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• Contents
• Dedication
• Introduction
• Acknowledgments
• The Editors
• The Contributors
• Part 1: Our Changing Planet: Emergent Risks for Human Health
• Chapter 1: Primer on Climate Science
• Scientific Consensus
• Weather, Climate Variability, Climate Change, and Scientific Theory
• Energy Balance
• Greenhouse Gases
• The Greenhouse Effect
• Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Potential
• Residence Time of GHG and Climate Change Commitment
• Solar Radiation Cycles
• Summary
• Evidence of a Changing Climate
• Temperature
• Diurnal Temperature Cycles
• Seasonal Temperature Cycles
• Urban Heat Island
• Hydrological Cycle
• Sea Ice Extent, Sea Level, and Ocean Acidification
• Summary
• Climate Models
• Climate Projections, Uncertainty, and Climate Feedbacks
• Summary
• Projected Future Climate Changes
• Increasing Temperatures
• Extreme Heat Events
• Hydrological Cycle
• Sea Ice Extent, Sea Level, Ocean Acidification, Glacial Extent, and Snow Cover
• Conclusion
• Chapter 2: Extreme Weather Events: The Role of Public Health in Disaster Risk Reduction as a Means f
• Disasters Caused by Extreme Weather Events
• Scope of the Problem
• Public Health Impact of Extreme Weather Disasters
• Mortality due to Extreme Weather Disasters
• Morbidity due to Extreme Weather Disasters
• Managing the Public Health Risk of Extreme Weather Disasters
• Disaster Risk
• Principles of Disaster Risk Management
• Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
• Sustainable Development and Resilience to Extreme Weather Events
• Building Public Health Resilience in Sustainable Communities
• Conclusion
• Chapter 3: Extreme and Changing Meteorological Conditions on the Human Health Condition
• Social, Environmental, and Individual Factors within Well-Known Climate-Related Health Risks
• Extreme Heat
• Flooding and Extreme Precipitation Events
• Water Quality
• Vector-Borne Disease
• Case Study
• Social Vulnerability
• Physical Vulnerability
• Identifying Risk
• Conclusion
• Part 2: The Health Consequences of Climate Change
• Chapter 4: Changes in Hydrology and Its Impacts on Waterborne Disease
• Changes in Hydrology due to Climate Change
• Water Temperature
• Precipitation
• Droughts
• Flooding
• Waterborne Pathogens
• Campylobacter
• Salmonella
• Cryptosporidium
• Norovirus
• Vibrio (Noncholera)
• Other Infectious Diseases
• Adaptation Strategies
• Conclusion
• Chapter 5: Ozone, Oppressive Air Masses, and Degraded Air Quality
• Climate Change and Air Quality
• Effects of Rising Temperatures
• Meteorological Variables
• Transport of Air Pollution
• Chemical Transformation
• Cloud Formation and Deposition of Air Pollutants
• Ground-Level Ozone
• Particulates: Sources and Health Effects
• Mold and Fungi
• Air Pollution–Vulnerable Populations
• Double-Whammy for People with Asthma
• Future Projections of Climate Change’s Effects on Air Pollution
• Mitigation: Health Benefits of Reducing Carbon Pollution and Associated Co-Pollutant Air Pollution
• Triple Wins: Cutting Carbon Pollution and Air Pollution, and Improving Community Health
• Adaptation: Climate Health Preparedness and Reducing Air Pollution Vulnerability
• Conclusion
• Chapter 6: Effects of Climate Change on Noninfectious Waterborne Threats
• Harmful Algal Blooms
• Freshwater cyanobacteria
• Marine Algae
• Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms
• Conclusion
• Chapter 7: Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, and Public Health: The Plant Biology Perspective
• Direct Consequences
• Aerobiology
• Plants and Fungi
• Contact Dermatitis
• Toxicology
• Physical Contact
• Indirect Consequences
• Food and Nutrition
• Pharmacology
• Pesticide Use
• Uncertainties and Research Priorities
• Aerobiology
• Conclusion
• Chapter 8: Climate and Its Impacts on Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
• Malaria
• Etiology
• Linkages to the Climate
• Malaria in the African Highlands
• The Recent Expansion of Dengue
• Etiology
• Linkages to the Climate
• The Sudden Emergence of West Nile Virus–Associated Illnesses
• Etiology
• Linkages to the Climate
• Lyme Disease in the United States
• Etiology
• Linkages to the Climate
• Rabies in Wild Carnivores and Bats
• Etiology
• Linkages to the Climate
• Conclusion
• Chapter 9: Addressing the Challenges of Climate Change to Food Security, Safety, and Nutrition
• Climate Change and Food Security: Impacts on Availability, Stability, Access, and Food Utilization
• Climate Change Impacts on Food Availability: Food Production and Trade
• Climate Change Impacts on Food Stability and Access
• Climate Change and Food Utilization
• Climate Change and Food Safety
• Microbiological Food Contamination and Associated Food-Borne Diseases
• Food Contamination with Biotoxins
• Environmental Contaminants and Chemical Residues in the Food Chain
• Agriculture Impacts on Climate Change
• Biofuel Production Challenges for Food Security and Nutrition
• Climate Change and Undernutrition
• Pathways through Which Climate Change Af ects Nutrition
• Nutrition-Sensitive Climate Change Adaptation
• Direct Nutrition Interventions to Build Resilience to Climate Change Impacts
• Sustainable, Climate-Resilient, and Nutrition-Sensitive Agricultural Development
• Access to Maternal and Child Care, Reproductive Health Services, Safe Water and Sanitation Systems,
