscle Metabolism and Varying Activity Levels
• The Recovery Period
• Hormones and Muscle Metabolism
• 10-8 Muscle performance depends on muscle fiber type and physical conditioning
• Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• Muscle Performance and the Distribution of Muscle Fibers
• Muscle Hypertrophy, Atrophy, and Effects of Aging
• Muscle Fatigue
• Physical Conditioning
• 10-9 Cardiac muscle tissue, found in the heart, produces coordinated and automatic contractions
• Structural Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Functional Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• 10-10 Smooth muscle tissue contracts to move substances within internal passageways
• Structural Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Tissue
• Functional Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Tissue
• Chapter Review
• SmartArt Videos
• Figure 10–17 The Arrangement and Activity of Motor Units in a Skeletal Muscle
• Figure 10–20 Muscle Metabolism
• Spotlights
• Events at the Neuromuscular Junction
• Excitation–Contraction Coupling
• The Contraction Cycle and Cross-Bridge Formation
• Clinical Case
• Keep on Keepin’ on
• Clinical Notes
• Tetanus
• Rigor Mortis
• Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
• Electromyography
• Chapter 11. The Muscular System
• An Introduction to the Muscular System
• 11-1 Fascicle arrangement is correlated with muscle power and range of motion
• Parallel Muscles
• Convergent Muscles
• Pennate Muscles
• Circular Muscles
• 11-2 The use of bones as levers increases muscle efficiency
• 11-3 The origins and insertions of muscles determine their actions
• Origins and Insertions
• Actions
• 11-4 Descriptive terms are used to name skeletal muscles
• Region of the Body
• Position, Direction, or Fascicle Arrangement
• Structural Characteristics
• Action
• 11-5 Axial muscles position the axial skeleton, and appendicular muscles support and move the append
• 11-6 Axial muscles are muscles of the head and neck, vertebral column, trunk, and pelvic floor
• Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Muscles of the Vertebral Column
• Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm
• Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
• 11-7 Appendicular muscles are muscles of the shoulders, upper limbs, pelvis, and lower limbs
• Muscles of the Shoulders and Upper Limbs
• Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
• 11-8 Exercise of the muscular system produces responses in multiple body systems
• Build Your Knowledge Integration of the MUSCULAR system with the other body systems presented so far
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• Muscle Action
• Clinical Case
• Downward-Facing Dog
• Clinical Notes
• Intramuscular Injections
• Signs of Stroke
• Hernia
• Unit 3: Control And Regulation
• Chapter 12. Nervous Tissue
• An Introduction to the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
• 12-1 The nervous system has anatomical and functional divisions
• The Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System
• The Functional Divisions of the Nervous System
• 12-2 Neurons are nerve cells specialized for intercellular communication
• Functional Characteristics of Neurons
• The Structure of Neurons
• The Classification of Neurons
• 12-3 CNS and PNS neuroglia support and protect neurons
• Neuroglia of the Central Nervous System
• Neuroglia of the Peripheral Nervous System
• Neural Responses to Injuries
• 12-4 The membrane potential of a neuron is determined by differences in ion concentrations and membr
• The Resting Membrane Potential
• Changes in the Resting Membrane Potential: Membrane Channels
• Graded Potentials
• 12-5 An action potential is an all-or-none electrical event used for long-distance communication
• Threshold and the All-or-None Principle
• Generation of Action Potentials
• Propagation of Action Potentials
• Axon Diameter and Propagation Speed
• 12-6 Synapses transmit signals among neurons or between neurons and other cells
• Types of Synapses
• Function of Chemical Synapses
• 12-7 The effects of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators depend on their receptors
• Classes of Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
• The Functions of Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators and Their Receptors
• 12-8 Individual neurons process information by integrating excitatory and inhibitory stimuli
• Postsynaptic Potentials
• Presynaptic Regulation: Inhibition and Facilitation
• The Rate of Action Potential Generation
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• Processes That Produce the Resting Membrane Potential
• Generation of an Action Potential
• Propagation of an Action Potential
• Clinical Case
• Did President Franklin D. Roosevelt Really Have Polio?
