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• Cover 
• Half title
• Title
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Contents 
• Preface to the Second Edition
• 1. Introducing Concepts in Geochemical Systems
• Overview
• What Is Geochemistry?
• Historical Overview
• Beginning Your Study of Geochemistry
• Geochemical Variables
• Geochemical Systems
• Thermodynamics and Kinetics
• An Example: Comparing Thermodynamic and Kinetic Approaches
• Notes on Problem Solving
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• 2. How Elements Behave
• Overview
• Elements, Atoms, and the Structure of Matter
• Elements and the Periodic Table
• The Atomic Nucleus and Isotopes
• The Basis for Chemical Bonds: The Electron Cloud
• Size, Charge, and Stability
• Elemental Associations
• Bonding
• Perspectives on Bonding
• Structural Implications of Bonding
• Retrospective on Bonding
• Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• 3. A First Look at Thermodynamic Equilibrium
• Overview
• Temperature and Equations of State
• Work
• The First Law of Thermodynamics
• Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Entropy and Disorder
• Reprise: The Internal Energy Function Made Useful
• Auxiliary Functions of State
• Enthalpy
• The Helmholtz Function
• Gibbs Free Energy
• Cleaning Up the Act: Conventions for E, H, F, G, and S
• Composition as a Variable
• Components
• Changes in E, H, F, and G Due to Composition
• Conditions for Heterogeneous Equilibrium
• The Gibbs-Duhem Equation
• Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• 4. How to Handle Solutions
• Overview
• What Is a Solution?
• Crystalline Solid Solutions
• Amorphous Solid Solutions
• Melt Solutions
• Electrolyte Solutions
• Gas Mixtures
• Solutions That Behave Ideally
• Solutions That Behave Nonideally
• Activity in Electrolyte Solutions
• The Mean Salt Method
• The Debye-Hückel Method
• Solubility
• The Ionic Strength Effect
• The Common Ion Effect
• Complex Species
• Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• 5. Diagenesis: A Study in Kinetics
• Overview
• What Is Diagenesis?
• Kinetic Factors in Diagenesis
• Diffusion
• Advection
• Kinetics of Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation
• The Diagenetic Equation
• Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• 6. Organic Matter and Biomarkers: A Different Perspective
• Overview
• Organic Matter in the Global Carbon Cycle
• Organic Matter Production and Cycling in the Oceans
• Fate of Primary Production: Degradation and Diagenesis
• Factors Controlling Accumulation and Preservation
• Preservation by Sorption
• Degradation in Oxic Environments
• Diagenetic Alteration
• Chemical Composition of Biologic Precursors
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Lignin
• Biomarkers
• Application of Biomarkers to Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions
• Alkenone Temperature Records
• Amino Acid Racemization
• Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• 7. Chemical Weathering: Dissolution and Redox Processes
• Overview
• Fundamental Solubility Equilibria
• Silica Solubility
• Solubility of Magnesian Silicates
• Solubility of Gibbsite
• Solubility of Aluminosilicate Minerals
• Rivers as Weathering Indicators
• Agents of Weathering
• Carbon Dioxide
• Organic Acids
• Oxidation-Reduction Processes
• Thermodynamic Conventions for Redox Systems
• Eh-pH Diagrams
• Redox Systems Containing Carbon Dioxide
• Activity-Activity Relationships: The Broader View
• Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• 8. The Oceans and Atmosphere as a Geochemical System
• Overview
• Composition of the Oceans
• A Classification of Dissolved Constituents
• Chemical Variations with Depth
• Composition of the Atmosphere
• Carbonate and the Great Marine Balancing Act
• Some First Principles
• Calcium Carbonate Solubility
• Chemical Modeling of Seawater: A Summary
• Global Mass Balance and Steady State in the Oceans
• Examining the Steady State
• How Does the Steady State Evolve?
• Box Models
• Continuum Models
• A Summary of Ocean-Atmosphere Models
• Gradual Change: The History of Seawater and Air
• Early Outgassing and the Primitive Atmosphere
• The Rise of Oxygen
• Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• 9. Temperature and Pressure Changes: Thermodynamics Again
• Overview
• What Does Equilibrium Really Mean?