• Social Protection Schemes That Have Proven Ef ective in Addressing Undernutrition and Building Resil
• Empowerment and Social Participation within Climate- Resilient and Nutrition-Sensitive Community-Bas
• Nutrition-Sensitive Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
• Nutrition-Sensitive Climate Change Mitigation
• Implications of Dietary Patterns to Climate and Nutrition
• Cobenefits of Sustainable Food Production, Sustainable Food Consumption, and Food Waste Reduction
• Policy Coherence and Good Governance for Climate Change and Nutrition
• Conclusion
• Chapter 10: Climate Change and Population Mental Health
• Mechanisms
• Natural Disasters
• Forced Migration
• Economics, Geopolitics, and Violent Conflict
• Physical Health
• A Disproportionate Burden
• Conclusion
• Part 3: The Public Health Approach to Climate Change
• Chapter 11: Improving the Surveillance of Climate-Sensitive Diseases
• Environmental Monitoring
• Health Surveillance for Climate Risks
• The SUPREME System in Québec, Canada
• The Experience of the Brazilian Climate and Health Observatory
• Risk Mapping Approaches
• Syndromic Surveillance for the Analysis of Extreme Weather Events in France
• Pollens and Allergies
• Decision Making from Surveillance Information
• Help in Health Emergency Management
• Effectiveness of Prevention and Adaptation Measures
• Identification and Ranking of Hazardous Situations
• Communication
• Future Improvements to Be Promoted
• Conclusion
• Chapter 12: Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessments: A Practical Approach
• What Health Issues Should a Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment Cover?
• What Other Nonclimate Factors Should Be Considered?
• Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment
• Framing and Scoping the Assessment
• Understanding the Current Situation
• Understanding Future Impacts on Health
• Identifying and Prioritizing Health Adaptation Measures
• Integration, Implementation, and Iteration
• Conclusion
• Chapter 13: Climate Change Health Impact Projections: Looking into the Future
• A Conceptual Overview of Climate Change Health Impact Projections
• Modeling
• Modeling Climate Change Health Impacts
• Merging Data Streams in the Climate Change Health Impact Model
• Climate Change Health Impact Projections in the Health Literature
• Characterization of Risk
• Frontiers in Climate Change Health Impact Projection
• Conclusion
• Chapter 14: Community-Based Sentinel Surveillance as an Innovative Tool to Measure the Health Ef ect
• The Public Health Context: Sentinel Surveillance and Community-Based Research in Public Health
• Sentinel Surveillance
• Challenges to Clinically Based Surveillance Systems
• Studies Employing This Methodology
• Climate and Health in the Far North
• What Is the Arctic? What Is the Circumpolar North?
• Vulnerability in the Circumpolar North
• Public Health in Alaska
• Alaska’s Distinct Ecoregions
• What We Did and Why
• The Study Approach
• Community Vulnerability Self-Assessments
• Findings, Reporting Back to the Community, and Adaptation Plans
• Findings by Region
• Conclusion
• Chapter 15: Protecting Environmental Justice Communities from the Detrimental Impacts of Climate Cha
• Climate Resiliency and Environmental Justice
• Cumulative Impacts, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change
• Air Quality, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change
• Heat Waves, Environmental Justice, and Climate Change
• Extreme Weather Events and Environmental Justice
• Evacuation
• Impacts
• Recovery
• Indigenous Rights and Climate Change
• Summary and Recommendations
• Summary
• Recommendations
• Conclusion
• Chapter 16: Climate Change Communication
• Public Understanding of Climate Change and Principles of Climate Change Communication
• Communicating the Impacts of Climate Change
• Communicating Climate Change through a Focus on Health
• Conclusion
• Part 4: Taking Action: Adaptation, Mitigation, and Governance
• Chapter 17: International Perspective on Climate Change Adaptation
• Historical Perspective
• Framework for Adaptation
• Assessing Adaptation Needs and Options
• National Adaptation Programmes of Action and National Adaptation Plans
• Adaptation Options
• Incremental Adaptation: Improving Health System Functions
• Transitional Adaptation
• Costs of Adaptation or Inaction
• Cobenefits of Health Adaptation Strategies
• Conclusion
• Chapter 18: Health Cobenei ts of Climate Mitigation Strategies
• Climate Change Impacts, Mitigation Strategies, and Cobenefits
• Transportation and Land Use
• Agriculture Systems
• Electricity and Energy Production
• Buildings
• Urban Greening
• Market Mechanisms
• Women’s Rights, Population Growth, and Consumption
• Conclusion
• Chapter 19: Mitigation: International Institutions and Global Governance
• The Climate Threat for Human Health
• Climate Change Governance
• UNFCCC and Health
• Beyond the UNFCCC Process
• The IPCC
• Other UN Bodies
• Regional and Plurilateral Organizations
• Public Health Governance
• Clinical Correlations
• Recent US Government Activities on Climate and Health
• Disaster Relief/Migration: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
• Way Forward
• Conclusion
• Chapter 20: Climate Change and the Right to Health
• What Is the Right to Health?
• Climate Change and Its Impact on the Right to Health
• Human Rights–Based Approaches to Climate Change
• Conclusion
• Index
• End User License Agreement