Efnisyfirlit

• Instructions for online access
• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• List of Illustrations
• List of Tables
• SECTION I. The Epidemiologic Approach to Disease and Intervention
• Introduction
• 1.  Introduction
• What is epidemiology?
• Objectives of epidemiology
• Epidemiology and prevention
• Epidemiology and clinical practice
• Epidemiologic approach
• From observations to preventive actions
• When the frequency of a disease declines, who deserves the credit?
• Integrating prevention and treatment
• Conclusion
• References
• 2.  The dynamics of disease transmission
• Modes of transmission
• Clinical and subclinical disease
• Carrier status
• Endemic, epidemic, and pandemic
• Disease outbreaks
• Immunity and susceptibility
• Herd immunity
• Incubation period
• Attack rate
• Exploring occurrence of disease
• Outbreak investigation
• Conclusion
• Review questions for chapter 2
• References
• 3.  The occurrence of disease: I. Disease surveillance and measures of morbidity
• Surveillance
• Stages of disease in an individual and in a population
• Measures of morbidity
• Conclusion
• Review questions for chapter 3
• References
• 4.  The occurrence of disease: II. Mortality and other measures of disease impact
• Measures of mortality
• Comparing mortality in different populations
• Other measures of the impact of disease
• Conclusion
• Review questions for chapter 4
• References
• 5.  Assessing the validity and reliability of diagnostic and screening tests
• Biologic variation of human populations
• Validity of screening tests
• Use of multiple tests
• Predictive value of a test
• Reliability (repeatability) of tests
• Relationship between validity and reliability
• Conclusion
• Appendices to chapter 5
• Review questions for chapter 5
• References
• 6.  The natural history of disease: Ways of expressing prognosis
• Case-fatality
• Person-years
• Five-year survival
• Observed survival
• The kaplan-meier method
• Assumptions made in using life tables and kaplan-meier method
• Apparent effects on prognosis of improvements in diagnosis
• Median survival time
• Relative survival
• Generalizability of survival data
• Conclusion
• Review questions for chapter 6
• References
• SECTION II. Using Epidemiology to Identify the Cause of Disease
• 7.  Observational studies
• Case reports and case series
• Ecologic studies
• Cross-sectional studies
• Case-control studies
• Conclusion
• Review questions for chapter 7
• References
• 8.  Cohort studies
• Design of a cohort study
• Selection of study populations
• Types of cohort studies
• Examples of cohort studies
• Cohort studies for investigating childhood health and disease
• Potential biases in cohort studies
• When is a cohort study warranted?
• Case-control studies based within a defined cohort
• Conclusion
• Review questions for chapter 8
• References
• 9.  Comparing cohort and case-control studies
• 10.  Assessing preventive and therapeutic interventions: Randomized trials
• Selection of subjects
• Allocating subjects to treatment groups without randomization
• Allocating subjects using randomization
• Data collection on subjects
• Crossover
• Factorial design
• Noncompliance
• Conclusion
• Review questions for chapters 10 and 11 are at the end of chapter 11.
• References
• 11.  Randomized trials: Some further issues
• Sample size
• Recruitment and retention of study participants
• Ways of expressing the results of randomized trials
• Interpreting the results of randomized trials
• Four phases in testing new drugs in the United States
• Three major randomized trials and clinical development programs in the United States
• Registration of clinical trials
• Ethical considerations
• Systematic reviews and meta-analysis
• Conclusion
• Epilogue
• Review questions for chapters 10 and 11
• References
• 12.  Estimating risk: Is there an association?
• Absolute risk
• How do we determine whether a certain disease is associated with a certain exposure?
• Relative risk
• Odds ratio (relative odds)
• Conclusion
• Review questions for chapter 12
• Appendix to chapter 12
• References
• 13.  More on risk: Estimating the potential for prevention
• Attributable risk
• Comparison of relative risk and attributable risk
• Conclusion
• Review questions for chapter 13
• Appendix to chapter 13: Levin’s formula for the attributable risk for the total population
• References
• 14.  From association to causation: Deriving inferences from epidemiologic studies
• Approaches for studying disease etiology
• Types of associations
• Types of causal relationships
• Evidence for a causal relationship
• Guidelines for judging whether an observed association is causal
• Deriving causal inferences: Two examples
• Modifications of the guidelines for causal inferences
• Conclusion
• Review questions for chapter 14
• References
• 15.  More on causal inference: Bias, confounding, and interaction
• Bias
• Confounding
• Interaction
• Conclusion
• Review questions for chapter 15
• References
• 16.  Identifying the roles of genetic and environmental factors in disease causation
• Traditional genetics
• Complex diseases
• Time trends in disease incidence
• How genetic markers are used to map genes controlling risk to diseases, including complex diseases
• Race and ancestry in genetic association studies
• Interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors
• Precision medicine
• Prospects for the future
• Conclusion
• Review questions for chapter 16
• References
• SECTION III. Applying Epidemiology to Evaluation and Policy
• 17.  Using epidemiology to evaluate health services
• Studies of process and outcome
• Efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency
• Measures of outcome
• Comparing epidemiologic studies of disease etiology and epidemiologic research evaluating effectiveness of health services
• Evaluation using group data
• Evaluation using individual data
• Conclusion
• Review questions for chapter 17
• References
• 18.  Epidemiologic approach to evaluating screening programs
• Natural history of disease
• Pattern of disease progression
• Methodologic issues
• Study designs for evaluating screening: Nonrandomized and randomized studies
• Problems in assessing the sensitivity and specificity of screening tests
• Interpreting study results that show no benefit of screening
• Cost-benefit analysis of screening
• Conclusion
• Review questions for chapter 18
• References
• 19.  Epidemiology and public policy
• Epidemiology and prevention
• Population approaches versus high-risk approaches to prevention
• Epidemiology and clinical medicine: Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women
• Epidemiology and regulatory decisions: Anemia treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease
• Epidemiology and public health policy
• Risk assessment
• Systematic reviews and meta-analyses
• Publication bias
• Epidemiology in the courts
• Sources and impact of uncertainty
• Policy issues regarding risk: What should the objectives be?
• Conclusion
• References
• 20.  Ethical and professional issues in epidemiology
• Ethical issues in epidemiology
• Investigators’ obligations to study subjects
• Protecting privacy and confidentiality
• Access to data
• Race and ethnicity in epidemiologic studies
• Conflict of interest
• Interpreting findings
• Conclusion
• References
• Answers
• Index
• Gordis Epidemiology 6e
• Review question answers for ebooks