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• Instructions for online access
• Cover image
• Title Page
• Table of Contents
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Preface
• Unit I Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
• Chapter 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment”
• Cells are the Living Units of the Body
• Extracellular Fluid—the “Internal Environment”
• Homeostasis—Maintenance of A Nearly Constant Internal Environment
• Control Systems of the Body
• Summary—Automaticity of the Body
• Bibliography
• Chapter 2 The Cell and Its Functions
• Organization of the Cell
• Physical Structure of the Cell
• Comparison of the Animal Cell with Precellular Forms of Life
• Functional Systems of the Cell
• Locomotion of Cells
• Bibliography
• Chapter 3 Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction
• Genes in the Cell Nucleus Control Protein Synthesis
• The DNA Code in the Cell Nucleus is Transferred to RNA Code in the Cell Cytoplasm—The Process of Transcription
• Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell
• Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells
• The DNA–Genetic System Controls Cell Reproduction
• Cell Differentiation
• Apoptosis—Programmed Cell Death
• Cancer
• Bibliography
• Unit II Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle
• Chapter 4 Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes
• The Cell Membrane Consists of a Lipid Bilayer with Cell Membrane Transport Proteins
• Diffusion
• “Active Transport” of Substances Through Membranes
• Bibliography
• Chapter 5 Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials
• Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials
• Measuring the Membrane Potential
• Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons
• Neuron Action Potential
• Propagation of the Action Potential
• Re-Establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials are Completed—Importance of Energy Metabolism
• Plateau in Some Action Potentials
• Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues—Repetitive Discharge
• Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks
• Bibliography
• Chapter 6 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
• Physiological Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
• General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
• Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
• Energetics of Muscle Contraction
• Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction
• Bibliography
• Chapter 7 Excitation of Skeletal Muscle
• Transmission of Impulses from Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers: the Neuromuscular Junction
• Muscle Action Potential
• Excitation-Contraction Coupling
• Bibliography
• Chapter 8 Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle
• Contraction of Smooth Muscle
• Regulation of Contraction by Calcium Ions
• Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction
• Bibliography
• Unit III The Heart
• Chapter 9 Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves
• Physiology of Cardiac Muscle
• Cardiac Cycle
• Regulation of Heart Pumping
• Bibliography
• Chapter 10 Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart
• Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart
• Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart
• Bibliography
• Chapter 11 The Normal Electrocardiogram
• Characteristics of the Normal Electrocardiogram
• Flow of Current Around the Heart During the Cardiac Cycle
• Electrocardiographic Leads
• Methods for Recording Electrocardiograms
• Bibliography
• Chapter 12 Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities
• Principles of Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms
• Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram
• Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular QRS and Its Significance
• Conditions that Cause Abnormal Voltages of the QRS Complex
• Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the QRS Complex
• Current of Injury
• Abnormalities in the T Wave
• Bibliography
• Chapter 13 Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation
• Abnormal Sinus Rhythms
• Abnormal Rhythms that Result from Block of Heart Signals within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways
• Premature Contractions
• Paroxysmal Tachycardia
• Ventricular Fibrillation
• Atrial Fibrillation
• Atrial Flutter
• Cardiac Arrest
• Bibliography
• Unit IV The Circulation
• Chapter 14 Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance
• Physical Characteristics of the Circulation
• Basic Principles of Circulatory Function
• Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance
• Bibliography
• Chapter 15 Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems
• Vascular Distensibility
• Arterial Pressure Pulsations
• Veins and Their Functions
• Bibliography
• Chapter 16 The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System
• Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System
• Flow of Blood in the Capillaries—Vasomotion
• Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid
• Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid
• Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries is Determined by Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressures and the Capillary Filtration Coefficient
• Lymphatic System
• Bibliography
• Chapter 17 Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow
• Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs
• Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control
• Humoral Control of the Circulation
• Bibliography
• Chapter 18 Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure
• Nervous Regulation of the Circulation
• Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure
• Bibliography
• Chapter 19 Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension
