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• Instructions for online access
• Cover image
• Title page
• Table of Contents
• Note To Instructors
• Copyright
• Dedication
• Preface
• Unit I. Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
• Chapter 1. Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment”
• Cells are the Living Units of the Body
• Extracellular Fluid—the “Internal Environment”
• Homeostasis—Maintenance of a Nearly Constant Internal Environment
• Control Systems of the Body
• Summary—Automaticity of the Body
• Chapter 2. The Cell and Its Functions
• Organization of the Cell
• Cell Structure
• Comparison of the Animal Cell With Precellular Forms of Life
• Functional Systems of the Cell
• Locomotion of Cells
• Chapter 3. Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction
• Cell Nucleus Genes Control Protein Synthesis
• Transcription—Transfer of Cell Nucleus Dna Code to Cytoplasm Rna Code
• Translation—Formation of Proteins on the Ribosomes
• Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell
• Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells
• The dna–Genetic System Controls Cell Reproduction
• Cell Differentiation
• Apoptosis—Programmed Cell Death
• Cancer
• Unit II. Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle
• Chapter 4. Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes
• The Cell Membrane is a Lipid Bilayer With Cell Membrane Transport Proteins
• Diffusion
• Active Transport of Substances Through Membranes
• Chapter 5. Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials
• Basic Physics of Membrane Potentials
• Resting Membrane Potential of Neurons
• Neuron Action Potential
• Propagation of the Action Potential
• Re-Establishing Sodium and Potassium Ionic Gradients After Action Potentials are Completed—Importance of Energy Metabolism
• Plateau in Some Action Potentials
• Rhythmicity of Some Excitable Tissues—Repetitive Discharge
• Special Characteristics of Signal Transmission in Nerve Trunks
• Excitation—The Process of Eliciting the Action Potential
• Refractory Period After an Action Potential, During Which a new Stimulus Cannot be Elicited
• Chapter 6. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
• Physiological Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
• General Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
• Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
• Energetics of Muscle Contraction
• Characteristics of Whole Muscle Contraction
• Chapter 7. Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling
• Neuromuscular Junction and Transmission of Impulses from Nerve Endings to Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• Muscle Action Potential
• Excitation-Contraction Coupling
• Chapter 8. Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle
• Contraction of Smooth Muscle
• Regulation of Contraction by Calcium Ions
• Nervous and Hormonal Control of Smooth Muscle Contraction
• Unit III. The Heart
• Chapter 9. Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves
• Physiology of Cardiac Muscle
• Cardiac Cycle
• Regulation of Heart Pumping
• Chapter 10. Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart
• Specialized Excitatory and Conductive System of the Heart
• Control of Excitation and Conduction in the Heart
• Chapter 11. Fundamentals of Electrocardiography
• Waveforms of the Normal Electrocardiogram
• Flow of Current Around the Heart During the Cardiac Cycle
• Electrocardiographic Leads
• Chapter 12. Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis
• Vectorial Analysis of Electrocardiograms
• Vectorial Analysis of the Normal Electrocardiogram
• Mean Electrical Axis of the Ventricular qrs and its Significance
• Conditions That Cause Abnormal Voltages of the Qrs Complex
• Prolonged and Bizarre Patterns of the Qrs Complex
• Current of Injury
• Abnormalities in the T Wave
• Chapter 13. Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation
• Abnormal Sinus Rhythms
• Heart Block Within the Intracardiac Conduction Pathways
• Premature Contractions
• Paroxysmal Tachycardia
• Ventricular Fibrillation
• Atrial Fibrillation
• Atrial Flutter
• Cardiac Arrest
• Unit IV. The Circulation
• Chapter 14. Overview of the Circulation: Pressure, Flow, and Resistance
• Physical Characteristics of the Circulation
• Basic Principles of Circulatory Function
• Interrelationships of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance
• Chapter 15. Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems
• Vascular Distensibility
• Arterial Pressure Pulsations
• Veins and Their Functions
• Clinical Estimation of Venous Pressure
• Direct Measurement of Venous Pressure and Right Atrial Pressure
• Pressure Reference Level for Measuring Venous and Other Circulatory Pressures
• Blood-Cleansing Function of the Spleen—Removal of Old Cells
• Reticuloendothelial Cells of the Spleen