• Clinical Notes
• Rabies
• CNS Tumors
• Demyelination
• Chapter 13. The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes
• An Introduction to the Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes
• 13-1 This text’s coverage of the nervous system parallels its simple-to-complex levels of organiza
• 13-2 The spinal cord is surrounded by three meninges and has spinal nerve roots
• Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
• Protection of the Spinal Cord: Spinal Meninges
• 13-3 Spinal cord gray matter integrates information and initiates commands, and white matter carries
• Functional Organization of Gray Matter
• Functional Organization of White Matter
• 13-4 Spinal nerves extend to form peripheral nerves, sometimes forming plexuses along the way; these
• Anatomy of Spinal Nerves
• Peripheral Distribution and Function of Spinal Nerves
• Nerve Plexuses
• 13-5 Interneurons are organized into functional groups called neuronal pools
• 13-6 The different types of neural reflexes are all rapid, automatic responses to stimuli
• The Reflex Arc
• Classification of Reflexes
• 13-7 Monosynaptic reflexes produce simple responses, while polysynaptic reflexes can produce complex
• Monosynaptic Reflexes
• Polysynaptic Reflexes
• 13-8 The brain can affect spinal cord–based reflexes
• Voluntary Movements and Reflex Motor Patterns
• Reinforcement and Inhibition
• Chapter Review
• SmartArt Videos
• Figure 13–1 An Overview of Chapters 13 and 14
• Spotlights
• Structure, Function, and Peripheral Distribution of Spinal Nerves (T1–L2)
• Spinal Reflexes
• Clinical Case
• Prom Night
• Clinical Notes
• Anesthesia
• Shingles
• Sensory Innervation in the Hand
• Sensory Innervation in the Ankle and Foot
• Chapter 14. The Brain and Cranial Nerves
• An Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves
• 14-1 The brain develops four major regions: the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem
• Major Brain Regions and Landmarks
• Embryology of the Brain
• Ventricles of the Brain
• 14-2 The brain is protected and supported by the cranial meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the bloo
• The Cranial Meninges
• Cerebrospinal Fluid
• The Protective Function of the Cranial Meninges and CSF
• The Blood Supply to the Brain
• The Blood-Brain Barrier
• 14-3 Brainstem: The medulla oblongata relays signals between the rest of the brain and the spinal co
• 14-4 Brainstem: The pons contains nuclei that process and tracts that relay sensory and motor inform
• 14-5 Brainstem: The midbrain regulates visual and auditory reflexes and controls alertness
• 14-6 The cerebellum coordinates reflexive and learned patterns of muscular activity at the subconsci
• Structure of the Cerebellum
• Functions of the Cerebellum
• 14-7 The diencephalon integrates sensory information with motor output at the subconscious level
• The Thalamus
• The Hypothalamus
• 14-8 The limbic system is a group of nuclei and tracts that functions in emotion, motivation, and me
• 14-9 The cerebrum contains motor, sensory, and association areas, allowing for higher mental functio
• Structure of the Cerebral Cortex and Cerebral Hemispheres
• The White Matter of the Cerebrum
• The Basal Nuclei
• Motor, Sensory, and Association Areas of the Cortex
• Integrative Centers and Higher Mental Functions
• Monitoring Brain Activity: The Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• 14-10 Cranial reflexes are rapid, automatic responses involving sensory and motor fibers of cranial
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• Formation and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Clinical Case
• The Bells!
• Clinical Notes
• Epidural and Subdural Hemorrhages
• Aphasia and Dyslexia
• Concussion and Beyond
• Chapter 15. Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System
• An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System
• 15-1 Sensory stimuli cause signals to be sent along sensory pathways, and in response motor commands
• 15-2 Sensory receptors connect our internal and external environments with the nervous system
• The Detection of Stimuli
• The Interpretation of Sensory Information
• 15-3 General sensory receptors can be classified by the type of stimulus that excites them
• Nociceptors and Pain
• Thermoreceptors
• Mechanoreceptors
• Chemoreceptors
• 15-4 The afferent division is made up of separate somatic sensory and visceral sensory pathways that
• Somatic Sensory Pathways
• Visceral Sensory Pathways
• 15-5 The somatic nervous system is an efferent division made up of somatic motor pathways that contr
• The Corticospinal Pathway
• The Medial and Lateral Pathways
• The Monitoring Role of the Basal Nuclei and Cerebellum
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• Somatic Sensory Pathways
• Clinical Case
• Living with Cerebral Palsy
• Clinical Notes
• Assessment of Tactile Sensitivities
• Phantom Limb Syndrome
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Chapter 16. The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions
• An Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions
• 16-1 The autonomic nervous system, which has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, is involved
• Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
• Organization of the ANS
• Divisions of the ANS
• 16-2 The sympathetic division has short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers and is i
• Functional Organization of the Sympathetic Division
• Sympathetic Activation
• 16-3 Different types of neurotransmitters and receptors lead to different sympathetic effects
• Effects of Sympathetic Stimulation of Adrenergic Synapses and Receptors
• Effects of Sympathetic Stimulation on Other Types of Synapses
• 16-4 The parasympathetic division has long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers and
• Functional Organization of the Parasympathetic Division
• Parasympathetic Activation
• 16-5 Different types of receptors lead to different parasympathetic effects
• Effects of Parasympathetic Stimulation of Cholinergic Receptors
• Effects of Toxins on Cholinergic Receptors
• 16-6 The differences in the organization of sympathetic and parasympathetic structures lead to wides
• Summary of the Sympathetic Division
• Summary of the Parasympathetic Division
• 16-7 Dual innervation of organs allows the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions to coordinate v
• Anatomy of Dual Innervation
• Autonomic Tone
• 16-8 Various levels of autonomic regulation allow for the integration and control of autonomic funct
• Visceral Reflexes
• Higher Levels of Autonomic Control
• The Integration of ANS and SNS Activities
• 16-9 Higher-order functions include memory and states of consciousness, and neurotransmitters influe
• Memory
• States of Consciousness
• Influence of Neurotransmitters on Brain Chemistry and Behavior
• 16-10 Aging produces various structural and functional changes in the nervous system
• Build Your Knowledge Integration of the NERVOUS system with the other body systems presented so far
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• The Autonomic Nervous System
• Clinical Case
• Remember Me?
