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• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Dedication
• A SPECIAL NOTE FROM THE AUTHOR TEAM
• AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS
• Reviewers
• Preface
• How to Use Fundamentals of Nursing
• Acknowledgments
• Contents
• Case Studies in this Book
• Research in Nursing
• Guidelines for Nursing Care
• Unit I Foundations of Thoughtful, Person-Centered Nursing Practice
• Chapter 1 Introduction to Nursing and Professional Formation
• HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON NURSING
• Development of Nursing From Early Civilizations to the 16th Century
• Florence Nightingale and the Birth of Modern Nursing
• Development of Nursing From the 19th to 21st Centuries
• DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
• NURSING’S AIMS AND COMPETENCIES
• Promoting Health
• Preventing Illness
• Restoring Health
• Facilitating Coping With Disability and Death
• NURSING AS A PROFESSIONAL DISCIPLINE
• PROFESSIONAL FORMATION
• EDUCATIONAL PREPARATION FOR NURSING PRACTICE
• Practical and Vocational Nursing Education
• Registered Nursing Education
• Graduate Education in Nursing
• Continuing Education
• In-Service Education
• PROFESSIONAL NURSING ORGANIZATIONS
• International Nursing Organization
• National Nursing Organizations
• Specialty Practice and Special-Interest Nursing Organizations
• GUIDELINES FOR NURSING PRACTICE
• Standards of Nursing Practice
• Nurse Practice Acts and Licensure
• Code of Ethics and Professional Values
• Nursing Process and Other Clinical Judgment Models
• THOUGHTFUL, PERSON-CENTERED PRACTICE FRAMEWORK
• CURRENT TRENDS IN HEALTH CARE AND NURSING
• SELF-CARE
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 2 Theory, Research, and Evidence-Based Practice
• NURSING KNOWLEDGE
• Sources of Knowledge
• Historical Influences on Nursing Knowledge
• NURSING THEORY
• Interdisciplinary Base for Nursing Theories
• Nursing Theories
• NURSING RESEARCH
• Evolution of Nursing Research
• Methods of Conducting Nursing Research
• Protection of the Rights of Human Subjects
• Application of Research to Practice
• EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
• Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Model
• Rationale for Using Evidence-Based Practice
• Steps of the Evidence-Based Practice Process
• QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 3 Health, Wellness, and Health Disparities
• CONCEPTS OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS
• CONCEPTS OF ILLNESS AND DISEASE
• Classifications of Illness
• Diseases and Deaths of Isolation and Despair
• Illness Behaviors
• Effects of Illness on the Family
• Care for Family Caregivers
• DISPARITIES IN HEALTH CARE
• Fostering Diversity, Inclusion, and Equity
• Vulnerable Populations
• Health Disparities and COVID-19
• FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH AND ILLNESS
• Basic Human Needs
• Human Dimensions
• Self-Concept
• Risk Factors for Illness or Injury
• HEALTH PROMOTION AND ILLNESS PREVENTION
• Primary Health Promotion and Illness Prevention
• Secondary Health Promotion and Illness Prevention
• Tertiary Health Promotion and Illness Prevention
• MODELS OF HEALTH PROMOTION AND ILLNESS PREVENTION
• Health Belief Model
• Health Promotion Model
• Health–Illness Continuum
• Agent–Host–Environment Model
• Stages of Change Model
• NURSING CARE TO PROMOTE HEALTH AND PREVENT ILLNESS
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 4 Health of the Individual, Family, Community, and Environment
• THE INDIVIDUAL
• Physiologic Needs
• Safety and Security Needs
• Love and Belonging Needs
• Self-Esteem Needs
• Self-Actualization Needs
• Applying Maslow’s Theory
• THE FAMILY
• Family Structures
• Family Functions
• Developmental Tasks of Families
• The Family in Health and Illness
• Family Risk Factors
• Nursing Interventions to Promote Family Health
• THE COMMUNITY
• Social Support Systems
• Community Health Care Structure
• Economic Resources
• Effect on Individuals and Families
• Nursing in the Community
• THE ENVIRONMENT
• Climate Actions
• Reducing Waste in Clinical Settings
• SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 5 Culturally Respectful Care
• CONCEPTS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND RESPECT
• Culture
• Ethnicity
• Race
• Factors Inhibiting Sensitivity to Diversity
• CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON HEALTH CARE
• Physiologic Variations
• Reactions to Pain
• Mental Health
