Efnisyfirlit

• Cover Page
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Preface
• Contents
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• List of Contributors
• Notes on the Editors
• Unit Conversion Tables
• Chapter 1 Geothermal Background
• Aims
• Objectives
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.1.1 Brief geothermal history
• 1.1.2 Present status of geothermal utilization
• 1.2 Nature of Geothermal Resources
• 1.2.1 The Earth’s thermal engine
• 1.2.2 Geothermal systems
• 1.3 Definition and Classification of Geothermal Resources
• 1.4 Exploration
• 1.4.1 Objectives of exploration
• 1.4.2 Exploration methods
• 1.4.3 Exploration programme
• 1.5 Utilization of Geothermal Resources
• 1.5.1 Electricity generation
• 1.5.2 Direct heat uses
• 1.5.3 Economic considerations
• 1.6 Environmental Impact
• 1.6.1 Sources of pollution
• 1.7 Final Considerations
• References
• Self-Assessment Questions
• Answers
• Chapter 2 Electricity Generation
• Aims
• Objectives
• 2.1 Technical Features of Plant Options
• 2.1.1 Atmospheric exhaust conventional steam turbine
• 2.1.2 Condensing exhaust conventional steam turbine
• 2.1.3 Binary plant
• 2.1.4 Biphase rotary separator turbo-alternator
• 2.2 Well-Head Generating Units
• 2.2.1 Economic considerations regarding small geothermal plants
• Reference
• Recommended Literature
• Appendix A Thermodynamics of Cycles
• A.1 Thermodynamics of flash process
• A.2 Thermodynamics of organic Rankine cycle
• A.3 Thermodynamics of biphase process
• Appendix B Principal Manufacturers
• B.1 Manufacturers of conventional atmospheric exhaust or condensing steam turbine plants
• B.2 Manufacturers of geothermal binary plants
• B.3 Manufacturers of geothermal biphase rotary separator plants
• Self-Assessment Questions
• Answers
• Chapter 3 Space and District Heating
• Aims
• Objectives
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.1.1 Preamble
• 3.1.2 Utilization of low-temperature geothermal resources
• 3.2 Resource Considerations
• 3.2.1 Resource development
• 3.2.2 Temperature of fluid
• 3.2.3 Available flow rates
• 3.2.4 Chemistry of fluids
• 3.2.5 Distance from potential market
• 3.3 Space Heating (or Cooling) Needs
• 3.3.1 Climate
• 3.3.2 Population, population density
• 3.3.3 Building types
• 3.3.4 Techno-economic aspects
• 3.4 Hot Water Collection and Transmission System
• 3.4.1 Types of district heating systems
• 3.4.2 Pipe systems
• 3.5 Equipment Selection
• 3.5.1 Down-hole pumps
• 3.5.2 De-gassing tanks
• 3.5.3 Heat exchangers
• 3.5.4 Radiators
• 3.5.5 Control equipment
• 3.5.6 Heat pumps
• 3.6 Economic Considerations
• 3.6.1 Cost of drilling
• 3.6.2 Cost of pipeline
• 3.6.3 Capital investment
• 3.6.4 Operating cost
• 3.6.5 Cost of improving heat efficiency of buildings
• 3.6.6 Cost of alternative thermal energy sources
• 3.7 Tariffs
• 3.7.1 Sales policies and metering
• 3.8 Integrated Uses
• 3.9 Environmental Considerations
• 3.9.1 Chemical pollution
• 3.9.2 Thermal pollution
• 3.9.3 Physical effects
• 3.9.4 Social and economic considerations
• Recommended Literature
• Self-Assessment Questions
• Answers
• Chapter 4 Space Cooling
• Aims
• Objectives
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Air Conditioning
• 4.2.1 Lithium bromide/water cycle machines
• 4.2.2 Performance
• 4.2.3 Large tonnage equipment costs
• 4.2.4 Small tonnage equipment
• 4.3 Commercial Refrigeration
• 4.3.1 Water/ammonia cycle machines
• 4.4 Absorption Research
• 4.5 Materials
• 4.6 Conclusions
• References
• Self-Assessment Questions
• Answers
• Chapter 5 Greenhouse Heating
• Aims
• Objectives
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Energy Aspects of Protected Crop Cultivation
• 5.2.1 Why protected crop cultivation?