• Clinical Notes
• Insomnia
• Summary of Nervous System Disorders
• Fainting
• Chapter 17. The Special Senses
• An Introduction to the Special Senses
• 17-1 Olfaction, the sense of smell, involves olfactory receptors responding to airborne chemical sti
• Anatomy of the Olfactory Organs
• Olfactory Receptors and the Physiology of Olfaction
• Olfactory Pathways
• Olfactory Discrimination
• 17-2 Gustation, the sense of taste, involves gustatory receptors responding to dissolved chemical st
• Anatomy of Papillae and Taste Buds
• Taste Receptor Cells
• Gustatory Pathways
• Gustatory Discrimination and Physiology of Gustation
• 17-3 Internal eye structures contribute to vision, while accessory eye structures provide protection
• Accessory Structures of the Eye
• Anatomy of the Eyeball
• 17-4 The focusing of light on the retina leads to the formation of a visual image
• An Introduction to Light
• Image Formation and Reversal
• Visual Acuity
• 17-5 Photoreceptors transduce light into electrical signals that are then processed in the visual co
• Physiology of Vision
• The Visual Pathways
• 17-6 Equilibrium sensations monitor head position and movement, while hearing involves the detection
• Anatomy of the Ear
• Equilibrium
• Hearing
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• Olfaction and Gustation
• Refractive Problems
• Photoreception
• Clinical Case
• A Chance to See
• Clinical Notes
• Diabetic Retinopathy
• Detached Retina
• Glaucoma
• Motion Sickness
• Chapter 18. The Endocrine System
• An Introduction to the Endocrine System
• 18-1 Homeostasis is maintained through intercellular communication by the nervous and endocrine syst
• Mechanisms of Intercellular Communication
• Comparison of Endocrine and Nervous Communication
• 18-2 The endocrine system regulates physiological processes by releasing bloodborne hormones that bi
• Overview of Endocrine Organs and Tissues
• Classes of Hormones
• Transport and Inactivation of Hormones
• Mechanisms of Hormone Action
• Control of Hormone Secretion
• 18-3 The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces and releases hormones under hypothalamic cont
• Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
• Control of Pituitary Activity by the Hypothalamus
• The Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
• The Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland
• Summary: The Hormones of the Pituitary Gland
• 18-4 The thyroid gland synthesizes thyroid hormones that affect the rate of metabolism
• Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland
• Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones
• Functions of Thyroid Hormones
• Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin
• 18-5 The four parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone, which increases the blood calcium ion
• 18-6 The paired adrenal glands secrete several hormones that affect electrolyte balance and stress r
• Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands
• Corticosteroids of the Adrenal Cortex
• Catecholamines of the Adrenal Medulla
• 18-7 The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which affects the circadian rhythm
• 18-8 The pancreas is both an exocrine organ and an endocrine gland that produces hormones affecting
• Anatomy of the Pancreas
• Functions of Pancreatic Islets
• Hormones That Regulate the Blood Glucose Level
• Diabetes Mellitus
• 18-9 Many organs have secondary endocrine functions
• The Intestines
• The Kidneys
• The Heart
• The Thymus
• The Gonads
• Adipose Tissue
• 18-10 Hormones interact over our lifetime to produce coordinated physiological responses
• Role of Hormones in Growth
• The Hormonal Responses to Stress
• The Effects of Hormones on Behavior
• Aging and Hormone Production
• Build Your Knowledge Integration of the ENDOCRINE system with the other body systems presented so fa
• Chapter Review
• SmartArt Videos
• Figure 18–16 Anatomy of the Pancreas
• Spotlights
• Structural Classification of Hormones
• G Proteins and Second Messengers
• Diabetes Mellitus
• The General Adaptation Syndrome
• Clinical Case
• Stones, Bones, and Groans
• Clinical Notes
• Diabetes Insipidus
• Sex and Gender
• Endocrine Disorders
• Hormones and Athletic Performance
• Unit 4: Fluids And Transport
• Chapter 19. Blood
• An Introduction to Blood and the Cardiovascular System
• 19-1 Blood, composed of plasma and formed elements, provides transport, regulation, and protective s
• Functions of Blood
• Characteristics of Blood
• Components of Blood
• 19-2 Red blood cells, formed by erythropoiesis, contain hemoglobin that transports respiratory gases
• Abundance of RBCs: The Hematocrit
• Relationship of RBC Structure to RBC Function
• Hemoglobin
