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• Short Title Page
• Routine Radiologic Examination Series
• Contemporary Perspectives in Rehabilitation
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Dedication
• FOREWORD
• PREFACE
• CONTRIBUTORS
• REVIEWERS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• CONTENTS IN BRIEF
• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Chapter 1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MUSCULOSKELETAL IMAGING
• Why Study Imaging?
• What Is Radiology?
• What Is Musculoskeletal Imaging?
• Historical Perspective3–
• Turn-of-the-Century Sensationalism
• The 1910s and 1920s
• The 1930s and 1940s
• The 1950s and 1960s
• The 1970s and 1980s
• The 1990s to the 21st Century
• Essential Science
• What Is a Radiograph?
• What Is Radiation?
• Units of Measure in Radiologic Science
• What Are X-rays?
• How Are X-rays Produced?
• How Do X-rays Interact With the Patient?
• How Is the Image Made?
• Basic Requirements for Any X-ray ImagingSystem
• Image Receptors: Different Ways to Capture the X-Rays
• The Gold Standard: Film/Screen Radiography
• Will Film Become Obsolete?
• Fluoroscopy
• Computed Radiography
• Digital Radiography
• Comparing Computed and Digital Radiography
• Understanding the Image
• What Is Radiodensity?
• Radiographic Density
• Radiopaque and Radiolucent
• Radiodensity as a Function of Composition: Anatomy in Four Shades of Gray
• Two More Shades of Gray
• Radiodensity as a Function of Thickness
• How Many Dimensions Can You See?
• Angles of Projection Over Straight Planes
• Angles of Projection Over Curved Planes
• One View Is No View
• The Perception of a Third Dimension
• Radiodensity in a Rose
• More to the Radiograph
• Radiographic Terminology
• Position
• Projection
• Anteroposterior, Lateral, and Oblique Projections
• Viewing Radiographs
• Identification Markers
• Image Quality Factors
• Radiographic Density
• Radiographic Contrast
• Recorded Detail
• Radiographic Distortion
• Electronic Image Processing
• The Routine Radiographic Examination
• The Radiologist as the Imaging Specialist
• Other Common Studies in Musculoskeletal Imaging
• Contrast-Enhanced Radiographs
• Arthrography
• Myelography
• Conventional Tomography
• Computed Tomography
• Nuclear Imaging
• Methods of Imaging
• Radionuclide Bone Scan
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Ultrasonography
• Interventional Techniques
• Epidural Steroid Injections
• Spinal Nerve Blocks
• Radiofrequency Ablation
• Diskography
• Percutaneous Needle Biopsy of the Spine
• Percutaneous Vertebroplasty, Kyphoplasty, and Cementoplasty
• Automated Percutaneous Lumbar Diskectomy
• Intradiscal Electrothermal Therapy
• The Imaging Chain
• Summary of Key Points
• Chapter 2 RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION, SEARCH PATTERNS, AND DIAGNOSIS
• Where Does Radiologic Image Interpretation Begin?
• What Are the Pitfalls of Image Interpretation?
• What Can the Nonradiologist Offer to Image Interpretation?
• Search Pattern: The ABCs of Radiologic Analysis
• A: Alignment
• B: Bone Density
• C: Cartilage Spaces
• S: Soft Tissues
• Radiologic Diagnosis of Skeletal Pathology
• Categories of Skeletal Pathology
• Distribution of the Lesion
• Predictor Variables
• Radiologic Characteristics of Common Pathologies
• Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Radiologic Features of Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease)
• Radiologic Features of Osteoarthritis
• Additional Findings: Soft Tissue Swelling
• Osteoporosis
• Imaging for Fracture Risk: DXA
• Etiology
• Radiologic Features of Osteoporosis
• The Pathology Problem: Image Quality VersusDisease
• Musculoskeletal Infections
• Bone Tumors
• The Radiologic Report
• Heading
• Clinical Information
• Findings
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
• Signature
• Radiologic Report Example
• Summary of Key Points
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 3 RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF FRACTURE
• Trauma, the Most Common Disorder
• Trauma Radiology
• Imaging in the Primary Trauma Survey
• Radiographic Positioning for Trauma
• What Is a Fracture?
