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• Half Title
• Title
• Copyright
• Contents
• Detailed Contents
• Preface
• Acknowledgements
• Part I Theoretical and Interdisciplinary Perspectives
• 1 The Sociology of Gender: Theoretical Perspectives and Feminist Frameworks
• Sociology of Gender
• Basic Sociological Concepts
• Key Concepts for the Sociology of Gender
• Distinguishing Sex and Gender
• Gender Inclusiveness
• Gender Roles
• Sociological Perspectives on Gender
• Levels of Analysis
• Functionalism
• Preview
• Preindustrial Society
• Contemporary Society
• Critique
• Conflict Theory
• Marx, Engels, and Social Class
• Contemporary Conflict Theory
• Gender and the Family
• Critique
• Symbolic Interaction
• Social Constructionism
• Doing Gender
• Heteronormativity
• Doing Difference
• Dancing
• Critique
• Feminist Sociological Theory
• Intersectionality
• Backlash to Intersectionality
• Intersectionality and Science
• Reprise
• Feminist Perspectives on the Family
• Critique
• Feminisms
• Liberal Feminism
• Socialist Feminism
• Radical Feminism
• Cultural Feminism
• Ecofeminism
• Global Feminism
• Cyberfeminism
• Emerging Feminisms
• Feminism, Media, and Politics
• Portrayals of Feminism
• Television
• Politics
• Case Study: Feminist for President, Vice President, and FLOUS in Election 2008
• Hillary Rodham Clinton
• Sarah Palin
• Critique
• Michelle Obama
• Feminism and the Political Climate
• Feminist Progress
• Women’s Movements as Feminist Success Stories
• Women’s March on Washington
• #MeToo
• Moms Demand Action
• Movements with Feminist Solidarity
• Reprise
• Key Terms
• 2 Gender Development: Biology, Sexuality, and Health
• Section 1 Biology and Sexuality in Gender Development
• Nature and Nurture
• Margaret Mead
• Critique
• Evolution, Genetics, and Biology
• Sociobiology
• Primates: Animal and Human
• Critique
• Cognitive Biology
• Male and Female Brains
• Critique
• Neurosexism
• The Hormone Puzzle
• Aggression
• Age
• Running too Fast
• Motherhood
• Critique
• Sigmund Freud: Anatomy Is Destiny
• Critique
• Feminism and Freud
• Psychoanalytic Feminism
• Nancy Chodorow
• Gendered Sexuality
• Ambiguous Sex, Ambiguous Gender
• Intersex
• Sex Reassignment
• Transing
• Critique
• Does Nature Rule? A Sex Reassignment Tragedy
• Essentialist Shortcomings
• Sexual Orientation
• Queer Theory
• Asexuality
• Sex Partners
• Global Focus: Third-Gender Cultures
• South Asia
• Indonesia
• Native Americans
• Reprise
• Sexual Scripts
• Patterns of Sexual Attitudes and Behavior
• Gender and Orgasm
• Critique
• Premarital/Nonmarital Sex
• Extramarital Relationships
• Sexual Double Standard
• Women and SDS
• Masculinity and SDS
• Sexuality in Later Life
• Critique
• Nature and Nurture Revisited: The Politics of Biology
• The Female Advantage in Evolution
• Reframing the Debate
• Section 2 Gender and Health
• Revisiting Biology and Culture
• Measuring Health and Well-Being
• Till Death Do Us Part: Gender and Mortality
• Global Patterns
• In Sickness and in Health: Gender and Morbidity
• Men and Morbidity
• Women and Morbidity
• Menstruation
• PMS
• Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
• HRT: Risks and Benefits
• Critique
• Body Studies
• Eating Disorders
• LGBTQ Morbidity
• Advocacy
• Gendered Health Risks: Selected Causes
• HIV/AIDS
• Men and HIV
• Women and HIV
• Global Focus: Women and HIV in the Developing World
• Drugs and Alcohol
• Study Drugs and Opioids
• Smoking
• COVID-19
• Gender and the Pandemic
• Race, Gender, and COVID-19
• Pandemic in a Pandemic
• Critique
• Explaining Gendered Health Trends
• Sex and Gender, Biology and Culture
• Again, Masculinity
• Challenging Gendered Health Risks: Advocacy
• The Women’s Health Movement
• Gender Bias in Research and Health Care
• Androcentric Medicine
• Heart Disease
• Progress in Women’s and Men’s Health
• Empowerment for Health
• Key Terms
• 3 Gender Development: The Socialization Process
• Gender Socialization and Cultural Diversity
• Culture and Socialization
• Adaptation
• Gender Socialization: Intersecting Social Class and Race
• Asian Families
• Latino Families
• African American Families
• Raising Daughters
• Raising Sons
• Intersectionality
• Theories of Gender Socialization
• Social Learning Theory
• Gender Socialization for Boys
• Gender Socialization for Girls
• Critique
• Cognitive Development Theory
• Gender Identity
• Critique
• Gender Schema Theory
• Critique
• Social Cognitive Theory
• Critique
• Reflections
• Agents of Socialization
• The Family
• Do You Want a Boy or a Girl?