• Renal–Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control
• The Renin-Angiotensin System: Its Role in Arterial Pressure Control
• Summary of the Integrated, Multifaceted System for Arterial Pressure Regulation
• Bibliography
• Chapter 20 Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
• Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity
• Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return—The Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart
• Pathologically High or Low Cardiac Outputs
• Methods for Measuring Cardiac Output
• Bibliography
• Chapter 21 Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease
• Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise
• Coronary Circulation
• Bibliography
• Chapter 22 Cardiac Failure
• Circulatory Dynamics in Cardiac Failure
• Unilateral Left Heart Failure
• Low-Output Cardiac Failure—Cardiogenic Shock
• Edema in Patients with Cardiac Failure
• Cardiac Reserve
• Bibliography
• Chapter 23 Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects
• Heart Sounds
• Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease
• Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects
• Use of Extracorporeal Circulation during Cardiac Surgery
• Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease
• Bibliography
• Chapter 24 Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment
• Physiological Causes of Shock
• Shock Caused by Hypovolemia—Hemorrhagic Shock
• Neurogenic Shock—Increased Vascular Capacity
• Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine Shock
• Septic Shock
• Physiology of Treatment in Shock
• Circulatory Arrest
• Bibliography
• Unit V The Body Fluids and Kidneys
• Chapter 25 The Body Fluid Compartments
• Fluid Intake and Output are Balanced during Steady-State Conditions
• Body Fluid Compartments
• Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids
• Measurement of Fluid Volumes in the Different Body Fluid Compartments—the Indicator-Dilution Principle
• Determination of Volumes of Specific Body Fluid Compartments
• Regulation of Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid
• Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States
• Glucose and Other Solutions Administered for Nutritive Purposes
• Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
• Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues
• Fluids in the “Potential Spaces” of the Body
• Bibliography
• Chapter 26 The Urinary System
• Multiple Functions of the Kidneys
• Physiological Anatomy of the Kidneys
• Micturition
• Urine Formation Results From Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion
• Bibliography
• Chapter 27 Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control
• Glomerular Filtration—the First Step in Urine Formation
• Determinants of the GFR
• Renal Blood Flow
• Physiological Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow
• Autoregulation of GFR and Renal Blood Flow
• Bibliography
• Chapter 28 Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
• Tubular Reabsorption is Quantitatively Large and Highly Selective
• Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms
• Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron
• Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption
• Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function
• Bibliography
• Chapter 29 Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
• Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming Dilute Urine
• Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting Concentrated Urine
• Special Characteristics of the Loop of Henle That Cause Solutes to be Trapped in the Renal Medulla
• Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
• Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System
• Importance of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
• Bibliography
• Chapter 30 Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
• Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Potassium Concentration and Potassium Excretion
• Control of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration
• Control of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration
• Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid
• Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance
• Distribution of Extracellular Fluid between the Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System
• Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase the Effectiveness of Renal–Body Fluid Feedback Control
• Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake
• Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
• Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume but with Normal Blood Volume
• Bibliography
• Chapter 31 Acid-Base Regulation
• H+ Concentration is Precisely Regulated
• Acids and Bases—Their Definitions and Meanings
• Defending Against Changes in H+ Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys
• Buffering of H+ in the Body Fluids
• Bicarbonate Buffer System
• Phosphate Buffer System
• Proteins are Important Intracellular Buffers
• Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
• Renal Control of Acid-Base Balance
• Secretion of H+ and Reabsorption of HCO3− by the Renal Tubules
• Combination of Excess H+ with Phosphate and Ammonia Buffers in the Tubule Generates “New” HCO3−
• Quantifying Renal Acid-Base Excretion
• Renal Correction of Acidosis—Increased Excretion of H+ and Addition of HCO3− to the Extracellular Fluid
• Renal Correction of Alkalosis—Decreased Tubular Secretion of H+ and Increased Excretion of HCO3−
• Clinical Causes of Acid-Base Disorders
• Bibliography
• Chapter 32 Diuretics, Kidney Diseases
• Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action
• Kidney Diseases
• Acute Kidney Injury
• Chronic Kidney Disease is Often Associated with Irreversible Loss of Functional Nephrons