• RBC Formation and Turnover
• 19-3 The ABO and Rh blood groups are based on antigen–antibody responses
• ABO and Rh Blood Groups
• Transfusions
• 19-4 The various types of white blood cells contribute to the body’s defenses
• WBC Characteristics and Functions
• Types of WBCs
• The Differential Count and Changes in WBC Profiles
• WBC Production: Leukopoiesis
• Regulation of WBC Production
• 19-5 Platelets, disc-shaped cell fragments, function in the clotting process
• Platelet Functions
• Platelet Production
• 19-6 The process of blood clotting, or hemostasis, stops blood loss
• The Vascular Phase
• The Platelet Phase
• The Coagulation Phase
• Clot Retraction
• Fibrinolysis
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• The Composition of Whole Blood
• Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
• Clinical Case
• Crisis in the Blood
• Clinical Notes
• Plasma Expanders
• Collecting Blood for Analysis
• Bleeding and Clotting Extremes
• Chapter 20. The Heart
• An Introduction to the Heart as Part of the Cardiovascular System
• 20-1 The heart is a four-chambered organ that pumps blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuit
• Overview of Heart Function: The Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
• Heart Location and Position
• Heart Superficial Anatomy, Heart Wall, and Cardiac Skeleton
• Heart Chambers, Valves, and Great Vessels
• Blood Flow through the Heart Valves
• The Blood Supply to the Heart
• 20-2 The cells of the conducting system distribute electrical impulses through the heart, causing ca
• Cardiac Physiology: Electrical Impulses Leading to the Contractions Making Up a Heartbeat
• The Conducting System: Pacemaker and Conducting Cells
• The Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Cardiac Contractions: Contractile Cells
• 20-3 The contraction–relaxation events that occur during a complete heartbeat make up a cardiac cy
• An Introduction to Pressure and Flow in the Heart
• Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
• Pressure and Volume Changes in the Cardiac Cycle
• Heart Sounds
• 20-4 Cardiac output is determined by heart rate and stroke volume
• Factors Affecting the Heart Rate
• Factors Affecting the Stroke Volume
• Summary: The Control of Cardiac Output
• The Heart and the Vessels of the Cardiovascular System
• Chapter Review
• SmartArt Videos
• Figure 20–16 Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
• Figure 20–19 Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
• Spotlights
• Heart Disease and Heart Attacks
• Cardiac Arrhythmias
• Clinical Case
• A Needle to the Chest
• Clinical Notes
• Faulty Heart Valves
• Broken Heart Syndrome
• Chapter 21. Blood Vessels and Circulation
• An Introduction to Blood Vessels and Circulation
• 21-1 Arteries, which are elastic or muscular, and veins, which contain valves, have three-layered wa
• Vessel Wall Structure in Arteries and Veins
• Differences between Arteries and Veins
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
• The Distribution of Blood
• 21-2 Pressure and resistance determine blood flow and affect rates of capillary exchange
• Introduction to Pressure and Flow in Blood Vessels
• Pressures Affecting Blood Flow
• Total Peripheral Resistance
• An Overview of Cardiovascular Pressures
• Capillary Exchange and Capillary Pressures
• 21-3 Blood flow and pressure in tissues are controlled by both autoregulation and central regulation
• Vasomotion
• Overview of Autoregulation and Central Regulation
• Autoregulation of Blood Flow within Tissues
• Central Regulation: Neural Mechanisms
• Central Regulation: Endocrine Mechanisms
• 21-4 The cardiovascular system adapts to physiological stress while maintaining a special vascular s
• Vascular Supply to Special Regions
• Cardiovascular Response to Exercise
• The Cardiovascular Response to Hemorrhaging and Shock
• 21-5 The vessels of the cardiovascular system make up both pulmonary and systemic circuits
• 21-6 In the pulmonary circuit, deoxygenated blood enters the lungs in arteries, and oxygenated blood
• 21-7 The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to tissues and organs oth
• Systemic Arteries
• The Ascending Aorta
• The Aortic Arch
• Systemic Veins
• 21-8 Modifications of fetal and maternal cardiovascular systems promote the exchange of materials; t
• Fetal Circulatory Route and Placental Blood Supply
• Fetal Heart and Great Vessels
• Cardiovascular Changes at Birth
• 21-9 Aging affects the blood, heart, and blood vessels
• Build Your Knowledge Integration of the CARDIOVASCULAR system with the other body systems presented
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• Congenital Heart Problems
• Clinical Case
• Did Ancient Mummies Have Atherosclerosis?