• Gender Parity
• Gender-Typed Wombs
• Gender Socialization in Early Childhood
• Gendered Childhood: Artifacts of Socialization
• Clothing
• Toys and Dolls
• Barbies
• Sexualization and Action Figures
• Toys and Gender Scripts
• Gender-Neutral Toys
• Gendered Parenting
• LGBTQ Parenting
• Mom, Dad/Sons, Daughters
• Peers and Preferences
• Games
• Shifts in Gendered Peer Behavior
• School
• Dick and Jane at School
• Sociological Theory
• Television
• Television Teaches
• Sesame Street
• Cartoons
• Children’s Programs
• Advertising
• Socialization for Gender Equity
• Challenging the Binary
• Androgyny
• Critique
• Gender-Neutral Socialization
• Raising Baby X
• Parents as Innovators
• Critique
• Key Terms
• 4 Gendered Language, Communication, and Socialization
• The Generic Myth
• Titles and Occupations
• What’s in a Name?
• Children’s Names
• Linguistic Derogation
• Gendered Language Usage
• Registers
• Female Register
• Male Register
• The Language of Friendship
• Gossip
• Nonverbal Communication
• Facial Expressions and Eye Contact
• Smiling
• Anger
• Touch and Personal Space
• Space Invasion
• The Female Advantage
• Gender Online: Communication and Social Media
• Men Online
• Males and Social Media
• Women Online
• Females and Social Media
• Global Focus: The Language of Japanese Women
• Style and Syntax
• Women in Business
• Manga
• Explaining Gendered Language Patterns
• Dual-Culture Model
• Critique
• Dominance Model
• Critique
• Social Constructionist Model
• Critique
• The Impact of Linguistic Sexism
• Cognition and Self-Esteem
• Resistance to Language Change
• Formal Change
• Language Change as Gender Success
• Key Terms
• 5 Western History and the Construction of Gender
• Placing Women in History
• The Intersection of Gender, Race, and Class in History
• Historical Themes about Women
• Classical Societies
• The Glory That Was Greece
• Partnership
• Oppression
• Athens
• Sparta
• The Grandeur That Was Rome
• Male Authority
• Female Power
• The Middle Ages
• Christianity
• Witch Hunts
• Feudalism
• Renaissance
• Martin Luther and the Reformation
• Critique
• The American Experience
• The First American Women
• Gender Role Balance
• Tribal Leadership
• Colonization and Christianity
• Colonial Era
• Gendered Puritan Life
• Witchcraft
• A Golden Age for Colonial Women?
• The Victorians: True Womanhood
• Frontier Life
• Industrialization
• Race and Class
• Union Movement
• The Depression
• World War II
• Demand for Women’s Labor
• Women’s Diversity in the Labor Force
• What About the Children?