• Assigned Sex Roles
• Language and Communication
• Orientation to Space and Time
• Food and Nutrition
• Family Support
• Socioeconomic Factors
• Health Disparities
• CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON HEALTH AND ILLNESS
• CULTURALLY RESPECTFUL NURSING CARE
• Theory of Cultural Humility
• Cultural Assessment
• Guidelines for Nursing Care
• Develop Cultural Self-Awareness
• Develop Cultural Knowledge
• Accommodate Cultural Practices in Health Care
• Respect Culturally Based Family Roles
• Avoid Mandating Change
• Seek Cultural Assistance
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 6 Values, Ethics, and Advocacy
• VALUES
• Development of Values
• Values Essential to the Professional Nurse
• Values Clarification
• ETHICS
• Nursing Ethics
• Theories of Ethics
• ETHICAL CONDUCT
• Moral Agency
• Nurse Virtues
• Civility
• Nursing Codes of Ethics
• Standards of Professional Nursing Practice
• Bill of Rights for Registered Nurses
• ETHICAL EXPERIENCE AND DECISION MAKING
• Moral Distress and Resiliency
• Giving Voice to Values
• Moral Injury
• Conscientious Objection
• Making Ethical Decisions
• Ethically Relevant Considerations
• Examples of Ethical Problems
• Nurses and Ethics Committees
• CONFLICTS OF COMMITMENT
• ADVOCACY IN NURSING PRACTICE
• Representing Patients
• Promoting Self-Determination
• Whistle-Blowing
• Being Politically Active
• Ethics and Academic Integrity
• Final Note About Trustworthiness
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 7 Legal Dimensions of Nursing Practice
• LEGAL CONCEPTS
• Definition of Law
• Sources of Laws
• Court System
• PROFESSIONAL AND LEGAL REGULATION OF NURSING PRACTICE
• Nurse Practice Acts
• Standards
• Credentialing
• CRIMES AND TORTS
• Crime
• Torts
• LEGAL SAFEGUARDS FOR THE NURSE
• Competent Practice
• Issues That Affect Competent Practice
• Informed Consent or Refusal
• Contracts
• Collective Bargaining
• Patient Education
• Executing Provider Orders
• Delegating Nursing Care
• Documentation
• Appropriate Use of Social Media
• Adequate Staffing
• Whistle-Blowing
• Professional Liability Insurance
• Risk-Management Programs
• Just Culture
• Incident, Variance, or Occurrence Reports
• Sentinel Events
• Never Events
• Patients’ Rights
• Good Samaritan Laws
• Student Liability
• LAWS AFFECTING NURSING PRACTICE
• Occupational Safety and Health
• National Practitioner Data Bank
• Reporting Obligations
• Controlled Substances
• Discrimination and Sexual Harassment
• Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
• Restraints
• People With Disabilities
• Wills
• Legal Issues Related to Dying and Death
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 8 Communication
• PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
• FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
• Verbal Communication
• Nonverbal Communication
• Communication Technologies
• LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
• Intrapersonal Communication
• Interpersonal Communication
• Group Communication
• FACTORS INFLUENCING COMMUNICATION
• Developmental Level
• Sociocultural Differences
• Roles and Responsibilities
• Space and Territoriality
• Physical, Mental, and Emotional State
• Values
• Environment
• DOCUMENTING COMMUNICATION
• EFFECTIVE PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION
• Hand-off Communication: SBAR
• Rising Level of Concern Communication: CUS
• USING PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP
• Therapeutic Versus Social Relationships
• Characteristics of the Therapeutic Nurse–Patient Relationship
• Goals of the Therapeutic Relationship
• Phases of the Therapeutic Relationship
• Factors Promoting Effective Communication Within the Therapeutic Relationship
• DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS
• Conversation Skills
• Listening Skills
• Silence
• Touch
• Humor
• Interviewing Techniques
• Assertive versus Aggressive Behaviors and Communication
• BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
• Failure to Perceive the Patient as a Human Being
• Failure to Listen
• Nontherapeutic Comments and Questions
• Changing the Subject
• Giving False Assurance
• Gossip and Rumor
• DISRUPTIVE INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIOR AND COMMUNICATION
• Incivility and Bullying
• Verbally and Physically Aggressive Patients
• Responses to Disruptive Behaviors and Communication
• IMPAIRED VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 9 Teaching and Counseling
• AIMS OF TEACHING AND COUNSELING