• Determining When a System Is in Equilibrium
• The Phase Rule
• Open versus Closed Systems
• Changing Temperature and Pressure
• Temperature Changes and Heat Capacity
• Pressure Changes and Compressibility
• Temperature and Pressure Changes Combined
• A Graphical Look at Changing Conditions: The Clapeyron Equation
• Reactions Involving Fluids
• Raoult’s and Henry’s Laws: Mixing of Several Components
• Standard States and Activity Coefficients
• Solution Models: Activities of Complex Mixtures
• Thermobarometry: Applying What We Have Learned
• Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• 10. Picturing Equilibria: Phase Diagrams
• Overview
• G-X2 Diagrams
• Derivation of T-X2 and P-X2 Diagrams
• T-X2 Diagrams for Real Geochemical Systems
• Simple Crystallization in a Binary System: CaMgSi2O6-CaAl2Si2O8
• Formation of a Chemical Compound in a Binary System: KAlSi2O6-SiO2
• Solid Solution in a Binary System: NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8
• Unmixing in a Binary System: NaAlSi3O8-KAlSi
• Thermodynamic Calculation of Phase Diagrams
• Binary Phase Diagrams Involving Fluids
• P-T Diagrams
• Systems with Three Components
• Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• 11. Kinetics and Crystallization
• Overview
• Effect of Temperature on Kinetic Processes
• Diffusion
• Nucleation
• Nucleation in Melts
• Nucleation in Solids
• Growth
• Interface-Controlled Growth
• Diffusion-Controlled Growth
• Some Applications of Kinetics
• Aragonite — Calcite: Growth as the Rate-Limiting Step
• Iron Meteorites: Diffusion as the Rate-Limiting Step
• Bypassing Theory: Controlled Cooling Rate Experiments
• Bypassing Theory Again: Crystal Size Distributions
• Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• 12. The Solid Earth as a Geochemical System
• Overview
• Reservoirs in the Solid Earth
• Composition of the Crust
• Composition of the Mantle
• Composition of the Core
• Fluxes in the Solid Earth
• Cycling between Crust and Mantle
• Heat Exchange between Mantle and Core
• Fluids and the Irreversible Formation of Continental Crust
• Melting in the Mantle
• Thermodynamic Effects of Melting
• Types of Melting Behavior
• Causes of Melting
• Differentiation in Melt-Crystal Systems
• Fractional Crystallization
• Chemical Variation Diagrams
• Liquid Immiscibility
• The Behavior of Trace Elements
• Trace Element Fractionation during Melting and Crystallization
• Compatible and Incompatible Elements
• Volatile Elements
• Crust and Mantle Fluid Compositions
• Mantle and Crust Reservoirs for Fluids
• Cycling of Fluids between Crust and Mantle
• Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• 13. Using Stable Isotopes
• Overview
• Historical Perspective
• What Makes Stable Isotopes Useful?
• Mass Fractionation and Bond Strength
• Geologic Interpretations Based on Isotopic Fractionation
• Thermometry
• Isotopic Evolution of the Oceans
• Fractionation in the Hydrologic Cycle
• Fractionation in Geothermal and Hydrothermal Systems
• Fractionation in Sedimentary Basins
• Fractionation among Biogenic Compounds
• Isotopic Fractionation around Marine Oil and Gas Seeps
• Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• 14. Using Radioactive Isotopes
• Overview
• Principles of Radioactivity
• Nuclide Stability
• Decay Mechanisms
• Rate of Radioactive Decay
• Decay Series and Secular Equilibrium
• Geochronology
• Potassium-Argon System
• Rubidium-Strontium System
• Samarium-Neodymium System
• Uranium-Thorium-Lead System
• Extinct Radionuclides
• Fission Tracks
• Geochemical Applications of Induced Radioactivity
• Neutron Activation Analysis
• 40Argon-39 Argon Geochronology
• Cosmic-Ray Exposure
• Radionuclides as Tracers of Geochemical Processes
• Heterogeneity of the Earth’s Mantle
• Magmatic Assimilation
• Subduction of Sediments
• Isotopic Composition of the Oceans
• Degassing of the Earth’s Interior to Form the Atmosphere
• Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• 15. Stretching Our Horizons: Cosmochemistry
• Overview
• Why Study Cosmochemistry?
• Origin and Abundance of the Elements
• Nucleosynthesis in Stars
• Cosmic Abundance Patterns
• Chondrites as Sources of Cosmochemical Data
• Cosmochemical Behavior of Elements
• Controls on Cosmochemical Behavior
• Chemical Fractionations Observed in Chondrites
• Condensation of the Elements
• How Equilibrium Condensation Works
• The Condensation Sequence
• Evidence for Condensation in Chondrites
• Infusion of Matter from Outside the Solar System
• Isotopic Diversity in Meteorites
• A Supernova Trigger?
• The Discovery of Stardust in Chondrites
• The Most Volatile Materials: Organic Compounds and Ices
• Extraterrestrial Organic Compounds
• Ices—The Only Thing Left
• A Time Scale for Creation
• Estimating the Bulk Compositions of Planets
• Some Constraints on Cosmochemical Models
• The Equilibrium Condensation Model
• The Heterogeneous Accretion Model
• The Chondrite Mixing Model
• Planetary Models: Cores and Mantles
• Summary
• Suggested Readings
• Problems
• Appendices
• Appendix A: Mathematical Methods
• Appendix B: Finding and Evaluating Geochemical Data
• Appendix C: Numerical Values of Geochemical Interest
• Glossary
• Index