• Japanese American Women
• Peacetime
• The Postwar Era to the Millennium
• The Women’s Movement
• Early Movement: 1830–1890
• The Seneca Falls Convention
• Division and Unity
• The Nineteenth Amendment
• The Contemporary Movement
• Second Wave Feminism
• National Organization for Women
• Coalitions
• Third Wave Feminism
• Fourth Wave Feminism
• Critique
• Key Terms
• 6 Global Perspectives on Gender
• Section 1 Gendering Global Development
• United Nations (UN) and Development
• Human Development and Gender Equality
• Critique
• CEDAW
• United Nations Conferences on Women
• The Legacy of Beijing: A Personal Perspective
• FWCW for Today
• Women, Globalization, and Development
• Rural Families
• Bangladesh: A Neoliberal Globalization Case Study
• Critique
• Women and Development
• A Sociological WAD Model
• Global Patterns of Gender (In)Equity
• Patterns of Diversity and Similarity
• Applying Gendered Patterns
• Section 2 Glimpses of Our Gendered Globe
• Russia
• Central Asia
• The Soviet Legacy and Contemporary Russia
• Employment
• Collision of Family and Employment
• Fertility Politics
• Marriage and Family
• Family Values
• Independence
• Masculinist Discourse
• What is Feminine?
• Sexual Harassment and Gender-Based Violence
• Feminism in Peril
• Sexuality
• Dangerous Feminists
• Russian Feminism
• Critique
• China
• Reform and the Chinese Family
• Footbinding
• Marriage
• Critique
• The One-Child Policy: Gone But Not Forgotten
• Son Preference
• Caregiving and Security
• Critique
• The Gender Paradox of Neoliberal Globalization in China
• Women’s Paid Labor
• Women and the State
• State Capitalism
• India
• The Religious–Political Heritage
• The Social Reform Movement
• The Gandhis and Nehrus
• The Gender Gap in Human Development
• Health
• Five Year Plans
• Gender-Based Violence
• Feminism in an Indian Context
• Feminist Strategies against GBV
• Japan
• The Occupation
• Gender Equity and Public Policy
• Gender Equality Bureau
• Demographic Crises
• Marriage and the Family
• Motherhood
• Critique
• Husbands and Fathers
• Work and Family: A Nondilemma
• Critique
• A Japanese Woman’s Profile
• Feminism
• Work–Family Balance
• Latin America
• The Gender Divide
• Family Planning
• The Church
• Latin American Women, Globalization, and Development
• Feminist Agendas
• Intersection of Class and Gender
• Israel
• Experiments in Equality
• Kibbutz
• Military Conscription
• Critique
• Family, Education, and Jobs Under a Religious Umbrella
• Family
• Education
• Employment
• Jewish Feminism
• Golda Meir’s Legacy
• The Muslim World
• Islamization as Countermodernization
• Afghanistan: Taliban and War
• Critique
• Iran: The Shah and Khomeini
• Veiling
• Toward Reform
• Women’s Arab Spring
• The Arab Middle East
• To Veil or Not to Veil
• The Issue of Choice
• North Africa: Female Genital Mutilation (Cutting)
• FGM
• Critique
• Nordic Nations
• Norway
• Sweden
• The Equality Future
• Key Terms
• Part II Gender, Marriage, and Families
• 7 Gendered Love, Marriage, and Emergent Lifestyles
• Love
• Linking Love and Marriage
• Friends and Lovers
• Defining Love
• Distinguishing Love and Friendship
• Same-Gender Friends
• Other-Gender Friends
• Friends with Benefits
• Gendered Love and Love Myths
• Gender and Styles of Romance
• Men in Love
• Critique
• Selecting Marriage Mates and Partners
• The Marriage Gradient
• Emerging Adults
• Intersectional Demographics
• Socioeconomic Status (SES)
• Age
• Older Women, Younger Men
• Age Gradient Intersections for Older Women
• Race
• Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
• Race and SES
• Attractiveness
• Sociological Theory