• Maintaining and Promoting Health
• Preventing Illness
• Restoring Health
• Facilitating Coping
• Promoting Outcomes
• NURSE AS TEACHER
• Factors Affecting Patient Learning
• Learning Domains
• Effective Communication Techniques
• NURSE AS COUNSELOR
• Types of Counseling
• Referrals
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 10 Leading, Managing, and Delegating
• LEADERSHIP
• Leadership Qualities
• Personal Leadership Skills
• Leadership Styles
• MANAGEMENT
• Centralized and Decentralized Management Structures
• Conflict Management and Engagement
• Managing Change
• Management Strategies
• Power
• IMPLEMENTING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT SKILLS IN NURSING CARE
• Patient Care Coordination
• Clinical Nurse Leader Role
• Delegating Nursing Care
• Knowledge of the Administrative Structure
• Support for Leadership Training
• Developing Resilience
• Leadership and Advancing Clinician Well-Being
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Unit II Health Care Delivery
• Chapter 11 Health Care Delivery System
• HEALTH CARE: THE BIG PICTURE
• Access to Health Care
• Quality and Safety
• Affordability
• How the U.S. Health Care System Compares Internationally
• HEALTH CARE REFORM
• ORGANIZING HEALTH CARE: PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND TERTIARY CARE
• ORGANIZING HEALTH CARE: HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND CARE COORDINATION
• Health Care Providers and Hospitals
• Multispecialty Group Practice
• Community Health Centers
• Prepaid Group Practice
• Accountable Care Organizations
• Medical Homes to Medical Neighborhoods
• Care Coordination
• PAYING FOR HEALTH CARE
• Out-of-Pocket Payment
• Individual Private Insurance
• Employer-Based Private Insurance
• Government Financing
• HEALTH CARE SETTINGS AND SERVICES
• Hospitals
• Primary Care Centers
• Ambulatory Care Centers and Clinics
• Home Health Care
• Extended-Care Services
• Specialized Care Centers and Settings
• Health Care Services for the Seriously Ill and Dying
• HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
• Voluntary Facilities
• Other Government Facilities
• COLLABORATIVE CARE: THE INTERPROFESSIONAL HEALTH CARE TEAM
• TRENDS AND ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
• Focus on Preventive Care
• Knowledgeable and Engaged Consumers
• Mobile Health
• Racial Justice and Equity
• HEALTH CARE: A RIGHT, A PRIVILEGE, OR AN OBLIGATION OF A MORAL SOCIETY?
• NURSES’ ROLE IN HEALTH CARE REFORM
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 12 Interprofessional Collaborative Practice and Care Coordination Across Settings
• COMMUNITY HEALTH
• COMMUNITY-BASED NURSING CARE
• Qualities of the Community-Based Nurse
• Roles of the Community-Based Nurse
• CONTINUITY OF CARE
• INTERPROFESSIONAL COLLABORATIVE PRACTICE
• Components of Effective Team Structure
• Core Competencies for Interprofessional Collaborative Practice
• CARE COORDINATION
• Validation of Nursing Care Coordination Activities
• Why Care Coordination Now?
• Care Coordinator
• Populations With Special Care Coordination Needs
• Admissions, Transfers, and Discharges
• Telehealth
• HOME HEALTH CARE NURSING
• Types of Home Health Care Facilities
• Patients and Family Caregivers
• Referrals for Home Care
• Orders for Home Care
• Safety Considerations
• Infection Prevention
• Reimbursement Sources
• Legal Considerations
• HOME VISITS
• Pre-entry Phase of the Home Visit
• Entry Phase of the Home Visit
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Unit III Processes of Thoughtful, Person-Centered Practice
• Chapter 13 Blended Competencies, Clinical Reasoning, and Processes of Person-Centered Care
• THOUGHTFUL PRACTICE
• THOUGHTFUL, PERSON-CENTERED PRACTICE
• Theories of Caring
• PROFESSIONAL NURSE
• Personal Attributes
• Knowledge Base
• Blended Competencies
• QSEN Competencies
• Clinical Reasoning, Decision Making, and Clinical Judgment
• CLINICAL JUDGMENT MODEL
• NURSING PROCESS
• Historical Perspective
• Description of the Nursing Process
• Nursing Process Trends
• Characteristics of the Nursing Process
• Documenting the Nursing Process
• Benefits of the Nursing Process
• Evaluating the Use of the Nursing Process
• Concept Mapping
• REFLECTIVE PRACTICE
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 14 Clinical Judgment
• CONCEPTS RELATED TO CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Critical Thinking
• Clinical Reasoning
• Clinical Judgment
• Situational Awareness