• Biomechanics of Bone
• Definition of Fracture
• Elements of Fracture Description
• Anatomic Site and Extent of the Fracture
• Type of Fracture: Complete or Incomplete
• Alignment of Fracture Fragments
• Direction of Fracture Lines
• Presence of Special Features
• Impaction Fractures
• Avulsion Fractures
• Associated Abnormalities
• Fractures Due to Abnormal Stresses or Pathological Processes
• Stress Fractures
• Pathological Fractures
• Periprosthetic Fractures
• Bone Graft Fractures
• Fractures in Children
• Location Description
• Difficulties in Assessment of Immature Bone
• Elements of Fracture Description
• Epiphyseal Fractures
• Healing Factors
• Remodeling Considerations
• Anticipating Future Longitudinal Growth
• Skeletal Maturity
• Reduction and Fixation of Fractures
• Reduction
• Closed Reduction
• Open Reduction
• Fixation
• Stress Sharing/Shielding
• Fracture Healing
• Cortical Bone Healing
• Cancellous Bone Healing
• Surgically Compressed Bone Healing
• Radiologic Evaluation of Healing
• Time Frame for Fracture Healing
• Factors That Influence Rate of Fracture Healing
• Age of the Patient
• Radiologic Examination Intervals During Fracture Healing
• Degree of Local Trauma
• Degree of Bone Loss
• Type of Bone Involved
• Degree of Immobilization
• Infection
• Local Malignancy
• Nonmalignant Local Pathological Conditions
• Radiation Necrosis
• Avascular Necrosis
• Hormones
• Exercise and Local Stress About the Fracture
• Complications in Fracture Healing
• Complications at Fracture Site
• Delayed Union
• Slow Union
• Nonunion
• Malunion
• Pseudoarthrosis
• Osteomyelitis
• Avascular Necrosis
• Late-Effect Complications of Fracture
• Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
• Bone Length Discrepancy
• Associated Complications in Other Tissues
• Soft Tissue Injuries
• Arterial Injury
• Nerve Injury
• Compartment Syndrome
• Life-Threatening Complications
• Hemorrhage
• Fat Embolism
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Gas Gangrene
• Tetanus
• Commonly Missed Fractures
• Why Are Fractures Missed on Radiographs?
• Importance of the Clinical Historyand Evaluation
• Rule of Treatment in Fracture Management
• Which Fractures Are Missed?
• Commonly Missed Fractures of the Spine
• Commonly Missed Fractures of the UpperExtremity
• Commonly Missed Fractures of the LowerExtremity
• Chapter 4 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
• Computed Tomography
• History
• Principles of CT
• Elements of a CT Scanner
• The Gantry
• The X-Ray Source
• The Collimators
• The Detectors
• The Data Acquisition System
• The Operator Console and CT Computer
• Making the CT Image
• Scanning Process
• Converting the Data
• Different Forms of CT
• Three-Dimensional CT
• CT Myelogram
• Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)
• Viewing CT Images
• Radiodensities
• The Image
• Volume Averaging
• Viewing the Patient’s Images
• Selective Imaging—Windowing
• Bone Window Versus Soft Tissue Window
• Quality of the Image
• Factors Degrading Image Quality
• Slice Thickness
• Clinical Uses of CT
• What Does CT Image Best?
• What Are the Limitations of CT?
• Summary and Future Developments
• Neuroimaging
• History
• CT Versus MRI
• CT and MRI Characteristics of the Brain
• CT Exam: Six Brain Images
• Common Cerebral Pathologies
• Summary of Key Points
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 5 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• History
• Principles of MRI
• The Magnetic Resonance Phenomenon
• The T1 and T2 Phenomena
• T1- and T2-Weighted Imaging
• Image Information and Protocols
• Image Information
• Protocols
• Sequences
• SE Sequences
• GRE Sequences
• Use of Contrasts
• Making the MR Image
• The Elements of an MRI Scanner
• The Magnet
• Gradient Coils
• RF Coils
• The Workstation and Computer
• Open Scanners
• Upright Scanners
• Viewing MR Images
• Imaging Characteristics of Different Tissues
• The Language of the MRI Report
• Imaging Characteristics of Different Tissues
• Image Quality
• Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors
• Clinical Uses of MRI
• What Does MRI Image Best?
• What Are the Limitations of MRI?