• Chapter 16. The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow
• Structure of the Microcirculation and Capillary System
• Flow of Blood in the Capillaries—Vasomotion
• Exchange of Water, Nutrients, and Other Substances Between the Blood and Interstitial Fluid
• Interstitium and Interstitial Fluid
• Fluid Filtration Across Capillaries
• Lymphatic System
• Chapter 17. Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow
• Local Control of Blood Flow in Response to Tissue Needs
• Mechanisms of Blood Flow Control
• Humoral Control of the Circulation
• Chapter 18. Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure
• Nervous Regulation of the Circulation
• Special Features of Nervous Control of Arterial Pressure
• Chapter 19. Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation
• Renal–Body Fluid System for Arterial Pressure Control
• Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Arterial Pressure Control
• Summary of Integrated Multifaceted Systems for Arterial Pressure Regulation
• Chapter 20. Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation
• Normal Values for Cardiac Output at Rest and During Activity
• Control of Cardiac Output by Venous Return—Frank-Starling Mechanism of the Heart
• Methods For Measuring Cardiac Output
• Chapter 21. Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease
• Blood Flow Regulation in Skeletal Muscle at Rest and During Exercise
• Coronary Circulation
• Chapter 22. Cardiac Failure
• Circulatory Dynamics in Cardiac Failure
• Unilateral Left Heart Failure
• Low-Output Cardiac Failure—Cardiogenic Shock
• Edema in Patients With Cardiac Failure
• Cardiac Reserve
• Quantitative Graphic Analysis of Cardiac Failure
• Heart Failure With Diastolic Dysfunction and Normal Ejection Fraction
• High-Output Cardiac Failure
• Chapter 23. Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects
• Heart Sounds
• Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Valvular Heart Disease
• Abnormal Circulatory Dynamics in Congenital Heart Defects
• Use of Extracorporeal Circulation During Cardiac Surgery
• Hypertrophy of the Heart in Valvular and Congenital Heart Disease
• Chapter 24. Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment
• Physiological Causes of Shock
• Shock Caused by Hypovolemia—Hemorrhagic Shock
• Neurogenic Shock—Increased Vascular Capacity
• Anaphylactic Shock and Histamine Shock
• Septic Shock
• Physiology of Treatment in Shock
• Circulatory Arrest
• Unit V. The Body Fluids and Kidneys
• Chapter 25. Regulation of Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema
• Fluid Intake and Output ARE Balanced During Steady-State Conditions
• Body Fluid Compartments
• Constituents of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids
• Measurement of Body Fluid Compartment Volumes—Indicator-Dilution Principle
• Fluid Exchange and Osmotic Equilibrium Between Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid
• Volume and Osmolality of Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids in Abnormal States
• Glucose and Other Solutions Administered For Nutritive Purposes
• Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia
• Edema: Excess Fluid in the Tissues
• Fluids in Potential Spaces of the Body
• Chapter 26. The Urinary System: Functional Anatomy and Urine Formation by the Kidneys
• Multiple Functions of the Kidneys
• Physiologic Anatomy of the Kidneys
• Micturition
• Urine Formation Results from Glomerular Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular Secretion
• Chapter 27. Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control
• Glomerular Filtration—The First Step in Urine Formation
• Determinants of the Glomerular Filtration Rate
• Renal Blood Flow
• Physiological Control of Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow
• Autoregulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Renal Blood Flow
• Chapter 28. Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
• Tubular Reabsorption is Quantitatively Large and Highly Selective
• Tubular Reabsorption Includes Passive and Active Mechanisms
• Reabsorption and Secretion Along Different Parts of the Nephron
• Regulation of Tubular Reabsorption
• Use of Clearance Methods to Quantify Kidney Function
• Chapter 29. Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
• Kidneys Excrete Excess Water by Forming Dilute Urine
• Kidneys Conserve Water by Excreting Concentrated Urine
• Countercurrent Multiplier Mechanism Produces Hyperosmotic Renal Medullary Interstitium
• Loop of Henle Characteristics That Cause Solutes to be Trapped in the Renal Medulla
• Control of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
• Osmoreceptor-ADH Feedback System
• Importance of Thirst in Controlling Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration
• Chapter 30. Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
• Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Potassium Concentration and Potassium Excretion