• MODELS RELATED TO CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Tanner’s Clinical Judgment Model
• Developing Nurses’ Thinking Model
• California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory
• National Council of State Boards of Nursing
• Nursing Process—Thinking Like a Nurse
• DEVELOPING COMPETENCY IN NURSING PRACTICE
• Competency Outcomes Performance Assessment Model
• Professional Guidance
• Quality and Safety Education for Nurses
• Interprofessional Education Collaborative
• CLINICAL DECISION-MAKING THEORIES, MODELS, AND FRAMEWORKS
• Humanistic–Intuitive Approach
• Information-Processing Model
• Cognitive Continuum Theory
• Rest Framework
• INTEGRATING PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE
• Educational Experience
• Life Experience
• Health Care Experience
• IMPORTANCE OF REFLECTION
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 15 Assessing
• UNIQUE FOCUS OF NURSING ASSESSMENT
• ASSESSMENT, CLINICAL REASONING, AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• ASSESSMENT AND INTERPERSONAL COMPETENCE
• TYPES OF NURSING ASSESSMENTS
• Initial Assessment
• Focused Assessment
• Quick Priority Assessments
• Emergency Assessment
• Time-Lapsed Assessment
• Triage Assessment
• Patient-Centered Assessment Method
• PREPARING FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Establishing Assessment Priorities
• Structuring the Assessment
• COLLECTING DATA
• Sources of Data
• Methods of Data Collection
• Problems Related to Data Collection
• IDENTIFYING CUES AND MAKING INFERENCES
• VALIDATING DATA
• CLUSTERING RELATED DATA AND IDENTIFYING PATTERNS
• REPORTING AND RECORDING DATA
• Timing
• Documentation
• Privacy, Confidentiality, and Professionalism
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 16 Diagnosis/Problem Identification
• EVOLUTION OF NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• UNIQUE FOCUS OF DIAGNOSING
• Patient Problems Versus Medical Diagnoses
• DIAGNOSTIC REASONING, CLINICAL REASONING, AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• DIAGNOSTIC REASONING AND INTERPERSONAL COMPETENCE
• DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS
• Recognizing Significant Data
• Recognizing Patterns or Clusters
• Identifying Strengths and Problems
• Identifying Potential Complications
• Reaching Conclusions
• Partnering With the Patient and Family
• FORMULATING AND VALIDATING NURSING DIAGNOSES AND PROBLEM STATEMENTS
• Terminology for Writing NANDA-I Approved Nursing Diagnoses
• Types of Nursing Diagnoses
• Terminology for Writing Problem Statements
• Guidelines for Writing Diagnostic Statements
• What Is Not a Diagnostic Statement
• Validating Diagnostic Statements
• Next Steps
• DOCUMENTING NURSING DIAGNOSES AND PATIENT PROBLEMS
• Importance of Patient Problems in Electronic Health Records
• NURSING DIAGNOSIS: A CRITIQUE
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 17 Outcome Identification and Planning
• UNIQUE FOCUS OF NURSING OUTCOME IDENTIFICATION AND PLANNING
• Critical Thinking/Clinical Reasoning and Judgment in Outcome Identification and Planning
• Interpersonal Competence in Outcome Identification and Planning: Working With Patients and Families
• COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING
• Initial Planning
• Ongoing Planning
• Discharge Planning
• ESTABLISHING PRIORITIES
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
• Patient Preference
• Anticipation of Patient Needs
• Critical Thinking/Clinical Reasoning and Judgment and Establishing Priorities
• IDENTIFYING AND WRITING OUTCOMES
• Deriving Outcomes From Nursing Diagnoses/Problems
• Establishing Long-Term Versus Short-Term Outcomes
• Determining Patient-Centered Outcomes
• Using Cognitive, Psychomotor, and Affective Outcomes
• Identifying Clinical, Functional, and Quality-of-Life Outcomes
• Identifying Culturally Appropriate Outcomes
• Identifying Outcomes Supportive of the Total Treatment Plan
• Writing Patient-Centered Measurable Outcomes
• Avoiding Common Errors in Outcomes
• Ensuring Quality Outcomes
• Healthy People Goals
• IDENTIFYING NURSING INTERVENTIONS
• Nurse-Initiated Interventions
• Physician-Initiated and Collaborative Interventions
• Structured Care Methodologies
• Classification Systems
• Consulting
• DEVELOPING EVALUATIVE STRATEGIES
• COMMUNICATING AND RECORDING THE NURSING CARE PLAN
• Institutional and Facility Care Plans
• Student Care Plans
• PROBLEMS RELATED TO OUTCOME IDENTIFICATION AND PLANNING
• A FINAL WORD ABOUT STANDARDIZED LANGUAGES AND HOLISTIC, PERSON-CENTERED CARE