• Clinical Notes
• Arteriosclerosis
• Varicose Veins
• Edema
• Aortic Aneurysm
• Preparing the Circulation for Dialysis
• Chapter 22. The Lymphatic System and Immunity
• An Introduction to the Lymphatic System and Immunity
• 22-1 The vessels, tissues, and organs of the lymphatic system maintain fluid volume and function in
• Functions of the Lymphatic System
• Lymphatic Vessels and Circulation of Lymph
• Lymphoid Cells
• Lymphoid Tissues
• Lymphoid Organs
• 22-2 Lymphocytes are important to innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) immunity
• Types of Immunity
• Lymphocytes
• 22-3 Innate defenses respond the same regardless of the invader
• Physical Barriers
• Phagocytes
• Immune Surveillance
• Interferons
• Complement System
• Inflammation
• Fever
• 22-4 Adaptive (specific) defenses respond to particular threats and are either cell mediated or anti
• Lymphocytes of Adaptive Immunity
• Types of Adaptive Immunity
• An Introduction to Adaptive Immunity
• Forms of Adaptive Immunity
• Properties of Adaptive Immunity
• 22-5 In cell-mediated adaptive immunity, presented antigens activate T cells, which respond by produ
• Activation and Clonal Selection of T Cells
• Functions of Activated CD8 T Cells
• Functions of Activated CD4 T Cells: Helper T ( TH ) and Memory TH Cells
• Cytokines of Adaptive Defenses
• Summary of Cell-Mediated Adaptive Immunity
• 22-6 In antibody-mediated adaptive immunity, sensitized B cells respond to antigens by producing spe
• B Cell Sensitization and Activation
• Antibody Structure and Function
• Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigen Exposure
• 22-7 Immunocompetence enables a normal immune response; abnormal responses result in immune disorder
• Summary of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
• The Development of Immunocompetence
• Stress and the Immune Response
• Immune Disorders
• 22-8 The immune response diminishes as we age
• 22-9 The nervous and endocrine systems influence the immune response
• Build Your Knowledge Integration of the LYMPHATIC system with the other body systems presented so fa
• Chapter Review
• SmartArt Videos
• Figure 22–17 Forms of Immunity
• Spotlights
• Cytokines of the Immune System
• Clinical Case
• Isn’t There a Vaccine for That?
• Clinical Notes
• Lymphadenopathy
• Types of Vaccines
• Lab Tests for Organ Donation
• Organ Donation
• Unit 5: Environmental Exchange
• Chapter 23. The Respiratory System
• An Introduction to the Respiratory System
• 23-1 The respiratory system, organized into an upper respiratory system and a lower respiratory syst
• Functions of the Respiratory System
• Organization of the Respiratory System
• The Respiratory Mucosa and the Respiratory Defense System
• 23-2 The conducting portion of the upper respiratory system filters, warms, and humidifies air
• The Nose and Nasal Cavity
• The Pharynx
• 23-3 The conducting portion of the lower respiratory system conducts air to the respiratory portion
• The Larynx
• Sound Production
• The Trachea
• The Bronchial Tree
• 23-4 The respiratory portion of the lower respiratory system is where gas exchange occurs
• The Respiratory Bronchioles
• Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli
• The Blood-Air Barrier
• 23-5 Enclosed by pleural cavities, the lungs are paired organs made up of multiple lobes
• Anatomy of the Lungs
• Blood Supply to the Lungs
• Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes
• 23-6 External respiration and internal respiration allow gas exchange within the body
• 23-7 Pulmonary ventilation—air exchange between the atmosphere and the lungs—involves muscle act
• An Introduction to Airflow
• Overview of Pulmonary Ventilation: Volume Changes and Pressure Gradients
• Actions of the Respiratory Muscles
• Volume Changes in Pulmonary Ventilation
• Pressure Gradients in Pulmonary Ventilation
• Summary of Volume Changes and Pressure Gradients during a Respiratory Cycle
• Physical Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation
• Measuring Respiratory Rates and Volumes
• 23-8 Gas exchange depends on the partial pressures of gases and the diffusion of gas molecules
• An Introduction to the Diffusion of Gases
• Diffusion of Gases across the Blood-Air Barrier
• Summary of Gas Exchange
• Internal Respiration
• 23-9 In gas transport, most oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin, whereas carbon dioxide is tra
• Oxygen Transport
• Carbon Dioxide Transport
• Summary of Gas Transport
• 23-10 Respiratory centers in the brainstem, along with respiratory reflexes, control respiration
• Local Regulation of Oxygen Delivery and Ventilation-to- Perfusion Ratio
• Neural Control of Respiration
• 23-11 Respiratory performance changes over the life span
• Changes in the Respiratory System in Newborns