• 5.2.2 Greenhouse climate
• 5.3 Characteristics of Heat Consumption
• 5.4 Technical Solutions for Geothermal Greenhouse Heating
• 5.4.1 Factors influencing the choice of technological solution
• 5.4.2 Hot-water transmission systems
• 5.4.3 Combined uses
• 5.5 Geothermal Greenhouse Heating Installations
• 5.5.1 Classification
• 5.5.2 Soil heating installations
• 5.5.3 Soil–air heating installations
• 5.5.4 Aerial pipe heating installations and convectors
• 5.5.5 Fan-assisted convectors
• 5.5.6 Other types of heating installation
• 5.6 Factors Influencing the Choice of Heating Installation
• 5.6.1 Temperature profiles in the greenhouse
• 5.6.2 Economic aspects
• 5.6.3 Operating problems
• 5.6.4 Environmental aspects
• 5.6.5 Adaptation of technological solutions to local conditions
• 5.7 Final Considerations
• References
• Self-Assessment Questions
• Answers
• Chapter 6 Aquaculture
• Aims
• Objectives
• 6.1 Introduction to Geothermal Aquaculture
• 6.1.1 Background
• 6.1.2 Examples of geothermal projects
• 6.1.3 General design and considerations
• 6.1.4 Additional information
• Self-Assessment Questions
• Answers
• 6.2 Aquaculture Technology
• 6.2.1 Introduction
• 6.2.2 Heat exchange processes
• 6.2.3 Reduction of heating requirements
• 6.2.4 Flow requirements
• Self-Assessment Questions
• Answers
• Chapter 7 Industrial Applications
• Aims
• Objectives
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Examples of Industrial Applications of Geothermal Energy
• 7.2.1 Pulp, paper and wood processing
• 7.2.2 Diatomite plant
• 7.2.3 Vegetable dehydration
• 7.2.4 Other industrial uses
• 7.3 Selected Industrial Applications
• 7.3.1 Pulp and paper mill (Hornburg and Lindal, 1978)
• 7.3.2 Drying lumber (VTN-CSL, 1977)
• 7.3.3 Crop drying (Lienau, 1978)
• 7.3.4 Vegetable and fruit dehydration (Lienau, 1978)
• 7.3.5 Potato processing (Lienau, 1978)
• 7.3.6 Heap leaching (Trexler et al., 1987, 1990)
• 7.3.7 Waste-water treatment plant (Racine et al., 1981)
• References
• Self-Assessment Questions
• Answers
• Chapter 8 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation
• Aim
• Objectives
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Physical Impacts
• 8.2.1 Land and the landscape
• 8.2.2 Noise
• 8.2.3 Natural geothermal features
• 8.2.4 Heat-tolerant vegetation
• 8.2.5 Hydrothermal eruptions
• 8.2.6 Subsidence
• 8.2.7 Induced seismicity
• 8.2.8 Thermal effects of waste discharge
• 8.2.9 Water usage
• 8.2.10 Solid wastes
• 8.3 Impacts on Air Quality
• 8.3.1 Composition of gas discharges
• 8.3.2 Toxic and environmental effects
• 8.4 Impacts on Water Quality
• 8.4.1 Composition of fluid discharges
• 8.4.2 Toxicity and environmental effects
• 8.5 Social Impacts
• 8.6 Workplace Impacts
• 8.6.1 Exposure to airborne contaminants
• 8.6.2 Exposure to liquid contaminants
• 8.6.3 Exposure to noise
• 8.6.4 Exposure to heat
• 8.6.5 OSH criteria and standards
• 8.7 Legislation and Eia
• 8.7.1 Environmental impact assessment
• 8.7.2 The consent application and award process
• 8.7.3 Monitoring programmes
• 8.7.4 The future
• References
• Recommended Literature
• Self-Assessment Questions
• Answers
• Chapter 9 Economics and Financing
• Aims
• Objectives
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Economic Considerations
• 9.2.1 Provision of fuel
• 9.2.2 Project design and facility construction
• 9.2.3 Revenue generation
• 9.3 Financing Considerations
• 9.3.1 Institutional framework
• 9.3.2 Financing approaches and sources
• 9.3.3 Contracts and risk allocation
• References
• Self-Assessment Questions
• Answers