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 18 Implementing
• UNIQUE FOCUS OF NURSING IMPLEMENTATION
• Nursing’s Scope of Practice
• The Nursing Interventions Taxonomy Structure
• Care Coordination, Continuity, and the Nurse
• CRITICAL THINKING/CLINICAL REASONING AND JUDGMENT, AND IMPLEMENTING
• IMPLEMENTING AND INTERPERSONAL COMPETENCE
• TYPES OF NURSING INTERVENTIONS
• Nursing Interventions Classification
• Independent and Collaborative Interventions
• Protocols and Standing Orders
• Care Bundles
• IMPLEMENTING THE PLAN OF CARE
• Reassessing the Patient and Reviewing the Plan of Care
• Using Patient Boards or Dry-Erase Boards
• Clarifying Prerequisite Nursing Competencies
• Planning Ahead and Organizing Resources
• Anticipating Unexpected Outcomes and Situations
• Ensuring Quality and Patient Safety: Preventing Errors and Omissions
• Promoting Self-Care: Teaching, Counseling, and Advocacy
• Assisting Patients to Meet Health Outcomes
• CONTINUING DATA COLLECTION AND RISK MANAGEMENT
• DOCUMENTING NURSING CARE
• WHEN A PATIENT DOES NOT COOPERATE WITH THE PLAN OF CARE
• DELEGATING NURSING CARE
• Delegation and the Student Nurse
• GUIDE FOR STUDENTS
• Organizing Care
• Nursing Oneself
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 19 Evaluating
• UNIQUE FOCUS OF NURSING EVALUATION
• CLINICAL REASONING AND JUDGMENT AND EVALUATING
• Identifying Evaluative Criteria and Standards
• Collecting Evaluative Data
• Interpreting and Summarizing Findings
• Documenting Your Judgment
• Modifying the Care Plan
• EVALUATING QUALITY CARE
• Performance Improvement in Everyday Clinical Practice
• Establishing and Sustaining Healthy Work Environments
• Evaluative Programs
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 20 Documenting and Reporting
• DOCUMENTING CARE
• Guidelines for Effective Documentation
• Privacy and Confidentiality
• Facility Policies
• Delegating Documentation
• Purposes of Patient Records
• Methods of Documentation
• Formats for Nursing Documentation
• REPORTING CARE OR REQUESTING ACTION
• Change-of-Shift/Handoff Reports
• Telephone/Telemedicine Reports
• Transfer and Discharge Reports
• Reports to Family Members and Significant Others
• Incident Reports
• CONFERRING ABOUT CARE
• Consultations and Referrals
• Nursing and Interdisciplinary Team Care Conferences
• Nursing Care Rounds
• Purposeful Rounding
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 21 Informatics and Health Care Technologies
• HISTORY OF NURSING INFORMATICS
• NURSING INFORMATICS DEFINED
• NURSING INFORMATICS EDUCATION
• NURSING INFORMATICS PRACTICE
• SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFECYCLE
• Analyze and Plan
• Design and Develop
• Test
• Train
• Implement
• Maintain
• Evaluate
• INFORMATICS CONCEPTS
• System Usability
• System Optimization
• Standard Terminologies
• Interoperability
• Security and Privacy of Electronic Data
• Blockchain
• EMERGING AREAS IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATICS
• Patient Portals
• Health Care Analytics
• Telehealth and Mobile Technologies
• Hospital at Home
• Unique Nurse Identifiers
• Genetics and Genomics: Precision Medicine
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Unit IV Developmentally Appropriate Care
• Chapter 22 Developmental Concepts
• PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• Genetics, Genomics, and Epigenetics/Epigenomics
• Prenatal, Individual, and Caregiver Factors
• Environment and Nutrition
• OVERVIEW OF CLASSIC DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES
• Theory of Psychoanalytic Development
• Theory of Cognitive Development
• Theories of Psychosocial Development
• Theories of Moral Development
• Theory of Faith Development
• APPLYING THEORIES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT TO NURSING CARE
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 23 Conception Through Young Adulthood
• CONCEPTION AND PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
• Pre-embryonic Stage
• Embryonic Stage
• Fetal Stage
• NEONATES: BIRTH TO 28 DAYS
• Physiologic Development
• Health of the Neonate
• INFANTS: 1 MONTH TO 1 YEAR
• Physiologic Development
• Cognitive Development
• Psychosocial Development
• Health of the Infant
• Role of the Nurse in Promoting Health and Preventing Illness
• TODDLERS: 1 TO 3 YEARS
• Physiologic Development
• Cognitive Development
• Psychosocial Development
• Health of the Toddler
• Role of the Nurse in Promoting Health and Preventing Illness
• PRESCHOOLERS: 3 TO 6 YEARS