• Changes in the Respiratory System Associated with Aging
• 23-12 The respiratory system provides oxygen to, and eliminates carbon dioxide from, other organ sys
• Build Your Knowledge Integration of the RESPIRATORY system with the other body systems presented so
• Chapter Review
• SmartArt Videos
• Figure 23–18 A Summary of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration
• Spotlight Pulmonary Ventilation
• Control of Respiration
• Clinical Case
• No Rest for the Weary
• Clinical Notes
• Breakdown of the Respiratory Defense System
• Pneumothorax
• Decompression Sickness
• Blood Gas Analysis
• Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
• Smoking and the Lungs
• Chapter 24. The Digestive System
• An Introduction to the Digestive System
• 24-1 The digestive system, consisting of the digestive tract and accessory organs, functions primari
• Functions and Processes of the Digestive System
• Relationship between the Digestive Organs and the Peritoneum: The Mesenteries
• Histology of the Digestive Tract
• Motility of the Digestive Tract
• Regulation of Digestive Functions
• 24-2 The oral cavity, which contains the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands, functions in the ingest
• The Oral Cavity
• The Tongue
• The Teeth
• The Salivary Glands
• Mechanical Digestion: Mastication (Chewing)
• 24-3 The pharynx and esophagus are passageways that transport the food bolus from the oral cavity to
• The Pharynx
• The Esophagus
• Ingestion: Deglutition (Swallowing)
• 24-4 The stomach is a J-shaped organ that receives the bolus and aids in its chemical and mechanical
• Gross Anatomy of the Stomach
• Histology of the Stomach
• Secretory Glands and Gastric Secretions
• Physiology of the Stomach: Chemical Digestion
• Regulation of Gastric Activity in Phases of Digestion
• 24-5 Accessory digestive organs, such as the pancreas and liver, produce secretions that aid in chem
• The Pancreas
• The Liver
• The Gallbladder
• 24-6 The small intestine primarily functions in the chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients
• Gross Anatomy of the Small Intestine
• Histology of the Small Intestine
• Physiology of the Small Intestine
• Regulation: Coordination of Secretion and Absorption in the Digestive Tract
• 24-7 The large intestine, which is divided into three parts, absorbs water from digestive materials
• Gross Anatomy and Segments of the Large Intestine
• Histology of the Large Intestine
• Physiology of the Large Intestine
• 24-8 Chemical digestion is the enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of food into nutrients that can be absorbe
• Hydrolysis of Nutrients by Enzymes
• Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption
• Lipid Digestion and Absorption
• Protein Digestion and Absorption
• Nucleic Acid Digestion and Absorption
• Absorption of Water, Ions, and Vitamins
• 24-9 Many age-related changes affect digestion and absorption
• 24-10 The digestive system is extensively integrated with other body systems
• Build Your Knowledge Integration of the DIGESTIVE system with the other body systems presented so fa
• Chapter Review
• SmartArt Videos
• Figure 24–18 Histology of the Liver
• Spotlights
• The Regulation of Gastric Activity
• The Chemical Events of Digestion
• Clinical Case
• An Unusual Transplant
• Clinical Notes
• Peritonitis
• Epithelial Renewal and Repair
• Mumps
• Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers
• Pancreatitis
• Liver Disease
• Colorectal Cancer
• Colonoscopy
• Chapter 25. Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics
• An Introduction to Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics
• 25-1 Metabolism is the sum of all the catabolic and anabolic reactions in the body, and energetics i
• Metabolism
• Energetics
• Oxidation and Reduction
• 25-2 Carbohydrate metabolism generates ATP by glucose catabolism and forms glucose by gluconeogenesi
• Overview of Glucose Catabolism
• Glucose Catabolism: Glycolysis
• Glucose Catabolism: Fate of Pyruvate
• Glucose Catabolism: Aerobic Metabolism
• Glucose Catabolism: Energy Yield of Glycolysis and Aerobic Metabolism
• Glucose Anabolism: Gluconeogenesis
• 25-3 Lipid metabolism provides long-term storage and release of energy
• Lipid Catabolism: Lipolysis
• Lipid Anabolism: Lipogenesis
• Lipid Storage and Energy Release
• Lipid Transport and Distribution
• 25-4 Protein metabolism provides amino acids and synthesizes proteins
• Amino Acid Catabolism
• Protein Synthesis
• 25-5 There are two patterns of metabolic activity: energy storage in the absorptive state and energy
• 25-6 Adequate nutrition allows normal physiological functioning
• Food Groups and a Balanced Diet
• Nitrogen Balance
• The Role of Minerals and Vitamins
• 25-7 Metabolic rate is the average caloric expenditure, and thermoregulation involves balancing heat