• Treatment of Renal Failure by Transplantation or by Dialysis With an Artificial Kidney
• Bibliography
• Unit VI Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation
• Chapter 33 Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia
• Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
• Anemias
• Polycythemia
• Bibliography
• Chapter 34 Resistance of the Body to Infection
• Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
• Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections
• Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System)
• Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
• Leukopenia
• Leukemias
• Bibliography
• Chapter 35 Resistance of the Body to Infection
• Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
• Allergy and Hypersensitivity
• Bibliography
• Chapter 36 Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation
• Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood
• O-A-B Blood Types
• Rh Blood Types
• Transplantation of Tissues and Organs
• Bibliography
• Chapter 37 Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation
• Hemostasis Events
• Mechanism of Blood Coagulation
• Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Humans
• Thromboembolic Conditions
• Anticoagulants for Clinical Use
• Blood Coagulation Tests
• Bibliography
• Unit VII Respiration
• Chapter 38 Pulmonary Ventilation
• Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation
• Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
• Alveolar Ventilation
• Functions of the Respiratory Passageways
• Bibliography
• Chapter 39 Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid
• Physiological Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System
• Pressures in the Pulmonary System
• Blood Volume of the Lungs
• Blood Flow Through the Lungs and Its Distribution
• Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow
• Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics
• Fluid in the Pleural Cavity
• Bibliography
• Chapter 40 Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane
• Physics of Gas Diffusion and Gas Partial Pressures
• Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air are Different
• Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane
• Bibliography
• Chapter 41 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids
• Transport of Oxygen From the Lungs to the Body Tissues
• Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
• Respiratory Exchange Ratio
• Bibliography
• Chapter 42 Regulation of Respiration
• Respiratory Center
• Chemical Control of Respiration
• Peripheral Chemoreceptor System for Control of Respiratory Activity—Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control
• Regulation of Respiration during Exercise
• Other Factors That Affect Respiration
• Bibliography
• Chapter 43 Respiratory Insufficiency—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy
• Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities
• Pathophysiology of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities
• Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy
• Hypercapnia—Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Body Fluids
• Artificial Respiration
• Bibliography
• Unit VIII Aviation, Space, and Deep–Sea Diving Physiology
• Chapter 44 Aviation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology
• Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body
• Effects of Acceleratory Forces on the Body in Aviation and Space Physiology
• “Artificial Climate” in the Sealed Spacecraft
• Weightlessness in Space
• Bibliography
• Chapter 45 Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions
• Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body
• Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) Diving
• Special Physiological Problems in Submarines
• Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
• Bibliography
• Unit IX The Nervous System: A. General Principles and Sensory Physiology
• Chapter 46 Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters
• General Design of the Nervous System
• Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function
• Comparison of the Nervous System to a Computer
• Central Nervous System Synapses
• Some Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission
• Bibliography
• Chapter 47 Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information
• Types of Sensory Receptors and the Stimuli They Detect
• Transduction of Sensory Stimuli Into Nerve Impulses
• Transmission of Signals of Different Intensity in Nerve Tracts—Spatial and Temporal Summation
• Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools
• Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits
• Bibliography
• Chapter 48 Somatic Sensations
• Classification of Somatic Senses
• Detection and Transmission of Tactile Sensations
• Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals Into the Central Nervous System
• Transmission in the Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal System
• Transmission of Less Critical Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral Pathway
• Some Special Aspects of Somatosensory Function
• Bibliography
• Chapter 49 Somatic Sensations
• Types of Pain and Their Qualities—Fast Pain and Slow Pain
• Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation
• Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals Into the Central Nervous System
• Pain Suppression (Analgesia) System in the Brain and Spinal Cord
• Referred Pain
• Visceral Pain
• Some Clinical Abnormalities of Pain and Other Somatic Sensations
• Headache
• Thermal Sensations
• Bibliography
• Unit X The Nervous System: B. The Special Senses
• Chapter 50 The Eye
• Physical Principles of Optics
• Optics of the Eye
• Fluid System of the Eye—Intraocular Fluid
• Bibliography
• Chapter 51 The Eye
• Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retina
• Photochemistry of Vision
• Color Vision