• Physiologic Development
• Cognitive Development
• Psychosocial Development
• Moral and Spiritual Development
• Health of the Preschooler
• Role of the Nurse in Promoting Health and Preventing Illness
• SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN: 6 TO 12 YEARS
• Physiologic Development
• Cognitive Development
• Psychosocial Development
• Moral Development
• Spiritual Development
• Health of the School-Aged Child
• Role of the Nurse in Promoting Health and Preventing Illness
• ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS
• Physiologic Development
• Cognitive Development
• Psychosocial Development
• Moral Development
• Spiritual Development
• Health of the Adolescent and Young Adult
• Role of the Nurse in Promoting Health and Preventing Illness
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 24 Middle and Older Adulthood
• BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF AGING
• Genetic Theory
• Neuroendocrine and Immunity Theories
• Stochastic Theories
• MIDDLE ADULTHOOD
• Physiologic Development
• Cognitive Development
• Psychosocial Development
• Adjusting to the Changes of Middle Adulthood
• Moral Development
• Spiritual Development
• Health of the Middle-Aged Adult
• Role of the Nurse in Promoting Health and Preventing Illness
• OLDER ADULTHOOD
• Unique Population
• Ageism and Common Stereotypes
• Physiologic Development
• Cognitive Development
• Psychosocial Development
• Adjusting to the Changes of Older Adulthood
• Moral and Spiritual Development
• Health of the Older Adult
• Older Adults and the Health Care System
• Role of the Nurse in Promoting Health and Preventing Illness
• CARING FOR AN AGING POPULATION
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Unit V Actions Basic to Nursing Care
• Chapter 25 Asepsis and Infection Control
• INFECTION
• Infection Cycle
• Stages of Infection
• Infection Defense Mechanisms
• Factors Affecting the Risk for Infection
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 26 Vital Signs
• TEMPERATURE
• Physiology of Body Temperature
• Factors Affecting Body Temperature
• Normal Body Temperature
• Increased Body Temperature
• Decreased Body Temperature
• Assessing Temperature
• PULSE
• Physiology of the Pulse
• Factors Affecting the Pulse
• Normal Pulse Rate
• Increased Pulse Rate
• Decreased Pulse Rate
• Pulse Strength (Amplitude)
• Pulse Rhythm
• Pulse Elasticity
• Assessing the Pulse
• RESPIRATIONS
• Physiology of Respirations
• Factors Affecting Respirations
• Normal Respiratory Rate
• Increased Respiratory Rate
• Decreased Respiratory Rate
• Respiratory Depth and Rhythm
• Assessing Respirations
• BLOOD PRESSURE
• Physiology of Blood Pressure
• Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
• Normal Blood Pressure
• Increased Blood Pressure
• Decreased Blood Pressure
• Assessing Blood Pressure
• DIAGNOSING ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AND NEEDS
• TEACHING VITAL SIGNS FOR SELF-CARE AT HOME
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 27 Health Assessment
• HEALTH ASSESSMENT
• Lifespan Considerations
• Cultural Considerations and Sensitivity
• Patient Preparation
• Environmental Preparation
• Nurse’s Role in Diagnostic and Laboratory Testing
• HEALTH HISTORY
• Biographical Data
• Reason for Seeking Health Care
• History of Present Health Concern
• Past Health History
• Family History
• Functional Health
• Review of Systems
• PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
• Preparing for a Physical Examination
• Techniques of Physical Assessment
• Conducting a Physical Assessment
• DOCUMENTATION OF DATA
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 28 Safety, Security, and Emergency Preparedness
• PERSON-CENTERED ASPECTS OF SAFETY AND SECURITY
• DEVELOPMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Patient Environments
• Functional Ability
• Health
• Nursing Process
• ASPECTS OF SAFETY AND SECURITY
• Patient Safety
• Facility Safety
• POPULATION-BASED ASPECTS OF SAFETY AND SECURITY
• Safety in Schools
• Environmental Pollutants
• Community Violence
• Emergency Preparedness
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 29 Complementary and Integrative Health
• INTRODUCTION TO COMPLEMENTARY HEALTH APPROACHES
• Allopathic Medicine and Complementary Health Approaches
• Use of Complementary Health Approaches in the United States
• Growth of the Complementary Health Approaches Industry
• COMPLEMENTARY HEALTH APPROACHES CATEGORIES
• Mind–Body Practices
• Natural Products