• The Marriage Squeeze
• African American Women
• Critique
• Gender Roles in Marriage and the Family
• The Marriage Gap
• Theoretical Perspectives on Gender, Marriage, and Family
• Functionalism
• Critique
• Conflict Theory
• Critique
• Feminist Perspective
• Critique
• Symbolic Interaction and Social Constructionism
• Critique
• Gender and the Family Values Debate
• Critique
• Housewives
• Housewife Status
• The Issue of Housework
• Global Trends
• Dual Earners
• Multicultural Variations
• Shifting Work
• Extramarital Relationships
• Gender Differences
• Single Women
• Gender in Emergent Marriages and Alternative Lifestyles
• Cohabitation
• Gender Differences
• Single Life
• Romance in Later Life
• Gender Differences
• Critique
• Long-Distance Relationships and Marriages
• Commuter Marriage
• Military Spouses
• Critique
• Egalitarian Marriage
• Scandinavia
• Partnership
• Equity Benefits
• Key Terms
• 8 Gender and Families
• The Parenthood Transition
• Motherhood
• The Motherhood Mandate
• Functionalism
• Conflict Theory
• Challenging the Motherhood Mandate
• Voluntary Childlessness
• Feminism
• Critique
• Fatherhood
• New Fathers
• Children’s Development
• A Fatherhood Mandate
• Parents as Dual Earners
• Children of Employed Women
• The Child Care Crisis
• Children’s Time with Employed Parents
• Critique
• Helicopter Parents
• Intrusion f/or Autonomy
• Hovering Moms
• Gendered Families in Multicultural Perspective
• African American Families
• Ideology of Black Womanhood
• Multiple Risks of Race, Class, and Gender
• Latino Families
• Puerto Rican Families
• Mexican American Families
• Cuban American Families
• Asian American and Pacific Islander Families
• Cultural Diversity
• Challenging Subordination
• Native American Families
• Divorce
• Gender and Adjustment in Divorce
• Gender Beliefs and Emotional Well-Being
• Age
• Employment
• The Impact of Gendered Law in Divorce
• Custody
• Joint Custody
• Gender and Coparenting
• What about the Children?
• Divorce and Poverty
• Dividing Assets
• Child Support
• Remarriage
• Single-Parent Families
• Mothers and the Single-Parent Household
• Solo Parenting Mothers by Choice
• Fathers and the Single-Parent Household
• Gender Patterns in LGBTQ Families
• Same-Sex Marriage
• Gendering LGBTQ Families
• Parenting
• Adoption
• Egalitarianism
• Lesbian Mothers
• Gay Fathers
• Coming Out
• Emerging LGBTQ Families
• Trans Families and Parenting
• Key Terms
• 9 Men and Masculinity
• Historical Notes and Masculine Markers
• Patriarchal Historical Standards
• Between Wars: The Depression
• War and Soldiering
• Korea and Vietnam
• Kuwait, Iraq, and Afghanistan
• Suicide and Soldiering
• Sports
• Brutalized Bodies
• Sports Violence
• On Masculinity
• Hegemonic Masculinity
• Masculinity’s Norms
• Antifeminine Norm
• Interpersonal Relations
• Success Norm
• Gendered Occupations
• Intellectual Success
• Toughness Norm
• Aggression Norm
• Mass Shootings
• Sexual Prowess Norm
• Pornography
• Tenderness Norm
• Images to Reject or Accept?
• Homophobia
• Demography of Homophobia
• Risks of Race and Ethnicity
• Gender
• Masculinity and Homophobic Labels
• Gay Men
• Gay Rights
• Masculinity and Fatherhood
• Images of Fatherhood
• Socialization
• Race and Ethnicity
• Parents as Partners
• Men at Childbirth
• Divorce
• Men at Middle Age and in Later Life
• Retirement
• Masculinity Matters
• Midlife as Crisis
• Women at Midlife
• Men at Midlife
• Widowhood
• Widows
• Widowers
• Gendered Violence
• Rape
• Statistics
• Profile of the Rapist
• Rape on College Campus
• Pornography and Rape
• Domestic and Intimate Partner Violence
• Why Doesn’t She Leave?