• Neural Function of the Retina
• Bibliography
• Chapter 52 The Eye
• Visual Pathways
• Organization and Function of the Visual Cortex
• Neuronal Patterns of Stimulation during Analysis of the Visual Image
• Eye Movements and Their Control
• Autonomic Control of Accommodation and Pupillary Aperture
• Bibliography
• Chapter 53 The Sense of Hearing
• Tympanic Membrane and the Ossicular System
• Cochlea
• Central Auditory Mechanisms
• Hearing Abnormalities
• Bibliography
• Chapter 54 The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell
• Sense of Taste
• Sense of Smell
• Bibliography
• Unit XI The Nervous System: C. Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology
• Chapter 55 Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; the Cord Reflexes
• Organization of the Spinal Cord for Motor Functions
• Muscle Sensory Receptors—Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs—and Their Roles in Muscle Control
• Flexor Reflex and the Withdrawal Reflexes
• Crossed Extensor Reflex
• Reciprocal Inhibition and Reciprocal Innervation
• Reflexes of Posture and Locomotion
• Scratch Reflex
• Spinal Cord Reflexes That Cause Muscle Spasm
• Autonomic Reflexes in the Spinal Cord
• Spinal Cord Transection and Spinal Shock
• Bibliography
• Chapter 56 Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function
• Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract
• Control of Motor Functions by the Brain Stem
• Vestibular Sensations and Maintenance of Equilibrium
• Functions of Brain Stem Nuclei in Controlling Subconscious, Stereotyped Movements
• Bibliography
• Chapter 57 Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control
• The Cerebellum and Its Motor Functions
• The Basal Ganglia and Their Motor Functions
• Integration of the Many Parts of the Total Motor Control System
• Bibliography
• Chapter 58 Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory
• Physiological Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex
• Functions of Specific Cortical Areas
• Function of the Brain in Communication—Language Input and Language Output
• Function of the Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure to Transfer Thoughts, Memories, Training, and Other Information between the Two Cerebral Hemispheres
• Thoughts, Consciousness, and Memory
• Bibliography
• Chapter 59 Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain—The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus
• Activating—Driving Systems of the Brain
• Limbic System
• The Hypothalamus, a Major Control Headquarters for the Limbic System
• Specific Functions of Other Parts of the Limbic System
• Bibliography
• Chapter 60 States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia
• Sleep
• Brain Waves
• Seizures and Epilepsy
• Psychotic Behavior—Roles of Specific Neurotransmitter Systems
• Alzheimer’s Disease—Amyloid Plaques and Depressed Memory
• Bibliography
• Chapter 61 The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla
• General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System
• Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function
• Autonomic Reflexes
• Stimulation of Discrete Organs in Some Instances and Mass Stimulation in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems
• Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System
• Bibliography
• Chapter 62 Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism
• Cerebral Blood Flow
• Cerebrospinal Fluid System
• Brain Metabolism
• Bibliography
• Unit XII Gastrointestinal Physiology
• Chapter 63 General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation
• General Principles of Gastrointestinal Motility
• Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function—Enteric Nervous System
• Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility
• Functional Types of Movements in the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Gastrointestinal Blood Flow—Splanchnic Circulation
• Bibliography
• Chapter 64 Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract
• Ingestion of Food
• Motor Functions of the Stomach
• Movements of the Small Intestine
• Movements of the Colon
• Other Autonomic Reflexes That Affect Bowel Activity
• Bibliography
• Chapter 65 Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract
• General Principles of Alimentary Tract Secretion
• Secretion of Saliva
• Esophageal Secretion
• Gastric Secretion
• Pancreatic Secretion
• Bile Secretion by the Liver
• Secretions of the Small Intestine
• Secretion of Mucus by the Large Intestine
• Bibliography
• Chapter 66 Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Digestion of the Various Foods by Hydrolysis
• Basic Principles of Gastrointestinal Absorption
• Absorption in the Small Intestine
• Absorption in the Large Intestine: Formation of Feces
• Bibliography
• Chapter 67 Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders
• Disorders of Swallowing and the Esophagus
• Disorders of the Stomach
• Disorders of the Small Intestine
• Disorders of the Large Intestine
• General Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Bibliography
• Unit XIII Metabolism and Temperature Regulation
• Chapter 68 Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate
• Release of Energy From Foods and “Free Energy”
• Adenosine Triphosphate Is the “Energy Currency” of the Body
• Central Role of Glucose in Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Transport of Glucose Through the Cell Membrane
• Glycogen Is Stored in the Liver and Muscle
• Release of Energy From Glucose by the Glycolytic Pathway
• Formation of Large Quantities of ATP by Oxidation of Hydrogen—The Process of Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Summary of ATP Formation During the Breakdown of Glucose
• Anaerobic Release of Energy—Anaerobic Glycolysis
• Release of Energy From Glucose by the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