• Other Complementary Health Approaches
• NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF COMPLEMENTARY HEALTH APPROACHES
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 30 Medications
• PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY
• Drug Nomenclature
• Types of Drug Preparations
• Drug Classifications
• Drug Indications
• Mechanisms of Drug Action
• Adverse Drug Reactions
• Factors Affecting Drug Action
• Drug Dose and Serum Drug Levels
• Drug Legislation
• PRINCIPLES OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION
• Medication Prescriptions and Orders
• Medication Supply Systems
• Dosage Calculations
• Using Safety Measures While Preparing Drugs
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 31 Perioperative Nursing
• THE SURGICAL EXPERIENCE
• Perioperative Phases
• Surgical Procedure Classification
• Anesthesia
• Informed Consent and Advance Directives
• Outpatient/Same-Day Surgery
• POSTOPERATIVE NURSING CARE
• Immediate Postoperative Assessment and Care
• Ongoing Postoperative Care
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Unit VI Promoting Healthy Physiologic Responses
• 32 Hygiene
• HYGIENE PRACTICES
• FACTORS AFFECTING PERSONAL HYGIENE
• Culture
• Socioeconomic Status
• Spiritual Practices
• Developmental Level
• Health State
• Personal Preferences
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• 33 Skin Integrity and Wound Care
• ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Structures of the Skin
• Functions of the Skin and Mucous Membranes
• Factors Affecting Skin Integrity
• WOUNDS AND PRESSURE INJURIES
• Wound Classification
• Wound Healing
• Pressure Injury
• Psychological Effects of Wounds and Pressure Injuries
• HEAT AND COLD THERAPY
• Effects of Applying Heat
• Effects of Applying Cold
• Physiologic Considerations
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 34 Activity
• PHYSIOLOGY OF MOVEMENT AND ALIGNMENT
• Skeletal System
• Muscular System
• Nervous System
• Normal Movement and Alignment
• Safe Patient Handling and Mobility
• Orthopedics
• FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT AND ALIGNMENT
• Developmental Considerations
• Physical Health
• Mental Health
• Lifestyle
• Attitude and Values
• Fatigue and Stress
• External Factors
• EXERCISE
• Types of Exercise
• Effects of Exercise on Major Body Systems
• Risks Related to Exercise
• Effects of Immobility on the Body
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 35 Rest and Sleep
• REST AND SLEEP
• PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP
• Circadian Rhythms
• Stages of Sleep
• REST AND SLEEP REQUIREMENTS AND PATTERNS
• PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF INSUFFICIENT SLEEP
• FACTORS AFFECTING REST AND SLEEP
• Developmental Considerations
• Motivation
• Culture
• Lifestyle and Habits
• Environmental Factors
• Psychological Stress
• Illness
• Medications
• COMMON SLEEP DISORDERS
• Insomnia
• Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
• Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence
• Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake Disorders
• Parasomnias
• Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
• Sleep Deprivation
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 36 Comfort and Pain Management
• EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
• Gate Control Theory of Pain
• Pain Process
• Types of Pain
• Responses to Pain
• FACTORS AFFECTING THE PAIN EXPERIENCE
• Cultural and Ethnicity Variables
• Environment and Support People
• Anxiety and Other Stressors
• Past Pain Experience
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 37 Nutrition
• PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION
• Energy Balance
• Energy Nutrients
• Regulatory Nutrients
• Digestion
• Adequate Diet Selection
• FACTORS AFFECTING NUTRITION
• Physiologic and Physical Factors That Influence Nutrient Requirements
• Physical, Sociocultural, and Psychosocial Factors That Influence Food Choices
• Food Intake
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 38 Urinary Elimination
• ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
• Kidneys and Ureters
• Bladder
• Urethra
• Act of Urination
• Frequency of Urination
• FACTORS AFFECTING URINATION
• Developmental Considerations
• Food and Fluid Intake
• Psychological Variables
• Activity and Muscle Tone
• Pathologic Conditions
• Medications
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 39 Bowel Elimination
• ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