• Contraindications and Health Concerns
• MR Arthrography
• MR Myelography
• Comparison of MRI and CT
• Imaging Characteristics
• Advantages and Disadvantages of MRI
• Clinical Thinking Points
• Clinical Thinking Point 1: Bone Bruise—The Footprint of Injury
• Clinical Thinking Point 2: MR Imaging of Stress Fractures
• Summary and Future Developments
• Summary of Key Points
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 6 ULTRASOUND IMAGING
• Ultrasound Imaging
• History
• Ultrasound in Rehabilitation
• Rehabilitative Ultrasound Imaging
• Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound
• Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging
• Diagnostic Ultrasound Equipment
• The Pulser
• The Ultrasound Transducer
• The Scan Converter and Monitor
• Ultrasound Physics
• Production
• Reception
• The Ultrasound Beam
• Interaction Between Ultrasound and Tissues
• Absorption
• Reflection
• Refraction
• Scattering
• Doppler Ultrasound
• Power Doppler
• The Ultrasound Image
• Applying the Transducer
• Information Used to Create the Image
• Amplitude
• Echogenic Properties of Tissue
• Timing
• Transverse Location
• Viewing the Ultrasound Image
• Scanning Planes: Nomenclature
• Imaging Characteristics of Different Tissues
• Characteristic Abnormal Findings
• The Quality of the Image
• Lateral and Axial Resolution
• Artifacts
• Clinical Uses of Ultrasound
• General Advantages
• Imaging Characteristics—Comparison to MRI
• Muscles
• Tendons
• Ligaments
• Nerves
• Joints
• Cysts and Bursae
• Bone
• What Are the Limitations of Ultrasound?
• Future Developments
• Clinical Thinking Point—Musculoskeletal Ultrasound for the Nonradiologist
• Summary of Key Points
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 7 RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
• Review of Anatomy
• Osseous Anatomy
• Ligamentous Anatomy
• Joint Mobility
• Growth and Development
• Postural Development
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation
• Practice Guidelines for Spine Radiography in Children and Adults15
• Goals
• Indications
• Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Cervical Spine
• Optional Projections for Radiologic Evaluation of the Cervical Spine
• Advanced Imaging Evaluation
• Introduction to Interpreting Sectional Anatomy of CT/MRI
• Practice Guidelines for Computed Tomography of the Spine26
• Indications
• Basic CT Protocol
• CT Image Interpretation of the Spine
• Variations of CT Imaging of the Cervical Spine
• Practice Guidelines for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Spine27
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Basic MRI Protocol
• MR Image Interpretation of the Cervical Spine
• Variations of MR Imaging of the Spine
• MRI of the Cervical Spine
• Trauma at the Cervical Spine
• Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Cervical Spine
• Cross-Table Lateral
• Lateral Flexion and Extension Stress Views
• Radiologic Signs of Cervical Spine Trauma
• Potential Injury to the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
• Stable Versus Unstable Injuries
• SCIWORA Syndrome
• Fractures
• Mechanism of Injury
• Characteristics of Cervical Spine Fractures
• Fractures of the Atlas (C1)
• Fractures of the Axis (C2): The Pedicles
• Fractures of the Axis: The Dens
• Fractures of C3–C7
• Dislocations
• Dislocations Associated With Fractures
• Dislocations Not Associated With Fractures
• Cervical Spine Sprains
• Hyperflexion Sprains
• Hyperextension Sprains
• Intervertebral Disk Herniations
• Acute Injury
• Degenerative Diseases of the Cervical Spine
• Degenerative Disk Disease
• Degenerative Joint Disease
• Foraminal Encroachment
• Cervical Spine Spondylosis
• Spondylosis Deformans
• Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
• Clinical Considerations of the Degenerative Spine
• Cervical Spine Anomalies
• Summary of Key Points
• CASE STUDIES
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 8 RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
• Historical Perspective