• Formation of Carbohydrates From Proteins and Fats—Gluconeogenesis
• Bibliography
• Chapter 69 Lipid Metabolism
• Basic Chemical Structure of Triglycerides (Neutral Fat)
• Transport of Lipids in the Body Fluids
• Fat Deposits
• Use of Triglycerides for Energy: Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate
• Regulation of Energy Release From Triglycerides
• Phospholipids and Cholesterol
• Atherosclerosis
• Bibliography
• Chapter 70 Protein Metabolism
• Basic Properties of Proteins
• Transport and Storage of Amino Acids
• Functional Roles of the Plasma Proteins
• Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism
• Bibliography
• Chapter 71 The Liver as an Organ
• Physiological Anatomy of the Liver
• Hepatic Vascular and Lymph Systems
• Metabolic Functions of the Liver
• Protein Metabolism
• Measurement of Bilirubin in the Bile as a Clinical Diagnostic Tool
• Bibliography
• Chapter 72 Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals
• Energy Intake and Output are Balanced Under Steady-State Conditions
• Dietary Balances
• Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Storage
• Obesity
• Inanition, Anorexia, and Cachexia
• Starvation
• Vitamins
• Mineral Metabolism
• Bibliography
• Chapter 73 Energetics and Metabolic Rate
• Adenosine Triphosphate Functions as an “Energy Currency” in Metabolism
• Control of Energy Release in the Cell
• Metabolic Rate
• Energy Metabolism—Factors That Influence Energy Output
• Bibliography
• Chapter 74 Body Temperature Regulation and Fever
• Normal Body Temperatures
• Body Temperature is Controlled by Balancing Heat Production and Heat Loss
• Regulation of Body Temperature—Role of the Hypothalamus
• Abnormalities of Body Temperature Regulation
• Bibliography
• Unit XIV Endocrinology and Reproduction
• Chapter 75 Introduction to Endocrinology
• Coordination of Body Functions by Chemical Messengers
• Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones
• Hormone Secretion, Transport, and Clearance From the Blood
• Mechanisms of Action of Hormones
• Measurement of Hormone Concentrations in the Blood
• Bibliography
• Chapter 76 Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus
• Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus
• Hypothalamus Controls Pituitary Secretion
• Physiological Functions of Growth Hormone
• Posterior Pituitary Gland and Its Relation to the Hypothalamus
• Bibliography
• Chapter 77 Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
• Synthesis and Secretion of the Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
• Physiological Functions of the Thyroid Hormones
• Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
• Diseases of the Thyroid
• Bibliography
• Chapter 78 Adrenocortical Hormones
• Corticosteroids: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Androgens
• Synthesis and Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormones
• Functions of the Mineralocorticoids—Aldosterone
• Functions of Glucocorticoids
• Adrenal Androgens
• Abnormalities of Adrenocortical Secretion
• Bibliography
• Chapter 79 Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus
• Physiological Anatomy of the Pancreas
• Insulin and its Metabolic Effects
• Glucagon and its Functions
• Somatostatin Inhibits Glucagon and Insulin Secretion
• Summary of Blood Glucose Regulation
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Bibliography
• Chapter 80 Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, and Teeth
• Overview of Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in the Extracellular Fluid and Plasma
• Bone and Its Relation to Extracellular Calcium and Phosphate
• Vitamin D
• Parathyroid Hormone
• Calcitonin
• Summary of Control of Calcium Ion Concentration
• Pathophysiology of Parathyroid Hormone, Vitamin D, and Bone Disease
• Physiology of the Teeth
• Bibliography
• Chapter 81 Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male (and Function of the Pineal Gland)
• Physiological Anatomy of the Male Sexual Organs
• Spermatogenesis
• Male Sexual Act
• Testosterone and Other Male Sex Hormones
• Abnormalities of Male Sexual Function
• Erectile Dysfunction in the Male
• The Function of the Pineal Gland in Controlling Seasonal Fertility in Some Animals
• Bibliography
• Chapter 82 Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones
• Physiological Anatomy of the Female Sexual Organs
• Oogenesis and Follicular Development in the Ovaries
• Female Hormonal System
• Monthly Ovarian Cycle; Function of the Gonadotropic Hormones
• Functions of the Ovarian Hormones—Estradiol and Progesterone
• Regulation of the Female Monthly Rhythm—Interplay Between the Ovarian and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones
• Abnormalities of Secretion by the Ovaries
• Female Sexual Act
• Female Fertility
• Hormonal Suppression of Fertility—“The Pill”
• Abnormal Conditions That Cause Female Sterility
• Bibliography
• Chapter 83 Pregnancy and Lactation
• Maturation and Fertilization of the Ovum
• Early Nutrition of the Embryo
• Anatomy and Function of the Placenta
• Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy
• Response of the Mother’s Body to Pregnancy
• Parturition
• Lactation
• Bibliography
• Chapter 84 Fetal and Neonatal Physiology
• Growth and Functional Development of the Fetus
• Development of the Organ Systems
• Fetal Metabolism
• Adjustments of the Infant to Extrauterine Life
• Special Functional Problems in the Neonate
• Special Problems of Prematurity
• Growth and Development of the Child
• Bibliography
• Unit XV Sports Physiology
• Chapter 85 Sports Physiology
• Female and Male Athletes
• Muscles in Exercise
• Respiration in Exercise
• Cardiovascular System in Exercise
• Body Heat in Exercise
• Body Fluids and Salt in Exercise
• Drugs and Athletes
• Body Fitness Prolongs Life
• Bibliography
• Index
• Normal Values for Selected Common Laboratory Measurements