• Sociological Perspectives on Sexual Violence
• Men’s Movements in the United States
• Men’s Movements: Rejecting Feminism
• Mythopoetic Men
• African American Men
• Promise Keepers
• Men’s Rights Movements
• Men’s Movements: Supporting Feminism
• National Organization for Men Against Sexism
• LGBTQ Movement
• Men’s Movements: Toward the Future
• Key Terms
• Part III Gender and Social Institutions
• 10 Gender, Work, and the Workplace
• Historical Overview
• The Home as Workplace
• The Industrial Revolution
• Victorian Myths
• War and Jobs
• Balancing Multiple Work and Family Roles
• Employment and Well-Being
• Eldercare
• Unpaid Work
• Money and Mental Health
• Summary
• Gendered Institutions in Employment
• Influence of Family on Workplace
• Socialization
• The Child Care Crisis
• Married with Children: The Demography of Career Achievement
• Career versus Job
• Employer Views
• Economic Trends and the Family
• Law and Public Policy
• Family Leave
• Equal Pay
• Affirmative Action
• Comparable Worth
• Gender and Unemployment
• Recessions
• COVID-19 Recession
• Gender Gap
• Critique
• Women in the Labor Force
• Gender-Typing in Occupational Distribution
• Men on the Escalator
• Women in the Professions
• Medicine
• Law
• STEM
• Summary
• White-Collar Women
• Blue-Collar Women
• Blue-Collar Men
• Job Ratios and Gender Beliefs
• The Wage Gap
• Triple Jeopardy: Gender, Race, and Social Class
• Sexual Orientation: A Paradox?
• Human Capital Model
• Sociological Theory
• Summary
• Corporate Women and Executive Leadership
• Barriers to Corporate Success
• Glass Ceiling
• Advancement and Recruitment
• Performance and Profit
• Agency and Communion
• Sexual Harassment
• Toward Corporate Success
• Diversity
• Women Business Owners
• Types of Business
• Work-Life Balance
• Corporate Deserters
• Gendered Management Styles: The Partnership Alternative
• Global Focus: Japanese Style Management
• Critique
• Global Focus: Women and Microenterprise
• Women’s Entrepreneurship through Microcredit
• Critique
• Neoliberalism and Microcredit
• Social Business
• Key Terms
• 11 Education and Gender Role Change
• A Brief Lesson in History
• The Enlightenment
• Progressive Education
• The Gendered Educational Journey
• Kindergarten and Early Childhood Education
• Jane
• Dick
• Critique
• Elementary and Middle School
• Jane and the Gendered Curriculum
• Dick and the Gendered Curriculum
• Critique
• High School
• The Paradox of Gender and Mathematics
• Explaining the Paradox
• Social Class, Race, and Achievement
• Gendered Tracking and Vocational Education
• Gender in the Hidden Curriculum
• Athletics and Masculinity
• Higher Education
• The Gendered College Classroom
• Major and Career Paths
• Graduate School
• Academic Women
• Tenure
• Gender Issues in Education
• Shortchanged Students: Girls or Boys in Educational Crisis?
• What about the Boys?
• Assessing the Boy Crisis
• College Entrance Exams
• College Enrollment: Race, Social Class, and Age
• What a Degree Buys
• Critique
• Single-Gender Education
• Girls in Single-Gender Classrooms
• Boys in Single-Gender Classrooms
• Critique
• Social Climate
• Gender Parity in College
• College Admissions
• Sexual Harassment in Schools
• Bullying
• Military Schools
• Sexual Harassment or Bullying?
• The Lessons of Title IX
• Politics and Assaults on Title IX
• Discrimination against Men?