• Causes of TMJ Disorders
• Review of Anatomy
• Osseous Anatomy
• Articular Disk
• Ligamentous Anatomy
• Articular Capsule
• Lateral and Medial Ligaments
• Posterior Ligaments
• Biomechanics of the TMJ
• Osteokinematics
• Arthrokinematics
• Imaging in the Evaluation of the TMJ
• Conventional Radiographs
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the TMJ
• Other Projections
• Conventional Tomography
• Computed Tomography
• Clinical Application
• Viewing CT Images
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Method and Scanning Planes
• Viewing the TMJ
• Findings on MRI
• TMJ Movements on MRI
• Ultrasound
• Pathological Conditions of the TMJ
• Osteoarthritis
• Clinical Presentation and Treatment
• Radiologic Findings
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Clinical Presentation and Treatment
• Imaging Findings
• Disk Displacement
• Etiology
• Clinical Presentation
• Classification
• Grading Displacements
• Radiologic Findings
• MRI of Disk Displacements
• Treatment of Disk Displacement
• Other Disorders and Findings
• TMJ Hypermobility
• Disk Adhesion
• Fractures
• Craniomandibular Anomalies
• The TMJ and the Cervical Spine
• Positional Faults of the Cervical Spine
• Cervical Position in the Sagittal Plane
• Positional Faults in the Coronal Plane
• C1–C2 Rotational Fault
• Acknowledgment
• Summary of Key Points
• CASE STUDY
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 9 RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE THORACIC SPINE, STERNUM, AND RIBS
• Review of Anatomy
• Osseous Anatomy
• Thorax
• Thoracic Vertebrae
• Ribs
• Sternum
• Ligamentous Anatomy
• Thoracic Vertebral Joints
• Sternoclavicular Joint
• Rib Joints
• Joint Mobility
• Growth and Development
• Ossification of the Thoracic Vertebrae
• Radiographic Appearance of Neonate Spine
• Vertebral Ring Apophyses
• Thoracic Spine Kyphosis
• Ossification of the Sternum and Ribs
• Spinal Cord Anatomy
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation
• Practice Guidelines for Spine Radiography in Children and Adults9
• Goals
• Indications
• Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
• Recommended Thoracic Spine Projections
• Recommended Sternum Projections
• Recommended Rib Projections
• Routine Radiologic Evalutation of the Thoracic Spine
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Sternum
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Ribs
• Advanced Imaging Evaluation
• Introduction to Interpreting Sectional Anatomy of CT/MRI
• Practice Guidelines for Computed Tomography of the Spine
• Indications
• Basic CT Protocol
• CT Image Interpretation of the Spine
• Variations of CT Imaging of the Thoracic Spine
• Computed Tomography of the Thoracic Spine
• Practice Guidelines for Magnetic ResonanceImaging of the Spine
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Basic MRI Protocol
• MR Image Interpretation of the Thoracic Spine
• Variations of MR Imaging of the Spine
• MRI Thoracic of the Spine
• Trauma at the Thoracic Spine
• Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Thoracic Spine
• The Three-Column Concept of Spinal Stability
• One or Two-Column Injuries
• Anterior Vertebral Body Compression Fractures
• Two or Three-Column Injuries
• Fracture–Dislocation Injuries
• Fractures of the Bony Thorax
• Rib Fractures
• Sternum Fractures
• Abnormal Conditions
• Osteoporosis
• Clinical Presentation
• Radiologic Assessment
• Treatment
• Scoliosis
• Prevalence
• Classification
• Idiopathic Scoliosis
• Curve Patterns
• Radiologic Assessment
• Advanced Imaging
• Treatment
• Tuberculous Osteomyelitis (Pott’s Disease)
• Clinical Presentation
• Radiologic Assessment
• Treatment
• Scheuermann’s Disease
• Clinical Presentation
• Etiology
• Radiologic Assessment
• Treatment
• Vertebral, Rib, and Sternal Anomalies
• Radiograph A
• Radiograph B
• Summary of Key Points
• CASE STUDIES
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 10 THE CHEST RADIOGRAPH AND CARDIOPULMONARY IMAGING
• Where Does Cardiopulmonary Imaging Begin?