• Stomach
• Small Intestine
• Large Intestine
• Nervous System Control
• Defecation
• FACTORS AFFECTING BOWEL ELIMINATION
• Developmental Considerations
• Daily Patterns
• Food and Fluid
• Activity and Muscle Tone
• Lifestyle
• Psychological Variables
• Pathologic Conditions
• Medications
• Diagnostic Studies
• Surgery and Anesthesia
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 40 Oxygenation and Perfusion
• ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF OXYGENATION
• Respiratory System
• Cardiovascular System
• FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTIONING
• Level of Health
• Developmental Considerations
• Medication Considerations
• Lifestyle Considerations
• Social Determinants of Health
• Psychological Health Considerations
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 41 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance
• PRINCIPLES OF FLUID, ELECTROLYTES, AND ACID–BASE BALANCE
• Body Fluids
• Electrolytes
• Regulation and Homeostatic Mechanisms of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
• Acid–Base Balance
• DISTURBANCES IN FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID–BASE BALANCE
• Fluid Imbalances
• Electrolyte Imbalances
• Acid–Base Imbalances
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Unit VII Promoting Healthy Psychosocial Responses
• Chapter 42 Self-Concept
• OVERVIEW OF SELF-CONCEPT
• Dimensions of Self-Concept
• Formation of Self-Concept
• Preventing Adverse Child Experiences
• Factors Affecting Self-Concept
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 43 Stress and Adaptation
• BASIC CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND ADAPTATION
• Stress
• Stressors
• Adaptation
• Homeostasis
• MAINTENANCE OF PHYSIOLOGIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS
• Physiologic Homeostasis
• Psychological Homeostasis
• EFFECTS OF STRESS
• Stress and Basic Human Needs
• Stress in Health and Illness
• Long-Term Stress
• Family Stress
• Crisis
• FACTORS AFFECTING STRESS AND ADAPTATION
• Sources of Stress
• Personal Factors
• STRESS AND ADAPTATION IN NURSING
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 44 Loss, Grief, and Dying
• CONCEPTS OF LOSS AND GRIEF
• Loss
• Grief
• DYING AND DEATH
• Definitions of Death
• Signs of Impending Death
• A “Good Death”
• Responses to Dying and Death
• Terminal Illness
• Effect on the Family
• Palliative Care and Hospice
• Ethical and Legal Dimensions
• Death Certificate
• Organ Donation
• Autopsy
• FACTORS THAT AFFECT GRIEF AND DYING
• Developmental Considerations
• Family
• Socioeconomic Factors
• Cultural, Gender, and Religious Influences
• Cause of Death
• SUICIDE PREVENTION: MENTAL HEALTH FIRST AID
• NURSE AS ROLE MODEL
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 45 Sensory Functioning
• SENSORY EXPERIENCE
• Reception and Perception
• Arousal Mechanism
• DISTURBED SENSORY PERCEPTION
• Sensory Deprivation
• Sensory Overload
• Sensory Deficits
• Sensory Processing Disorder
• Sensory Poverty
• FACTORS AFFECTING SENSORY STIMULATION
• Developmental Considerations
• Culture
• Personality and Lifestyle
• Stress and Illness
• Medication
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 46 Sexuality
• SEXUAL HEALTH
• SEXUAL EXPRESSION
• Masturbation
• Sexual Intercourse
• Oral–Genital Stimulation
• Abstinence
• Alternative Forms of Sexual Expression
• FACTORS AFFECTING SEXUALITY
• Developmental Considerations
• Culture
• Religion
• Ethics
• Lifestyle
• Menstruation
• Sexual Response Cycle
• Childbearing Considerations
• Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Sexual Dysfunction
• Effects of Illness, Injury, and Medications
• SEXUAL HARASSMENT
• Effects of Harassment
• Responding to Harassment in the Nursing Environment
• NURSE AS ROLE MODEL
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Chapter 47 Spirituality
• SPIRITUAL DIMENSION
• CONCEPTS RELATED TO SPIRITUALITY AND SPIRITUAL HEALTH
• Spirituality
• Faith
• Religion
• Hope
• Love
• Suffering
• Spiritual Health and Healing
• Spirituality and Everyday Living
• Spirituality, Health, and Illness
• FACTORS AFFECTING SPIRITUALITY
• Developmental Considerations
• Family
• Ethnic Background
• Formal Religion
• Life Events
• RELIGION AND LAW, ETHICS, AND MEDICINE
• PARISH NURSING
• DEVELOPING CLINICAL REASONING AND CLINICAL JUDGMENT
• Index
• Glossary
• Appendix A Guidelines for Delegation Decision Making
• Appendix B Equivalents
• Appendix C Normal Adult Laboratory Values
• List of Nursing Skills