• Critique
• Global Focus: Closing the Gender Gap in Education in the Global South
• Assessing Success
• Sustainable Development Goals
• Key Terms
• 12 Religion and Patriarchy
• Rediscovering the Feminine Face of God
• Goddess Images
• Women’s Religious Roles
• Goddess as Creator
• Africa
• Asia
• The Principle of Gender Complementarity
• Critique
• Islam
• Feminist Views of Islam
• Critique
• Muslim Women in the United States
• Hinduism
• The Feminine in Hindu Scripture
• Sati
• Judaism
• Family Life
• Sexuality and Social Control
• The Texts of Terror
• Contemporary Images and Practices
• Christianity
• The Bible and Patriarchy
• Paul’s Writings
• Biblical Men
• Progressive Views of Biblical Women
• Gender Roles and American Christians
• American Protestants
• Mormon Women
• Christianity and Politics
• American Catholics
• Scandal and Sexual Abuse
• Gender, Religiosity, and Leadership
• Gender and Religious Orientation
• Sociological Perspectives
• The Issue of Ordination
• Confucianism and Islam
• Judaism
• Christianity
• Catholicism
• Protestantism
• Clergy Women as Leaders
• Toward Inclusive Theology
• Language of Religion
• God Language
• Reinterpretation of Scripture
• Feminist Theology
• Intersectionality
• Key Terms
• 13 Media
• Print Media
• Magazines
• Fiction
• Articles
• Advertising
• Stereotypes
• Sexualization
• Well-Being
• Resisting Magazine Images
• Subtlety and Subliminals
• Aging and Gender
• The Business of Beauty
• Critique
• Film
• Screen History
• Good Women and Bad Women
• Sexual Violence
• Pairing Sex and Violence
• Aging Females, Ageless Males
• Gender Parity and Film Portrayal
• Critique
• Music
• Rock Music
• Women of Rock
• Challenging Misogyny
• MTV and Music Videos
• Gender Ideology
• Race and Gender
• Critique
• Television
• Gendered Violence
• Boys, Violence, Video Games
• Women and TV Violence
• Prime Time
• Gender Profiles in Drama
• Invisible Women
• Intersecting Gender, Race, and Ethnicity
• Comedy
• Employed Women
• Daytime Television
• Soap Operas
• Reality TV
• TV’s Gendered Exceptions
• Commercials
• Children’s Commercials
• Men’s Images in Media
• Advertising
• Film
• Television
• Situation Comedies: Men in Families
• TV’s Gender, Race, and Class Link
• Middle-Class Men
• Working-Class Men
• Critique
• Gender and Mass Media Industries
• Television
• Broadcast Journalism
• Sports
• Weather
• Critique
• Film
• Directors
• Media and Social Change
• Intersectional Media and Women’s Voices
• Sportswomen
• Changing for Profit and Social Responsibility
• #MeToo
• Critique
• Key Terms
• 14 Power, Politics, and the Law
• Section 1 Law and Public Policy
• Gendered Law and Policy
• Employment
• Bona Fide Occupational Qualification
• Disparate Impact
• Equal Pay Act
• Comparable Worth
• Critique
• Affirmative Action
• Gender–Race Intersection
• Courts
• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
• Education and Title IX
• Courts
• Athletics
• Benefits to Females
• Critique
• Sexual Harassment
• Impact of Sexual Harassment
• Social Construction of Sexual Harassment
• Sexual Harassment and the Supreme Court
• Thomas–Hill
• Kavanaugh–Blasey Ford
• Critique
• Domestic Relations
• Divorce
• Family Economics
• Domestic Abuse and the Courts
• Gendered Rights and Liabilities
• Reproductive Rights
• Legal History
• Hyde Amendment
• Affordable Care Act
• SCOUS
• Pro-Life
• Pro-Choice
• Dialogue
• Crime
• Gender Socialization
• Economics
• Criminal Justice
• Female Leniency?
• Intersecting Race and Gender
• Sex Work: A Case Study
• Critique
• Section 2 Politics
• Gendered Politics
• The Political Gender Gap
• Presidential Voting Patterns
• Gendered Issues
• Intersectional Voting
• Gender and Public Office
• Political Party
• Women in Office
• Appointments
• Barriers and Opportunities for Female Candidates
• Socialization Factors
• Beliefs about Women’s Roles
• Motherhood and Husbands
• Structural Barriers
• Election Lessons: 2008 and 2012
• Election 2008
• The Primary Election
• The General Election
• Election 2012
• Republican Messages to Women
• Democratic Messages to Women
• Critique
• Election 2016: Referendum on Gender
• Pivotal Intersections
• Revisiting Gender and Electability
• Socially Constructing Electability
• Hillary Rodham Clinton
• Leadership
• Donald J. Trump
• Masculinity
• Outright Sexism
• Racism or Sexism?
• Critique
• Midterm Election 2018
• Election 2020: Spotlight on Intersectionality
• Electability
• Vice President Pick
• HRC: The Hillary Factor
• The Equal Rights Amendment
• Ratification’s Rocky Path
• New Christian Right
• Issues of Interpretation
• Military Service
• ERA Coalition
• Ratification
• Feminism in the Twenty-First Century
• Feminist Lessons
• Support for Feminist Goals
• Key Terms
• Glossary
• References
• Index