• Radiographic Anatomy
• Bony Thorax
• Ribs
• Respiratory Organs
• Silhouette Sign
• The Heart
• Cardiothoracic Ratio
• The Mediastinum
• Mediastinal Shift
• Mediastinal Masses
• The Hilum
• The Diaphragm
• Hemidiaphragms
• Costophrenic Angles
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation
• Practice Guidelines for the Performance of Pediatric and Adult Chest Radiography
• Goals
• Indications
• Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
• Inspiration and Expiration
• Viewing Conventions
• Reading the Chest Radiograph
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Chest
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Elbow
• Pathology
• Imaging Choices in Cardiopulmonary Assessment
• Diagnostic Categories
• The Lung Field Is Abnormally White
• Pneumonia
• Atelectasis
• Pleural Effusion
• The Lung Field Is Abnormally Black
• Pneumothorax
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
• The Mediastinum Is Abnormally Wide
• Aortic Dissection
• Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy
• The Heart Is Abnormally Shaped
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Heart Valve Disease
• Advanced Imaging
• Cardiac Ultrasound: Echocardiography
• Nuclear Medicine
• Ventilation/Perfusion Scan of the Lungs
• Nuclear Perfusion Studies of the Heart
• Multigated Acquisition (MUGA) Scan
• Conventional Angiography
• Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography
• Magnetic Resonance Angiography
• Summary of Key Points
• CASE STUDY
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 11 RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE AND SACROILIAC JOINTS
• Review of Anatomy
• Osseous Anatomy
• Lumbar Spine
• Sacrum
• Sacroiliac Joint
• Coccyx
• Ligamentous Anatomy
• Lumbar Spine
• Lumbosacral Spine
• Sacroiliac Joint
• Joint Mobility
• Lumbar Spinal Segments
• Sacroiliac Joint
• Growth and Development
• Ossification of the Lumbar Vertebrae
• Radiographic Appearance of the Neonatal Spine
• Ossification of the Sacrum
• Ossification of the Coccyx
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation
• Practice Guidelines for Lumbar Spine Radiography in Children and Adults
• Goals
• Indications
• Recommended Projections
• Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Lumbar Spine
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Sacroiliac Joint
• Advanced Imaging Evaluation
• Introduction to Interpreting Sectional Anatomy
• Practice Guidelines for Computed Tomography of the Spine
• Basic CT Protocol
• CT Image Interpretation of the Spine
• Variations of CT Imaging of the Lumbar Spine
• Practice Guidelines for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Spine24
• Basic MRI Protocol
• Computed Tomography Lumbar Spine
• Practice Guidelines for Magnetic ResonanceImaging of the Spine
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Basic MRI Protocol
• MR Image Interpretation of the Lumbar Spine
• Variations of MR Imaging of the Spine
• MRI Lumbar Spine
• Trauma at the Lumbar Spine
• Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Lumbar Spine
• Fractures of the Lumbar Spine
• Spondylolysis
• Mechanism of Injury
• Clinical Presentation
• Radiologic Findings
• Advanced Imaging
• Treatment
• Complications
• Spondylolisthesis
• Incidence
• Etiology
• Clinical Presentation
• Radiologic Findings
• Grading Spondylolisthesis
• Treatment
• Degenerative Conditions at the Lumbar Spine
• Clinical Considerations of the Degenerative Spine
• Lumbar Stenosis
• Classification
• Incidence
• Etiology
• Clinical Presentation
• Radiologic Findings
• Advanced Imaging
• Treatment
• Intervertebral Disk Herniations
• Incidence
• Etiology
• Clinical Presentation
• Nomenclature for Disk Herniation
• Radiologic Findings
• Advanced Imaging
• Treatment
• Sacroiliac Joint Pathology
• Ligamentous Injury
• Degenerative Joint Disease
• Sacroiliitis
• Ankylosing Spondylitis
• Lumbosacral Anomalies
• Facet Tropism
• Aberrant Transitional Vertebrae
• Spina Bifida
• Spina Bifida Occulta
• Spina Bifida Vera
• Summary of Key Points
• CASE STUDIES
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 12 RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE PELVIS AND HIP
• Review of Anatomy
• Osseous Anatomy
• Pelvis
• Proximal Femur
• Ligamentous Anatomy
• Hip Joint
• Joint Mobility
• Growth and Development
• Pelvis
• Proximal Femur
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation
• Practice Guidelines for Extremity Radiography in Children and Adults
• Goals
• Indications
• Recommended Projections
• Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
• Pelvis
• Hips
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Pelvis
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Hip and Proximal Femur
• Advanced Imaging Evaluation
• Introduction to Interpreting Hip Sectional Anatomy