• Energy Gains and Losses
• Thermoregulation
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• The Electron Transport Chain and ATP Formation
• Absorptive and Postabsorptive States
• Clinical Case
• The Miracle Supplement
• Clinical Notes
• Carbohydrate Loading
• Dietary Fats and Cholesterol
• Blood Testing for Fat
• Vitamins
• Alcohol and Disease
• Anorexia
• Superfoods
• Hypothermia in the Operating Room
• Excess Body Heat
• Deficient Body Heat
• Chapter 26. The Urinary System
• An Introduction to the Urinary System
• 26-1 The organs of the urinary system function in excreting wastes and regulating body fluids
• Organs of the Urinary System
• Urinary System Functions
• 26-2 Kidneys are highly vascular organs containing functional units called nephrons
• Position and Associated Structures of the Kidneys
• Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys
• Blood Supply and Innervation of the Kidneys
• Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys: The Nephron and Collecting System
• 26-3 Different segments of the nephron form urine by filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
• Metabolic Wastes
• Basic Processes of Urine Formation
• 26-4 The glomerulus filters blood through the filtration membrane to produce filtrate; several press
• Function of the Filtration Membrane
• Filtration Pressures
• The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
• Regulation of the GFR
• 26-5 The renal tubule reabsorbs nutrients, ions, and water and secretes ions and wastes; the collect
• Principles of Reabsorption and Secretion
• An Overview of Reabsorbed and Secreted Substances
• Reabsorption and Secretion along the Proximal Convoluted Tubule
• Reabsorption and Secretion along the Nephron Loop
• Reabsorption and Secretion along the Distal Convoluted Tubule
• Reabsorption and Secretion along the Collecting System
• 26-6 Countercurrent multiplication allows the kidneys to regulate the volume and concentration of ur
• The Nephron Loop and Countercurrent Multiplication
• Regulation of Urine Volume and Osmotic Concentration: Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine
• The Function of the Vasa Recta: Countercurrent Exchange
• Urine Composition and Analysis
• 26-7 Urine is transported by the ureters, stored in the bladder, and eliminated through the urethra
• The Ureters
• The Urinary Bladder
• The Urethra
• Urinary Reflexes: Urine Storage and Urine Voiding
• 26-8 Age-related changes affect kidney function and urination
• 26-9 The urinary system is one of several body systems involved in waste excretion
• Build Your Knowledge Integration of the URINARY system with the other body systems presented so far
• Chapter Review
• SmartArt Videos
• Figure 26–8 The Locations and Structures of Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons
• Spotlight Summary of Juxtomedullary Nephron Function
• Clinical Case
• A Case of “Hidden” Bleeding
• Clinical Notes
• Glomerulonephritis
• Diuretics
• Urinary Obstruction
• Renal Failure and Kidney Transplant
• Chapter 27. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance
• An Introduction to Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance
• 27-1 Fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and acid–base balance are interrelated and essential to h
• 27-2 Extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) are fluid compartments with differing s
• Body Water Content
• The Fluid Compartments of the ECF and ICF
• Solute Exchanges between the ECF and the ICF
• An Overview of the Regulation of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
• 27-3 Fluid balance involves the regulation and distribution of water gains and losses
• Fluid Gains and Losses
• Water Movement between Fluid Compartments
• Fluid Shifts between the ECF and ICF
• 27-4 In electrolyte balance, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate,
• Sodium Balance
• Potassium Balance
• Balance of Other Electrolytes
• 27-5 In acid–base balance, buffer systems as well as respiratory and renal compensation regulate p
• Types of Acids in the Body
• Mechanisms of pH Control: Buffer Systems
• Regulation of Acid–Base Balance
• 27-6 Disorders of acid–base balance can be classified as respiratory or metabolic
• Respiratory Acid–Base Disorders
• Metabolic Acid–Base Disorders
• Combined Respiratory and Metabolic Acidosis
• The Detection of Acidosis and Alkalosis
• 27-7 Aging affects fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• The Diagnosis of Acid–Base Disorders
• Clinical Case
• When Treatment Makes You Worse
• Clinical Notes
• Water and Weight Loss
• Athletes and Salt Loss
• Sports Drinks
• Unit 6: Continuity Of Life
• Chapter 28. The Reproductive System
• An Introduction to the Reproductive System