• Regulation of Renal Calcium Excretion and Extracellular Calcium Ion Concentration
• Regulation of Renal Phosphate Excretion
• Regulation of Renal Magnesium Excretion and Extracellular Magnesium Ion Concentration
• Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Extracellular Fluid
• Importance of Pressure Natriuresis and Pressure Diuresis in Maintaining Body Sodium and Fluid Balance
• Distribution of Extracellular Fluid Between Interstitial Spaces and Vascular System
• Nervous and Hormonal Factors Increase Effectiveness of Renal–Body Fluid Feedback Control
• Integrated Responses to Changes in Sodium Intake
• Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume
• Conditions That Cause Large Increases in Extracellular Fluid Volume With Normal or Reduced Blood Volume
• Chapter 31. Acid–Base Regulation
• Hydrogen Ion Concentration is Precisely Regulated
• Acids and Bases—Definitions and Meanings
• Defending Against Changes in H+ Concentration: Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys
• Buffering of H+ in the Body Fluids
• Bicarbonate Buffer System
• Phosphate Buffer System
• Proteins are Important Intracellular Buffers
• Respiratory Regulation of Acid–Base Balance
• Renal Control of Acid–Base Balance
• Secretion of H+ and Reabsorption of HCO3− by the Renal Tubules
• Combination of Excess H+ with Phosphate and Ammonia Buffers In the Tubule Generates “New” HCO3−
• Quantifying Renal Acid–Base Excretion
• Regulation of Renal Tubular H+ Secretion
• Renal Correction of Acidosis—Increased Excretion of H+ and Addition of HCO3− to the Extracellular Fluid
• Renal Correction of Alkalosis—Decreased Tubular Secretion of H+ and Increased Excretion of HCO3−
• Chapter 32. Diuretics and Kidney Diseases
• Diuretics and Their Mechanisms of Action
• Kidney Diseases
• Acute Kidney Injury
• Chronic Kidney Disease is Often Associated With Irreversible Loss of Functional Nephrons
• Unit VI. Blood Cells, Immunity, and Blood Coagulation
• Chapter 33. Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia
• Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
• Anemias
• Polycythemia
• Chapter 34. Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation
• Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
• Neutrophils and Macrophages Defend Against Infections
• Monocyte-Macrophage Cell System (Reticuloendothelial System)
• Inflammation: Role of Neutrophils and Macrophages
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
• Leukopenia
• Leukemias
• Chapter 35. Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy
• Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
• Allergy and Hypersensitivity
• Chapter 36. Blood Types; Transfusion; and Tissue and Organ Transplantation
• Antigenicity Causes Immune Reactions of Blood
• O-A-B Blood Types
• Rh Blood Types
• Transfusion Reactions Resulting From Mismatched Blood Types
• Transplantation of Tissues and Organs
• Chapter 37. Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation
• Hemostasis Events
• Mechanism of Blood Coagulation
• Conditions That Cause Excessive Bleeding in Humans
• Thromboembolic Conditions
• Anticoagulants for Clinical Use
• Blood Coagulation Tests
• Unit VII. Respiration
• Chapter 38. Pulmonary Ventilation
• Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation
• Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
• Alveolar Ventilation
• Chapter 39. Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, and Pleural Fluid
• Physiological Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulatory System
• Pressures in the Pulmonary System
• Blood Volume of the Lungs
• Blood Flow Through the Lungs And its Distribution
• Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure Gradients in the Lungs on Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow
• Pulmonary Capillary Dynamics
• Fluid in the Pleural Cavity
• Chapter 40. Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane
• Compositions of Alveolar Air and Atmospheric Air are Different
• Diffusion of Gases Through the Respiratory Membrane
• Chapter 41. Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids
• Transport of Oxygen from the Lungs to the Body Tissues
• Transport of Co2 in Blood
• Respiratory Exchange Ratio
• Chapter 42. Regulation of Respiration
• Respiratory Center
• Chemical Control of Respiration
• Peripheral Chemoreceptor System—Role of Oxygen in Respiratory Control
• Regulation of Respiration During Exercise
• Chapter 43. Respiratory Insufficiency—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy
• Useful Methods for Studying Respiratory Abnormalities
• Pathophysiology of Specific Pulmonary Abnormalities
• Hypoxia and Oxygen Therapy
• Hypercapnia—Excess Carbon Dioxide in the Body Fluids
• Artificial Respiration
• Unit VIII. Aviation, Space, and Deep-Sea Diving Physiology
• Chapter 44. Aviation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology
• Effects of Low Oxygen Pressure on the Body
• Chapter 45. Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions
• Effect of High Partial Pressures of Individual Gases on the Body
• Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (Scuba) Diving
• Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
• Unit IX. The Nervous System: A. General Principles and Sensory Physiology
• Chapter 46. Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters
• General Design of the Nervous System
• Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function
• Comparison of the Nervous System to A Computer
• Central Nervous System Synapses
• Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission
• Chapter 47. Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information
• Types of Sensory Receptors and the Stimuli they Detect
• Transduction of Sensory Stimuli Into Nerve Impulses
• Signal Intensity Transmission in Nerve Tracts—Spatial and Temporal Summation
• Transmission and Processing of Signals in Neuronal Pools
• Instability and Stability of Neuronal Circuits
• Chapter 48. Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, Tactile and Position Senses
• Sensory Pathways for Transmitting Somatic Signals Into the Central Nervous System
• Transmission in the Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal System
• Transmission of Sensory Signals in the Anterolateral Pathway
• CHAPTER 49. Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations
• Fast Pain and Slow Pain and Their Qualities
• Pain Receptors and Their Stimulation
• Dual Pathways for Transmission of Pain Signals Into the Central Nervous System
• Pain Suppression (Analgesia) System in the Brain and Spinal Cord
• Referred Pain
• Thermal Sensations
• Unit X. The Nervous System: B. The Special Senses
• Chapter 50. The Eye: I. Optics of Vision
• Physical Principles of Optics
• Optics of the Eye
• Fluid System of the Eye—Intraocular Fluid
• Chapter 51. The Eye: II. Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina
• Anatomy and Function of the Structural Elements of the Retina
• Photochemistry of Vision
• Color Vision
• Neural Function of the Retina
• Chapter 52. The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology of Vision
• Visual Pathways
• Organization and Function of the Visual Cortex
• Neuronal Patterns of Stimulation During Analysis of Visual Images
• Eye Movements and Their Control
• Autonomic Control of Accommodation and Pupillary Aperture
• Chapter 53. The Sense of Hearing
• Tympanic Membrane and the Ossicular System
• Cochlea
• Central Auditory Mechanisms
• Chapter 54. The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell
• Sense of Taste
• Sense of Smell
• Unit XI. The Nervous System: C. Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology
• Chapter 55. Spinal Cord Motor Functions; the Cord Reflexes
• Organization of the Spinal Cord for Motor Functions
• Muscle Sensory Receptors—Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs—and Their Roles in Muscle Control
• Flexor Reflex and the Withdrawal Reflexes
• Crossed Extensor Reflex
• Reciprocal Inhibition and Reciprocal Innervation
• Reflexes of Posture and Locomotion
• Chapter 56. Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function
• Motor Cortex and Corticospinal Tract
• Control of Motor Functions by the Brain Stem
• Vestibular Sensations and Maintenance of Equilibrium
• Chapter 57. Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Contributions to Overall Motor Control
• The Cerebellum and its Motor Functions
• The Basal Ganglia and Their Motor Functions
• Integration of the Many Parts of the Total Motor Control System
• Chapter 58. Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory
• Physiologic Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex
• Functions of Specific Cortical Areas
• The Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure Transfer Thoughts, Memories, Training, and Other Information Between the Two Cerebral Hemispheres
• Thoughts, Consciousness, and Memory
• Chapter 59. The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus—Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain
• Activating—Driving Systems Of The Brain
• Limbic System
• The Hypothalamus, a Major Control Headquarters for the Limbic System
• Specific Functions Of Other Parts Of The Limbic System
• Chapter 60. States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia
• Sleep
• Brain Waves
• Roles of Specific Neurotransmitter Systems in Brain Disorders
• Alzheimer’s Disease—Amyloid Plaques and Depressed Memory
• Chapter 61. The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla
• General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System
• Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function
• Selective Stimulation of Target Organs by Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems or “Mass Discharge”
• Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System
• Chapter 62. Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism
• Cerebral Blood Flow
• Cerebrospinal Fluid System
• Brain Metabolism
• Unit XII. Gastrointestinal Physiology
• Chapter 63. General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation
• General Principles of Gastrointestinal Motility
• Neural Control of Gastrointestinal Function—Enteric Nervous System
• Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility
• Functional Movements in the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Gastrointestinal Blood Flow—Splanchnic Circulation
• Chapter 64. Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract
• Ingestion of Food
• Motor Functions of the Stomach
• Movements of the Small Intestine
• Movements of the Colon
• Other Autonomic Reflexes That Affect Bowel Activity
• Chapter 65. Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract
• General Principles of Alimentary Tract Secretion
• Secretion of Saliva
• Gastric Secretion
• Pancreatic Secretion
• Bile Secretion by the Liver
• Secretions of the Small Intestine
• Chapter 66. Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Digestion of Various Foods by Hydrolysis
• Basic Principles of Gastrointestinal Absorption
• Absorption in the Small Intestine
• Absorption in the Large Intestine: Formation of Feces
• Chapter 67. Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders
• Unit XIII. Metabolism and Temperature Regulation
• Chapter 68. Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate
• Chapter 69. Lipid Metabolism
• Basic Chemical Structure of Triglycerides (Neutral Fat)
• Transport of Lipids in the Body Fluids
• Chapter 70. Protein Metabolism
• Chapter 71. The Liver
• Fat Metabolism
• Chapter 72. Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals
• Energy Intake And Output Balanced Under Steady-State Conditions
• Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Storage
• Chapter 73. Energetics and Metabolic Rate
• Chapter 74. Body Temperature Regulation and Fever
• Normal Body Temperatures
• Body Temperature is Controlled by Balancing Heat Production and Heat Loss
• Regulation of Body Temperature—Role of the Hypothalamus
• Abnormalities of Body Temperature Regulation
• Unit XIV. Endocrinology and Reproduction
• Chapter 75. Introduction to Endocrinology
• Coordination of Body Functions by Chemical Messengers
• Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones
• Hormone Secretion, Transport, and Clearance from the Blood
• Mechanisms of Action of Hormones
• Chapter 76. Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus
• Pituitary Gland and its Relation to the Hypothalamus
• Hypothalamus Controls Pituitary Secretion
• Physiological Functions of Growth Hormone
• Posterior Pituitary Gland and its Relation to the Hypothalamus
• Chapter 77. Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
• Synthesis and Secretion of the Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
• Physiological Functions of the Thyroid Hormones
• Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
• Chapter 78. Adrenocortical Hormones
• Corticosteroids: Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Androgens
• Synthesis and Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormones
• Functions of Mineralocorticoids—Aldosterone
• Functions of Glucocorticoids
• Chapter 79. Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus
• Insulin and its Metabolic Effects
• Glucagon and its Functions
• Summary of Blood Glucose Regulation
• Chapter 80. Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, and Teeth
• Overview of Calcium and Phosphate Regulation in Extracellular Fluid and Plasma
• Bone and its Relationship to Extracellular Calcium and Phosphate
• Vitamin D
• Parathyroid Hormone
• Calcitonin
• Summary of Control of Calcium ion Concentration
• Physiology of the Teeth
• Chapter 81. Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male (and Function of the Pineal Gland)
• Spermatogenesis
• Male Sexual Act
• Testosterone and Other Male Sex Hormones
• Chapter 82. Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones
• Physiologic Anatomy of the Female Sexual Organs
• Oogenesis and Follicular Development in the Ovaries
• Female Hormonal System
• Monthly Ovarian Cycle and Function of Gonadotropic Hormones
• Functions of Ovarian Hormones—Estradiol and Progesterone
• Regulation of Female Monthly Rhythm—Interplay Between Ovarian and Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones
• Female Sexual Act
• Chapter 83. Pregnancy and Lactation
• Maturation and Fertilization of the Ovum
• Early Nutrition of the Embryo
• Anatomy and Function of the Placenta
• Hormonal Factors in Pregnancy
• Parturition
• Lactation
• Chapter 84. Fetal and Neonatal Physiology
• Unit XV. Sports Physiology
• Chapter 85. Sports Physiology
• Index
• Normal Values for Selected Common Laboratory Measurements