• Practice Guidelines for CT of the Hip
• Indications
• Basic CT Protocol
• CT Image Interpretation of the Hip
• Computed Tomography of the Hip
• Practice Guidelines for Magnetic ResonanceImaging of the Hip
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Basic MRI Protocol
• MR Image Interpretation of the Hip
• Variations of MR Imaging of the Hip
• MRI of the Hip
• Trauma at the Pelvis and Hip
• Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Pelvis and Hip
• Low-Energy Injuries
• High-Energy Injuries
• Fractures of the Pelvis
• Mechanism of Injury
• Classifications
• Imaging Evaluation
• Complications
• Treatment
• Fractures of the Acetabulum
• Mechanism of Injury
• Classification
• Imaging Evaluation
• Complications
• Treatment
• Fractures of the Proximal Femur
• Incidence and Mechanism of Injury
• Imaging Evaluation
• Classification
• Hip Dislocation
• Imaging Evaluation
• Complications
• Treatment
• Pathological Conditions at the Hip
• Degenerative Joint Disease of the Hip
• Etiology
• Clinical Presentation
• Radiologic Findings
• Treatment
• Functional Leg Length
• Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hip
• Clinical Presentation
• Radiologic Findings
• Treatment
• Avascular Necrosis of the Proximal Femur
• Etiology
• Clinical Presentation
• Radiologic Findings
• Advanced Imaging
• Treatment
• Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
• Etiology
• Clinical Presentation
• Radiologic Findings
• Treatment
• Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
• Etiology
• Clinical Presentation
• Imaging Findings
• Treatment
• Femoroacetabular Impingement With Labral Pathology
• Etiology
• Clinical Presentation
• Radiologic Findings
• Treatment
• Summary of Key Points
• CASE STUDIES
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 13 RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE KNEE
• Review of Anatomy
• Osseous Anatomy
• Distal Femur
• Patella
• Proximal Tibia
• Fibula
• Ligamentous Anatomy
• Joint Mobility
• Femorotibial Osteokinematics
• Femorotibial Arthrokinematics
• Patellofemoral Joint Biomechanics
• Tibiofibular Joint Biomechanics
• Growth and Development
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation
• Practice Guidelines for Knee Radiography in Children and Adults
• Goals
• Indications
• Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
• Additional Views Related to the Knee
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Knee
• Additional Views Related to the Knee
• Oblique Views of the Knee
• Advanced Imaging Evaluation
• Introduction to Interpreting Knee Sectional Anatomy
• Practice Guidelines for CT of the Knee22
• Indications
• Basic CT Protocol
• CT Image Interpretation of the Knee
• Basic MRI Protocol
• Practice Guidelines for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Knee23
• Commuted Tomography of the Knee
• Practice Guidelines for Magnetic ResonanceImaging of the Knee
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Basic MRI Protocol
• MR Image Interpretation of the Knee
• Variations of MR Imaging of the Knee
• MRI of the Knee
• Trauma at the Knee
• Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Knee
• Fractures
• Fractures of the Distal Femur
• Fractures of the Proximal Tibia
• Fractures of the Patella
• Patellofemoral Subluxations
• Radiologic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Injury to the Articular Cartilage
• Osteochondral Fracture
• Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)
• Spontaneous Osteonecrosis
• Meniscal Tears
• Clinical Presentation
• Mechanism of Injury
• Imaging Evaluation
• Treatment
• Injury to the Ligaments
• Tears of the Collateral Ligaments
• Tears of the Cruciate Ligaments
• Trauma at the Patellar Ligament
• Degenerative Joint Disease
• Radiologic Evaluation
• Location of DJD
• Treatment
• Knee Anomalies
• Genu Valgum
• Genu Varum
• Radiologic Findings
• Genu Recurvatum
• Summary of Key Points
• CASE STUDIES
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 14 RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE ANKLE AND FOOT
• Review of Anatomy
• Osseous Anatomy
• Ankle
• Foot
• Ligamentous Anatomy
• Ligaments of the Ankle
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation
• Practice Guidelines for Ankle and Foot Radiography in Children and Adults
• Goals
• Indications
• Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Ankle
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Foot
• Advanced Imaging Evaluation
• Introduction to Interpreting Ankle and Foot Sectional Anatomy
• Practice Guidelines for CT of the Ankle and Foot
• Indications
• Basic CT Protocol
• CT Image Interpretation of the Ankle or Foot
• Basic MRI Protocol
• Computed Tomography of the Ankle
• Practice Guidelines for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Ankle and Hindfoot