• 28-1 Male and female reproductive system structures produce gametes that combine to form a new indiv
• 28-2 The structures of the male reproductive system consist of the testes, duct system, accessory gl
• The Testes and Associated Structures
• Functional Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Duct System
• The Accessory Glands
• Semen
• The Penis
• 28-3 Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes, and hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and
• Overview of Mitosis and Meiosis
• Spermatogenesis
• Maturation of Sperm
• The Anatomy of a Sperm
• Hormonal Regulation of Male Reproductive Function
• 28-4 The structures of the female reproductive system consist of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,
• The Ovaries
• The Uterine Tubes
• The Uterus
• The Vagina
• The Female External Genitalia
• The Breasts
• 28-5 Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries, and hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovari
• Oogenesis
• The Ovarian Cycle
• The Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
• Hormonal Coordination of the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
• 28-6 The autonomic nervous system influences male and female sexual physiology
• Human Sexual Function
• Contraception and Infertility
• Sexually Transmitted Infections
• 28-7 Changes in levels of reproductive hormones cause functional changes throughout the life span
• Development of the Genitalia
• Effects of Aging
• 28-8 The reproductive system secretes hormones affecting growth and metabolism of all body systems
• Build Your Knowledge Integration of the REPRODUCTIVE system with the other body systems presented so
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• Hormonal Regulation of Male Reproduction
• Hormonal Regulation of Female Reproduction
• Clinical Case
• And Baby Makes Three?
• Clinical Notes
• Circumcision
• Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
• Enlarged Prostate
• Prostate Cancer
• Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Testing
• Ovarian Cancer
• Pap Smear
• Fibrocystic Disease and Breast Cancer
• Laparoscopy
• Mammoplasty
• Chapter 29. Development and Inheritance
• An Introduction to Development and Inheritance
• 29-1 Directed by inherited genes, a fertilized ovum differentiates during prenatal development to fo
• 29-2 Fertilization—the fusion of a secondary oocyte and a sperm—forms a zygote
• The Secondary Oocyte and Sperm before Fertilization
• The Process of Fertilization
• Events after Fertilization
• 29-3 Gestation consists of three stages of prenatal development: the first, second, and third trimes
• 29-4 The first trimester includes pre-embryonic and embryonic development, involving the processes o
• The Pre-Embryonic Period
• The Embryonic Period
• 29-5 During the second and third trimesters, fetal development involves growth and organ function
• 29-6 During gestation, maternal organ systems support the developing fetus; the reproductive system
• Hormonal Regulation during Gestation
• Changes in Maternal Organ Systems
• 29-7 Childbirth occurs through the process of labor, which consists of the dilation, expulsion, and
• Initiation of Labor
• The Stages of Labor
• Difficulties of Labor and Delivery and Multiple Births
• 29-8 Postnatal stages are the neonatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and maturity, follow
• The Neonatal Period, Infancy, and Childhood
• Adolescence and Maturity
• Senescence and Death
• 29-9 Genes and chromosomes determine patterns of inheritance
• Genotype and Phenotype
• Homologous Chromosomes and Alleles
• Autosomal Patterns of Inheritance
• Sex-Linked Patterns of Inheritance
• Sources of Individual Variation
• Effect of Environmental Factors: Penetrance and Expressivity
• The Human Genome
• Chapter Review
• Spotlights
• Extra-Embryonic Membranes and Placenta Formation
• Clinical Case
• The Twins Who Looked Nothing Alike
• Clinical Notes
• Abortion
• C-Section
• Chromosomal Abnormalities
• Amniocentesis
• Appendices
• Appendix A. Normal Physiological Values
• Appendix B. Gas Pressure Measurements
• Appendix C. Turnover Times for Selected Cells
• Appendix D. Codon Chart
• Appendix E. The Periodic Table
• Answers to Checkpoints, Review Questions, Clinical Case Wrap-Ups, and Figure-Based Questions
• Glossary of Key Terms
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
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• Credits
• Index
• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
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• P
• Q
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• X
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• Z
• Word Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes, And Combining Forms
• Common Abbreviations Used In Science