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Basic MRI Protocol
• Magic Angle Effect and Positioning
• Sequences
• MR Image Interpretation of the Ankle and Foot
• Variations of MR Imaging of the Ankle and Foot
• MRI of the Ankle
• Additional Magnetic Resonance Images of the Ankle and Foot
• Trauma at the Ankle and Foot
• Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Ankle and Foot
• Advanced Imaging for Ankle and Foot Trauma
• Sprains at the Ankle
• Inversion Sprains
• Eversion Sprains
• Associated Injuries
• Imaging Evaluation
• Treatment
• Tendon Pathology
• Imaging Evaluation
• Treatment
• Fractures at the Ankle
• Mechanism of Injury
• Classification
• Radiologic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Complications
• Fractures of the Foot
• Hindfoot Fractures
• Midfoot Fractures
• Forefoot Fractures
• Deformities of the Foot
• Radiologic Evaluation
• Hallux Valgus
• Clinical Presentation
• Radiologic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Pes Cavus
• Etiology
• Clinical Presentation
• Radiologic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Pes Planus
• Classification
• Flat Feet in Children
• Etiology
• Clinical Presentation
• Radiologic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Talipes Equinovarus
• Etiology
• Clinical Presentation
• Radiologic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Foot Anomalies
• Accessory Bones
• Summary of Key Points
• CASE STUDIES
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 15 RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE SHOULDER
• Review of Anatomy
• Osseous Anatomy
• Humerus
• Scapula
• Clavicle
• Ligamentous Anatomy
• Glenohumeral Joint
• Acromioclavicular Joint
• Joint Mobility
• Growth and Development
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation
• Practice Guidelines for Shoulder Radiography in Children and Adults
• Goals
• Indications
• Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Shoulder
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Acromioclavicular Joint
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Scapula
• Advanced Imaging Evaluation
• Introduction to Interpreting ShoulderSectional Anatomy
• Practice Guidelines for CT of the Shoulder
• Basic CT Protocol
• CT Image Interpretation of the Shoulder
• Computed Tomography of the Shoulder
• Practice Guidelines for Magnetic ResonanceImaging of the Shoulder
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Basic MRI Protocol
• MR Arthrography
• MR Image Interpretation of the Shoulder
• MRI of the Shoulder
• Trauma at the Shoulder
• Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Shoulder
• Fractures of the Proximal Humerus
• Mechanism of Injury
• Classification
• Pathological Fractures
• Radiologic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Complications
• Fractures of the Clavicle
• Mechanism of Injury
• Classification
• Radiologic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Complications
• Fractures of the Scapula
• Mechanism of Injury
• Classification
• Radiologic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Complications
• Dislocations of the Glenohumeral Joint
• Mechanism of Injury
• Classification
• Radiologic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Complications
• Acromioclavicular Joint Separation
• Mechanism of Injury
• Classification
• Radiologic Evaluation
• Treatment
• Complications
• Rotator Cuff Tears
• Mechanism of Injury
• Classification
• Imaging Evaluation
• Treatment
• Complications
• Glenoid Labrum Tears
• Mechanism of Injury
• Classification
• Imaging Evaluation
• Treatment
• Abnormal Conditions
• Impingement Syndrome
• Imaging Evaluation
• Treatment
• Adhesive Capsulitis
• Classification
• Clinical Presentation
• Imaging Evaluation
• Treatment
• Complications
• Summary of Key Points
• CASE STUDIES
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 16 RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE ELBOW
• Review of Anatomy
• Osseous Anatomy
• Elbow Joint
• Distal Humerus
• Proximal Ulna
• Proximal Radius
• Forearm
• Ligamentous Anatomy
• Joint Mobility
• Growth and Development
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation
• Practice Guidelines for Radiography of the Elbow in Children and Adults
• Goals
• Indications
• Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Elbow
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Forearm
• Advanced Imaging Evaluation
• Introduction to Interpreting Elbow Sectional Anatomy
• Practice Guidelines for CT of the Elbow26
• Indications
• Basic CT Protocol
• CT Image Interpretation of the Elbow
• Practice Guidelines for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Elbow25
• Basic MRI Protocol
• Computed Tomography of the Elbow
• Practice Guidelines for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Elbow
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Basic MRI Protocol
• MR Arthrography
• MR Image Interpretation of the Elbow
• MRI of the Elbow
• Trauma at the Elbow
• Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Elbow
• Radiographic Soft Tissue Signs of Trauma
• Fractures and Dislocations
• Mechanism of Injury
• Fractures of the Distal Humerus
• Fractures of the Radial Head
• Fractures of the Proximal Ulna
• Fractures of the Forearm
• Dislocations of the Elbow
• Abnormal Conditions at the Elbow
• Epicondylitis
• Imaging Evaluation
• Treatment
• Osteochondritis Dissecans
• Imaging Evaluation
• Treatment
• Summary of Key Points
• CASE STUDIES
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 17 RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE HAND AND WRIST
• Review of Anatomy
• Osseous Anatomy
• Joints and Ligaments of the Hand and Wrist
• Interphalangeal Joints
• Metacarpophalangeal Joints
• Intermetacarpal Joints
• Carpometacarpal Joints
• Intercarpal Joints
• Radiocarpal Joint
• Joint Mobility
• Growth and Development
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation
• Practice Guidelines for Extremity Radiography in Children and Adults
• Goals
• Indications
• Basic Projections and Radiologic Observations
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Hand
• Routine Radiologic Evaluation of the Wrist
• Advanced Imaging Evaluation
• Practice Guidelines for CT of the Wrist
• Basic CT Protocol
• Variations in CT Imaging of the Wrist
• CT Image Interpretation of the Wrist
• Practice Guidelines for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Wrist
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Basic MRI Protocol
• MR Arthrography
• MR Image Interpretation of the Wrist
• Trauma at the Hand and Wrist
• Diagnostic Imaging for Trauma of the Hand and Wrist
• The ACR Appropriateness Guidelines
• Fractures of the Hand
• General Treatment Principles
• Methods of Immobilization
• Clinical Considerations and Pitfalls
• Phalangeal Fractures
• Metacarpal Fractures
• Thumb Metacarpal Fractures
• Fractures of the Wrist
• Carpal Fractures
• Fractures of the Distal Radius
• Incidence
• Eponyms for Distal Radial Fractures
• Clinical Considerations
• Imaging
• Treatment
• Wrist Instability
• Imaging Techniques to Diagnose Instability
• Routine Radiographs
• Functional Radiographs
• Cineradiography Motion Studies
• Advanced Imaging Techniques
• Instability of the Distal Radioulnar Joint
• Clinical Presentation
• Clinical Considerations Related to Distal RadialFracture
• Clinical Considerations Related to Other Injuries
• Treatment of DRUJ Instability
• Classification of Carpal Instabilities
• Carpal Instability Dissociative (CID)
• Carpal Instability Nondissociative (CIND)
• Carpal Instability Combined (CIC)
• Soft Tissue Disorders
• Pathology of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex
• Classification Systems
• Clinical Presentation
• Imaging
• Treatment
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Clinical Presentation
• Diagnostic Modalities
• Treatment
• Arthritides
• Degenerative Joint Disease
• Radiologic Characteristics
• Basal Joint Arthritis
• Treatment
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Radiologic Characteristics
• Treatment
• Summary of Key Points
• CASE STUDY
• SELF-TEST
• Chapter 18 INTEGRATION OF IMAGING INTO PHYSICAL THERAPY PRACTICE
• Changing Perspectives on Diagnostic Imaging in Physical Therapy Education
• The Traditional Model
• An Evolving Model
• Vision Statement 2020
• Evidence Supporting Increased ImagingEducation
• A New Perception Emerges
• The Physical Therapist as a Primary Care Provider in the United States
• The Physical Therapist as the Referral Source
• The Physical Therapist as an Educated User of Diagnostic Imaging
• The U.S. Military Health System
• Other Practice Environments in the United States
• Access to Imaging and Relationships With Physicians
• Primary Care “Teams”
• Private Practice
• Referral to a Radiologist
• State Practice Acts
• Undefined Issues
• Physiotherapists and Diagnostic Imaging Outside the United States
• The Role of Imaging in the Diagnostic Process
• When to Recommend Imaging
• Value of the Information
• Sensitivity and Specificity
• Factors Affecting the Value of an Imaging Study
• Inconsistencies Between Imaging Results andClinical Examination
• Clinical Decision-Making and Clinical Practice Guidelines
• Hypothetico–Deductive Reasoning
• Clinical Decision Rules and AppropriatenessGuidelines
• The Role of Imaging in Physical Therapy Intervention
• What Do Physical Therapists Look For?
• Incorporating Imaging Into Treatment Planning
• What Does the Future Hold?
• Summary of Key Points
• CASE STUDY
• SELF-TEST
• ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST QUESTIONS
• INDEX